- After Russian occupation in the early 19th century, serious changes occurred in the political and economic life of Azerbaijan. The higher classes included khans, bays, and aghas, while the lower classes consisted of various categories of peasants and merchants/artists. - The main forms of feudal land ownership were tiyul lands (given for military/other services), mulk lands (heritable private property), civil khalisa lands (belonging to bays), and vagf lands (belonging to religious institutions). - The economy was based on agriculture, including crops like wheat, rice, cotton, and livestock. Industries included carpet weaving, silk production, salt extraction, and the

1. GROUP-690.19E
TEACHER-CAMILA
HASANOVA
ASOIU
NABIYEVA
KONUL

2. THE FIRST HALF OF XIX
CENTURY ECONOMY AND
CULTURE
—PRESENTATION TOPIC

3. Historical sources show that after the Russian occupation,
serious changes took place in the political and economic life of
Azerbaijan. US researcher T. Sviatoczewski writes that the
Russian occupation of the territory north of Araz was an
important event in the centuries-old history of Azerbaijan. This
invasion led to the subjugation of part of the Azerbaijani
population to European rule and led them to a different path of
historical development, unlike their compatriots in Iran. However,
in the early nineteenth century, this invasion was a subjugation
of one of the two pre-industrial societies, and for half a century
Russia's changes were limited to administrative reforms.
INTRODUCTION

4. Russian-Iranian wars had caused a decline in the popu- lation of Azerbaijan. After the end of war result of
movement policy armenians, russians and germans accommodate of North Azerbaijani lands influenced to
increase in the number of people. The XIX century of 30-50s in North Azerbaijan were represented the higher
class khan, bay, agha, sultan and others. Lower class various categories of peasants. In addition, the third class
was consisted merchants and artists. After abolition of the khanates among the higher class were bays.
By decree of l Nikolai on 13 July 1830 the lands of feudal returned to them. In 1841 he confiscated aghas’ their
tiyul lands only on 6 December 1846 was approved by the previous property rights. In 1829 was established a
committee which defines the rights and obligations of the Muslim clerisies’. The main parts of the villagers in
the North Azerbaijan were the state peasantry. This happened after abolition of the khanates khan lands were
concentrated in the hands of state. After the occupation of Northern Azerbaijan by Russia there were two main
forms of feudal land ownership - treasury and private entrepreneurs’ lands. The lands confiscations from
higher classes were passed to the treasure of state. The old forms of land ownership thus, tiyul, property,civil
khalisa and vagf lands continued to be.
ECONOMY

5. Tiyul For giving tiyul lands had envisaged the feudal’s military and other services.
Mulk
Mulk (property) not related to the debt service, heritable, was a form of feudal land ownership. Mulk could be sold, compromised
in to someone else. The owner of the property called the “mulkadar” landlord
Civil khalisa Mulki-khalisa (Civil khalisa) was considered a type of property. Civil khalisa lands werebelonged to the bays and were their
complete private ownership.
Vagf It consisted of movable and immovable property, lands belonging to mosques, monasteries and religious institutions.

6. All the villagers instead of using irrigation water would pay bahra tax their owners. İn the XlX century 30-50s in
North Azerbaijan the main place in agriculture as previously was agriculture and cattle breeding. Karabakh and
Shirvan provinces differed significantly in wheat production. Lankaran region was the center of rice cultivation.
İn 1843 Nukha city started to work experience in the center of silk production. In 1836 was founded South Caucasus
trade of industrial society and silk production. In North Azerbaijan was cultivated gizilboya (marena), cotton and
saffron.Moscow merchants were buying marena with a great enthusiastically. İn agriculture cattle breeding
was the second place cropping. İn North Azerbaijan viticulture and horticulture was widespread. 40s began the
cultivation of the potato plant which brought here by Russian migrants. In 1852 had happened from natural tax
to the money tax.

7. . Karabakh was the most developed region as developed in carpet. In the XIX century 40s carpet
and rug production had increased. In 1836 Khanabad factory in South Caucasus passed into
the hand which spreading silk production and trade industry. In 1829 whole fisheries went
into the inside of state. Created in Salyan treasure custody. In the food industry small salt and
rock salt occupied a special place.
In 1848 in Bibiheybet technical F.Semyanov did in the world the first oil extraction with a drilling
method. In 1855 in Gadabay was built a small copper melt plant. 1839-1843 years carried
out monetary reform all the old banknotes was replaced with silver money. All the shops
were replaced with weight and measurement units which brought from Russia.

8. The first textbooks, in Azerbaijan were appeared XlX cen- tury 30s. In 1839 M.Kazimbayov’s “Turkish-tatar language’s
grammar” was published. In North Azerbaijan 30s along with Russian schools, began to open “Muslim schools”.
The foundation of the Azerbaijan history was founded I half of XIX century. In 1829 Karim Aga Shekikhanov has written
the work “History of Sheki khans”. İn 1845 Mirza Adigozal bay wrote a “Karabakhname” work. Mirza Jamal
Javanshir in 1847 wrote the “History of Karabakh”. In 1841 Abasgulu aga Bakikhanov wrote “Gulustani-Iram”
work in persian. This work covered since the most ancient period until the Gulustan treaty (1813).
The prominent orientalists of XlX century were Mirza Jafar Topcubashov and Mirza Kazim Bay. M.C.Topcubashov
formerly at Petersburg university has taught Persian language later worked at university. Topcubashov’s in 1834
has compiled “İranian crestomatia” and “The history of mongolians from ancient times up to the Tamerlane”. A
prominent scientist for services of development of orientalism was chosen great active member of the Royal
Society.
CULTURE

9. A prominent geographer of Azerbaijan, ethnography, historian poet Haji Zeynalabdin Shirvani during his travel
to the east countries wrote “Paradise of travels” , Travel garden” and other works.
The first newspapers Azerbaijani Turkish compiled in the first half of the XIX century. January in 1832 compiled
addendum “Tiffliskie vedmosti” . 1858 in Shamakhi operated 2 typographies. Singing (khanande) during
this period was widespread. It’s the great success was that occurred in the mugam (Eastern music)
assembly. In this field Karabakh (Shusha) played a very great role.Azerbaijani musical culture history one
of the biggest achievements was taking note of songs.
In Azerbaijan was developing decorative and applied art. One of the prominent representatives of art was a
Mirza Qadim Irevani . Between 1848-1851 years during the restoration (“Sheki khan sarayi” – “The palace
of Sheki khans”) of the wall art of Karabakh Ganbar created the level of imagination about Azerbaijan
decorative art. In 1809 Muganli Evez’s drawings’ “Kalilla and Dimne” paintings are remarkable. In the first
half of the XIX century has been restored Baku tower walls. Shamakhi was the first chief architect of the
provincial center.

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