Ternopil is the administrative, economic, and cultural center of Ternopil region in western Ukraine. The city was first mentioned in 1540 when it was given to a Polish noble and a fortress was built on the Siret River. Over time, Ternopil grew due to its location on trade routes and developed crafts and trade. By the late 19th century, it had become an important railway hub and industrial center, though industries remained small in size. Throughout its history, Ternopil struggled with forced polonization and restrictions on the Ukrainian language and culture.

2. Ternopil - a city of regional subordination, administrative,
economic and cultural center Ternopil region. Located at
p. Seret (left tributary of the Dniester). Node rail and road
ways. There is an airport. Distance from Ternopil Kyiv to 415 km.
Population in January 1, 1973 - 106 300 people.
The area where the Ternopil was settled long ago. In his
preserved surroundings parking Mesolithic era that there are 10.9
thousand
years ago, found the remains of settlements Tripoli culture (III
millennium BC. e.) and burial VIII-VII centuries. BC.
The first written mention of Ternopil accounts for 1540. In that year,
Polish King Sigismund gave clearly Krakow tycoon Jan
Tarnovsky in Ternopil district in the county of Terebovlia condition
build the river Siret fortress. The name "Ternopil" probably
mean field of thorns. Construction of the castle began in 1540 and
over 1548 construction of high stone walls. Around her
people began to settle. In 1548, the city had received Magdeburg
law, it were allowed three fairs a year and weekly auctions.

3. The owner of the city received significant profit. Those residents
who had atemporary, using small plots of land, pay taxes
corn or vidroblyaly to landowners Lanaja. Artisans and small
traders by each house paid in cash. Separately, had to pay for
accommodation on the main streets, the right to trade, use
lordly
Brewery forest. The burghers were given free draft, housing for
soldiers, who came to town.
In the first decades after most of the population of the city was
connected with agriculture, engaged in farming and
pastoralism and hunting and apiculture. Convenient location
Ternopil the trade routes contributed to the rapid growth and crafts
trade. Ternopil merchants in contact with, and
large at the time of trade and craft center - Lviv.

4. Already in 1566, the royal government and allowed to create in
Ternopil
warehouses for storage of goods coming from Russia and other
land.
3 development of craft crafts created by artisans. In 1566
the owner of the city charter adopted cobblers shop here first. Later,
in 1636 emerged tailors shop. The shops were small, they
ob'yednuvalosya
several people. Entry into. shop was very limited. Students not
receiving
board, moreover, has made a certain amount of tuition. apprentice
received for his work low pay, his time is usually
lasted 15-16 hours a day.
In the following decades the basis of economic life of the city were
craft
and trade. Has significantly developed pottery, mlynarstvo,
cooperage,
having blacksmith, locksmith, construction and ceramic workshops
and small bakery.

5. After Ternopil became the regional center changed its
appearance. In the
center were laid wood, and stone pavements began
construction of office buildings. One of them was a two-story
construction of office buildings. One of them was a two-story
council building, built in 1809.
With the development of capitalist relations in early XIX century. in
the first type of manufacturing small businesses - Bench,
blacksmith, shoemakers, tailoring and processing of agricultural
products. There were leather, brick, tobacco company. number
their employees was small, they worked for free hire. this
came from the surrounding villages, nobles released on the rent.
guild
craft while in almost declined. A significant number of residents
not
break with agriculture. In agriculture, engaged
animal and beekeeping. Those who held the apiary, gave the lord
tenth of honey.

6. From March 1810 to August 1815 was the administrative
Ternopil center land, which by Shenbrunskym truce
between France and went to. It had a progressive role to
Ternopil.
His stay in the Russian state somewhat eased economic
and political situation of the population. Limited to the
tyranny of the Jesuits, who had is strong. Unfolded some
civil engineering was
rebuilt the old castle, sorted streets. After invading army
Napoleon in Russia Ternopil was declared martial law
situation.
The population of the city 's administration helped protect
him
good order at the state border, held near
Ternopil.

7. After the reform of 1848 Ternopil increasingly drawn into
capitalist development. Economic growth significantly contributed to
building railways. Of particular importance was the line Lviv –
Podvolochisk through Ternopil, which was commissioned in
1870. In the same year completed construction of the station. It
was the first railway line in
Ternopil region. At the end of the XIX century. railway connecting it
with Bershad. In 1906, paved rail to Zbarazh of Ternopil.
At the same time built and highways. 1895 was connected Ternopil
highway with Terebovlia, Zbraj, Podvolochisk. At the beginning of
the XX century. In acted other than those mentioned
companies, power plant, built in 1900,Distillery on Zagrebellya
and cheese factory. All companies were small.

8. And in the years industry developed very slowly,
the number of workers did not increase, but
sometimes, due to the crisis in Austria-
Hungary's economy, declined. In 1902 the
industry employed 1230 workers, and in 1910
they fell to a thousand.
In the XIX - early XX century. Ukrainian culture in
the West
land was a particularly difficult situation. And
forcibly polonization Germanization population,
persecution of the Ukrainian language official
elimination of school detrimental effect on all
areas of culture. Before 1817 in Ternopil was no
Ukrainian school. In 1820 opened gymnasium,
which originally ran the Jesuit church
Dominicans. Due to the fact that high school
gave the right to join
University authorities particularly closely watched
contingent of ontynhentom it students.

9. Access to school even for children Ukrainian wealthy elite
was very limited. Thus, in the 1895/96 academic year with 583 students was
only 6 Ukrainian origin, others - Poles, Germans and others. In 1855
was opened four years of real school. But it could get
only children of wealthy elite of the city, as a training cost
expensive: the entrance fee was PLN 96.6, annual fees -
in 1859 to PLN 298, and in 1876 already 903 PLN. 1875 in
Ternopil opened teacher institute, which prepared teachers in
mainly in rural primary schools. But despite the fact that
the vast majority of villages, and sometimes the entire population without exception
spoke Ukrainian language, almost half of the students were persons
Polish nationality. In the 70s of the XIX century. in working 2
four-year public schools (male and female) who held the council
city, but he singled out for their meager funds. In the 1895/96 academic year
in all four schools studied only 491 ratio. In 1891, for
training of skilled labor in the city opened a two-year
Industrial School. She prepared several workers Webmaster
specialties. The contingent of students was very limited. In 1901/02
school year are enrolled only 88 children. Taking into account that
1890 the city's population of 26 thousand. Man, it becomes clear that
existing schools to be far enough and only a small proportion of children
workers could receive even primary education.

10. In the spring of 1864 in Ukraine was organized the first professional
Ukrainian
Theatre Company "Russian conversation." In June 1865 the theater for
the
first time came on tour in Ternopil. Since then, the city dwellers began
acquainted with the best works of Ukrainian classical drama. Your
Theatre performances began play Kotlyarevskyi "Natalka Poltavka".
Therewere also shows "Nazar Stodolya" Shevchenko,
"Matchmaking in Goncharovka" G.
Flower-Osnovyanenko and others. In 1875 the theater company
"Russian talk "in Ternopil performed outstanding Ukrainian
playwright, actor and director, founder of the Ukrainian realistic
theater ML
Kropivnitskiy. In November 1903 in the city visited composer MV
Lysenko. He met with cultural figures, workers, students
school. In 1905-1906 pp. Ternopil were MK Sadovsky
(Tobilevych) and MK Zankovetska.
Ternopil Revolutionary Committee paid much attention to the
development of art. 15
August 1920 Launched in Ternopil Ukrainian Soviet
Drama Theatre. Organizer M.M.Krushelnytskyy it was that
Here began his theatrical activity has 1915 actor
"Ternopil Theater Nights" created O.S.Kurbasom.