The document summarizes information about the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. It describes how the volcano was previously thought to be dormant, but scientists proved it was active. A magnitude 7.8 earthquake triggered its eruption, which began on June 7th and had a major explosion on June 15th. The eruption severely damaged agriculture, killed livestock, and affected over 2 million people. Nearly 900 people died or went missing. The eruption cost the Philippines economy billions in damages and lost revenue, negatively impacting growth for years after. Precautionary measures and education efforts could have prevented more losses, but volcanic eruptions are largely unpredictable.

1. The Eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, 1991
Group 2, STEM A

2. Facts about the Mt. Pinatubo before the
eruption
– It was considered as a Mountain by the
natives and not as a Volcano, until a
group of scientists proved that it was a
Active Dormant Volcano.
– Before the eruption happen, the natives
already warned the local officials about the
abnormal things that are happening around
the Mt. Pinatubo, but the Local officials
neglected their warning.
– The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo was
considered as the 2nd most devastating
volcanic eruption of the 20th century.

3. What caused the
disaster ?
• A Magnitude of 7.8 Earthquake struck 60 miles
or 100 Km North East of Mt. Pinatubo, because
of the earthquakes and landslides, it increased
the steam emission from a pre-existing
Geothermal area.
• Thousand tons of
noxious sulfur dioxide
gas were also emitted
by the volcano

4. When & Where, exactly did
the natural event originate?
• From June 7 – 12 ,1991, the first magma
reached the surface of Mt. Pinatubo.
• However on June 12, 1991, millions of
cubic yards of gas charged magma
reached the surface and exploded, in
the re-awakening of the volcano’s first
spectacular explosion.
• On June 15, 1991, the volcano exploded in
cataclysmic eruption, that caused the
ejection of more than a 1 mile material.
• The Natural event originated
in Central Luzon, in which is
the most affected of the Mt.
Pinatubo eruption.

5. How extensive was the
area affected?
• Agriculture was heavily disrupted with 800 squared
km. of rice growing farmland destroyed, and almost
800 thousand head of livestock killed, destroying the
livelihood of thousands of farmers.
• Many re-forestation projects were destroyed in the
eruption, with the total area of 150 squared km. ,
valued at ₱ 125,000,000.
• The eruption also affect the local economy and social
aspects of the region, in total 364 communities and 2.1
million of people were affected with livelihoods and houses
being damaged, more that 8 thousand houses were
completely devasted .

6. Was the cause of the disaster
forecasted or predicted? Were
there warnings issued? How did
the people react to the warning?
• Indeed, the cause of why volcano
erupt is unpredictable.
• Even so, scientists specifically have learned to
read the many signs of volcanoes give off prior
to an eruption, to minimize its effects.
• Different behaviors have showed by people
when they were warned to what possible
effects of Mt. Pinatubo eruption they may get.

7. How many lives were lost?
How many were injured &
missing? Can the lost of lives be
quantified in terms of Peso (₱)
or Dollar ($)?
• There were 900 total casualties on the said event.
• No money can’t compensate the lost of lives in this Volcanic
Eruption
• There were 2.1 million estimated victims

8. What could have
prevented the lost of
many lives?
• Capability of the Government to detect those massive
volcano eruptions, and warned as before it occur.
• Programs to educate, those people living near the
vicinity of Mt. Pinatubo
• Relocation of citizens living nearby the danger 50 km
danger zone.
• Coordinate or get some support from neighboring
countries that have the capacity to detect such
catastrophic behavior.

9. What was the resulting
damage, as a percent of GNP
for the year the disaster
happened
• According to the Asian Development Bank
The GNP for the year 1991 is expected to drop at 1.1
% from 3.7 % in year 1990 due to the combined
effects of the 1990 Luzon Earthquake and 1991 Mt.
Pinatubo Eruption in the economy .

10. Did the disaster affect the
performance of the
country’s economy years
after it happened? How?
• The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo 1991, greatly affect the
sector of economy .
• Together they caused widespread general devastation
on agriculture, industry and commerce, infrastructure
and private property.

11. • Damage and Loses due to the 1991 eruption of
Mt. Pinatubo
Agriculture Million US Dollar
A. Damage to Agricultural Production $ 229.7
1.) Crops (Rice , Fruit, Trees, etc…) $44.7
2.) Livestocks $ 2.4
3.) Poultry $ 2.4
4.) Fishery $ 2.3
5.) Forestry $ 177.9
B. Foregone Revenue in Agricultural $179.6
C. Damage to the Facilities of the Dept. of
Agriculture
$ 4.6
D. Damage to Irrigation Facilities $ 10.6

12. • Damage and Loses due to the 1991 eruption of Mt.
Pinatubo
Industry Million US Dollar
1.) Agri- Based country $ 6.9
2.) Others $ 8.4
Infrastructure Million US Dollar
1.) Roads, Highway, and Bridges $ 25.6
2.) Water Distribution Network $ 4.5
3.) Schools $ 34.8
4.) Hospitals $ 1.6

13. • Damage Due to the Disasters of 1990- 1991
Sector
Damage by the
1990 earthquake
Damage by the
1991 eruption of
Mt. Pinatubo
Total Damage
Million US $
Agriculture 57.0 424.5 481.5
Private Property 158.2 205.1 363.3
Infrastructure 273.8 66.5 340.3
Industry and
Commerce
148.0 15.3 163.3
Total: 637.0 711.4 1, 348.4

14. How much did the country
spend for rescue, relief, and
rehabilitation works?
The costs of caring for evacuees (including
construction of evacuation camps and relocation
centers) was at
least 2.5 billion pesos ($US 93 million) in 1991-92
An additional 4.2 billion pesos ($US 154 million) was
spent during the same period on dikes and dams to
control lahars.

15. What particular loss or
damage cannot be
recovered or repaired?
• Lives
• Geographical Image of
the place

16. How justified are pre-
disaster measures and
expenditures?
• The Government implemented accurate
pre-disaster measures and expenditures
enough to warn people living near the
Mt. Pinatubo.
• The FEMA ( Federal Emergency
Management Agency ) presents 4 phases
of disaster management.

18. BY NICA , LHOYD , OTTO AND
LAGUISMA
Volcano Experiment

20. DO’S AND DON'TS
BEFORE , DURING AND AFTER
VOLCANIC ERUPTION