This was a poster that was presented at the Combined Congress at Stellenbosch University in 2009. It lists the effects of how seaweed extracts and starter solutions contribute towards reducing transplant shock in tomato seedlings
This study evaluated the effects of different application methods and concentrations of the seaweed extract AfriKelp LG-1 on tomato seedling health and yield. Seedlings were treated with AfriKelp via dipping or spraying at concentrations of 1:250, 1:500, and 1:1000 and grown for 8 weeks. All AfriKelp treatments significantly increased shoot and root growth compared to the control. The highest yield was from a 1:500 dip at transplant followed by biweekly 2 L/ha sprays at 1:500. This treatment produced more fruits than lower concentrations, indicating that AfriKelp can improve plant development and fruit yield.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of seasonal changes in salinity on nitrogen-fixing bacterial communities in coastal saline soils in West Bengal, India. Soil samples were collected from rice plots during three seasons (monsoon, winter, summer) and the nifH gene pool was analyzed using PCR-RFLP to detect changes in the diazotrophic community structure associated with changing salinity levels. Seasonal changes in salinity significantly influenced both the nifH gene pool within soils and between seasons. Temporal changes in the nifH composition had the largest impact on nitrogen fixation in soils. Cluster analysis showed the bacterial community during monsoon was distinct from winter and summer, which clustered together.
Monitoring of Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) Ascospore Release to Better Time Fun...nacaa
This study monitored ascospore release of the ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea) in Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass fields in northeastern Oregon to improve timing of fungicide application. Traps detected ascospore peaks before grass flowering, suggesting few spores were available for infection. Soil conditions did not clearly relate to spore release. Very low ergot levels occurred, preventing evaluation of fungicide efficacy but representing potential cost savings. Results can help develop IPM strategies through disease monitoring and judicious fungicide use in relation to ascospore occurrence and grass growth stages.
Integrated Pest Management - Oregon State UniversityFawn85w
This document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for sustainable pest control. It notes that reliance on pesticides has led to problems over time, such as pest resistance. IPM takes a whole systems approach, considering the landscape, plant diversity, natural enemies, and abiotic factors. The document presents an "alternatives ladder" where physical, biological, and cultural controls are used before pesticides. It emphasizes prevention, monitoring, identification, and using multiple tactics tailored to specific pests. Regional cooperation is important since diverse yards require flexible strategies. The objective is to introduce IPM principles and consider how to apply them in gardens.
Effect of Different Level of Nitrogen and Azotobacter Inoculation on Yield an...hari paneru
The document discusses a study on the effect of different levels of nitrogen and Azotobacter inoculation on the yield and yield components of chili plants. It finds that applying 100 kg/ha of nitrogen along with seedling inoculation of Azotobacter resulted in taller plants, higher fruit weight, more seeds per fruit, and greater dry weight percentage. However, this combination also led to higher physiological weight loss. Overall, the study concludes that using biofertilizers like Azotobacter can increase the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers and improve chili yields, benefiting farmers.
Effect of Azotobactor inoculation with Nitrogen levels on Yield and Quality o...Santosh pathak
The important vegetable-cum-spice crops of Nepal botanically referred to as genus Capsicum.
The native to the Tropical South America and Brazil.
Two species such as C. annuum and C. frutescens are commonly cultivated throughout the world.
India-largest producer of chilli in the world (Khan and Raj, 2006)
Good source of vitamins A, C, E, B1and B2, Potassium, phosphorus and calcium
Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of winter and spring wheat...Innspub Net
To compare changes of biochemical indices between spring (Kavir) and winter (Azar2) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under low temperature, 14 days old wheat seedlings were exposed to cold. The seedlings were transferred into growth chamber for 9 days at 5/3 °C (day/night) as cold treatment, or at 20/18 °C as control. Proline content, total protein accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, were assayed in the leaf extracts of control and cold treated plants. The results showed that cold led to an accumulation of proline and an increase in protein level, especially in winter cultivar. Rapid increases in proline and protein accumulations were observed during early stages of cold stress. SOD activity displayed no significant differences between the two cultivars during the first 3 days after cold stress, while in Azar 2, the level of SOD activity was gradually increased after 3 days of cold stress. The POD and CAT activity were higher in plants grown at cold stress than in the controls; however, their rate was different in winter and spring wheat cultivars. In general, Azar2 showed relatively higher POD and CAT activity compared to Kavir. Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, cultivars respond differently under cold stress. Articles source: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
This study evaluated the effects of different application methods and concentrations of the seaweed extract AfriKelp LG-1 on tomato seedling health and yield. Seedlings were treated with AfriKelp via dipping or spraying at concentrations of 1:250, 1:500, and 1:1000 and grown for 8 weeks. All AfriKelp treatments significantly increased shoot and root growth compared to the control. The highest yield was from a 1:500 dip at transplant followed by biweekly 2 L/ha sprays at 1:500. This treatment produced more fruits than lower concentrations, indicating that AfriKelp can improve plant development and fruit yield.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of seasonal changes in salinity on nitrogen-fixing bacterial communities in coastal saline soils in West Bengal, India. Soil samples were collected from rice plots during three seasons (monsoon, winter, summer) and the nifH gene pool was analyzed using PCR-RFLP to detect changes in the diazotrophic community structure associated with changing salinity levels. Seasonal changes in salinity significantly influenced both the nifH gene pool within soils and between seasons. Temporal changes in the nifH composition had the largest impact on nitrogen fixation in soils. Cluster analysis showed the bacterial community during monsoon was distinct from winter and summer, which clustered together.
Monitoring of Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) Ascospore Release to Better Time Fun...nacaa
This study monitored ascospore release of the ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea) in Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass fields in northeastern Oregon to improve timing of fungicide application. Traps detected ascospore peaks before grass flowering, suggesting few spores were available for infection. Soil conditions did not clearly relate to spore release. Very low ergot levels occurred, preventing evaluation of fungicide efficacy but representing potential cost savings. Results can help develop IPM strategies through disease monitoring and judicious fungicide use in relation to ascospore occurrence and grass growth stages.
Integrated Pest Management - Oregon State UniversityFawn85w
This document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for sustainable pest control. It notes that reliance on pesticides has led to problems over time, such as pest resistance. IPM takes a whole systems approach, considering the landscape, plant diversity, natural enemies, and abiotic factors. The document presents an "alternatives ladder" where physical, biological, and cultural controls are used before pesticides. It emphasizes prevention, monitoring, identification, and using multiple tactics tailored to specific pests. Regional cooperation is important since diverse yards require flexible strategies. The objective is to introduce IPM principles and consider how to apply them in gardens.
Effect of Different Level of Nitrogen and Azotobacter Inoculation on Yield an...hari paneru
The document discusses a study on the effect of different levels of nitrogen and Azotobacter inoculation on the yield and yield components of chili plants. It finds that applying 100 kg/ha of nitrogen along with seedling inoculation of Azotobacter resulted in taller plants, higher fruit weight, more seeds per fruit, and greater dry weight percentage. However, this combination also led to higher physiological weight loss. Overall, the study concludes that using biofertilizers like Azotobacter can increase the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers and improve chili yields, benefiting farmers.
Effect of Azotobactor inoculation with Nitrogen levels on Yield and Quality o...Santosh pathak
The important vegetable-cum-spice crops of Nepal botanically referred to as genus Capsicum.
The native to the Tropical South America and Brazil.
Two species such as C. annuum and C. frutescens are commonly cultivated throughout the world.
India-largest producer of chilli in the world (Khan and Raj, 2006)
Good source of vitamins A, C, E, B1and B2, Potassium, phosphorus and calcium
Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of winter and spring wheat...Innspub Net
To compare changes of biochemical indices between spring (Kavir) and winter (Azar2) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under low temperature, 14 days old wheat seedlings were exposed to cold. The seedlings were transferred into growth chamber for 9 days at 5/3 °C (day/night) as cold treatment, or at 20/18 °C as control. Proline content, total protein accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, were assayed in the leaf extracts of control and cold treated plants. The results showed that cold led to an accumulation of proline and an increase in protein level, especially in winter cultivar. Rapid increases in proline and protein accumulations were observed during early stages of cold stress. SOD activity displayed no significant differences between the two cultivars during the first 3 days after cold stress, while in Azar 2, the level of SOD activity was gradually increased after 3 days of cold stress. The POD and CAT activity were higher in plants grown at cold stress than in the controls; however, their rate was different in winter and spring wheat cultivars. In general, Azar2 showed relatively higher POD and CAT activity compared to Kavir. Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, cultivars respond differently under cold stress. Articles source: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
The document discusses strategies for improving nitrogen use efficiency on dairy farms. It suggests capturing more nitrogen through increasing soil organic matter and vegetation. Some key strategies mentioned include intensifying forage productivity through species with large root mass and nitrogen uptake, diversifying crops to explore more nutrient resources, and improving nitrogen management practices to reduce excess available nitrogen and improve water use efficiency. The document examines ways to trim nitrogen inputs, tap into existing nitrogen flows, and plug nitrogen losses to achieve high and stable farm profitability while minimizing environmental footprint.
Improving N Efficiency through Managing Soil NitrateDairyNforProfit
Presentation given by Dr. Michael Russelle to the PICCC Strategic Science Think Tank - Nitrogen efficiency. Thursday 16 August 2012, 10 am – 7 pm, at the University of Melbourne
http://www.piccc.org.au/news/2012/aug/29/piccc-strategic-science-think-tank-nitrogen-efficiency
This is a PDF version of a power point presentation developed for my soil fertility class. Email if you would like to receive a copy of the powerpoint - j-gruver@wiu.edu
This study analyzed five barley cultivars to compare their alkylresorcinol content and composition. Alkylresorcinols were isolated from acetone extracts of barley grains and identified through chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis. The predominant homologues were C21:0, C19:0 and C25:0. While compositions were similar between cultivars, concentrations depended on environmental and agricultural factors. The study aimed to assess barley cultivars for their nutritional value regarding alkylresorcinol content.
The document discusses strategies for sustainable agriculture through the use of smart fertilizers. It proposes that smart fertilizers with controlled nutrient release, such as nanofertilizers and slow-release fertilizers, can increase nutrient use efficiency and reduce environmental impacts compared to conventional fertilizers. Nanofertilizers may be synthesized nanoparticles, products with nanoscale coatings, or bulk products with nanoscale additives. Slow-release fertilizers use coatings, large particle sizes, or condensation products to delay nutrient availability. The document also discusses polymers, biodegradable polymers, stabilized fertilizers using nitrification or urease inhibitors, and other methods to precisely control nutrient release timing and rates.
1. The document discusses nanotechnology applications in fertilizers including encapsulation of nutrients in nanoparticles, use of nano-sized nutrients, and slow/targeted delivery of nutrients.
2. Key benefits of nan fertilizers are increased nutrient efficiency, dispersion of insoluble nutrients, constant nutrient release, and delivery of nutrients where needed.
3. Potential disadvantages include toxicity issues if nanoparticles enter the human body and environmental impacts that require further study.
Nanotechnlogy applications in pest managementNimishaT6
1) Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale and has various applications in agriculture including nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and nanosensors.
2) Nanopesticides include nanoparticles like nanosilica as well as nanoformulations like nanoemulsions, nanoencapsulations, and nanogels that can enhance pesticide properties.
3) Studies show that nanopesticides based on silica nanoparticles and plant essential oils in nanoemulsions are effective against various insect pests with increased potency and reduced application rates compared to conventional pesticides.
Van Houten, 2009, Desulfovibrio Paquesii Sp. Nov., A Hydrogenotrophic Sulfate...roelmeulepas
This document describes the isolation and characterization of a novel sulfate-reducing bacterium, strain SB1T, isolated from a synthesis-gas-fed bioreactor treating zinc- and sulfate-rich wastewater. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that strain SB1T was most closely related to Desulfovibrio gigas, with 97.5% sequence similarity. However, DNA-DNA hybridization showed only 56% relatedness between the two strains, below the threshold for species designation. Phenotypic characterization also differentiated strain SB1T from D. gigas. Therefore, a new species, Desulfovibrio paquesii sp. nov., is proposed to accommodate strain SB1T.
Weed management in ginger production was studied to determine the critical period of weed competition and evaluate weed management techniques. The critical period of weed competition for ginger was found to be between 30 to 60 days after planting. Hand weeding combined with mulching between 30 to 45 days after planting provided similar yields as season-long weeding. It is recommended that ginger farmers control weeds during this critical 30 to 60 day period to prevent yield losses from weed competition.
This document discusses a study on the effects of induced mutations through physical and chemical mutagens on yield and other traits in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Mutations were induced using gamma irradiation at doses from 5-40kR and chemical mutagen ethyl methane sulphonate at concentrations from 0.1-0.3%. Observations were recorded on the parental variety, M2 generation, and M3 generation for traits like flowering time, pod yield, pod length, plant height, and seeds per pod. Genetic component analysis found both additive and dominance gene effects were induced, with overdominance observed for most traits, suggesting selection should be deferred to later generations. The study estimated genetic components like additive,
The Effects of Coconut Milk on the Rooting Of Two Types of Cutting of Termina...ijsrd.com
Objectives: The trial investigated the effects of coconut milk on stem and root cuttings of Terminalia catappa. Methodology and results: Each cutting type treated with three coconut milk concentrations (0%, 50% and 100%).The experiment was a 2x3 factorial set, six treatment combinations replicated four times and laid out in a completely randomized design. The results showed that root cuttings produced significantly more cuttings with roots, number of roots on rooted cuttings and rooted cuttings with the longest roots (P<0.05)>0.05) than those treated with 50% and 0% coconut milk. There was a significant interaction (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05) between cutting type and coconut milk concentration on the number of leaves produced. It was recommend that root cuttings treated with 100% coconut milk should be used for vegetative propagation programs of the species.
Suitability of different fruit crops under different stress conditionsMANDEEP KAUR
This document summarizes research on the suitability of different fruit crops under salt stress conditions. It discusses several studies that evaluated:
1) The salt tolerance of grapevine cultivars grafted onto different rootstocks, finding the Salt Creek rootstock conferred the highest tolerance.
2) The effects of saline irrigation water on grapevine growth and survival, which significantly decreased with higher salt concentrations.
3) The relative salt tolerance of grapevine rootstocks to different chloride salts, determining the Dogridge rootstock accumulated the lowest chloride levels and was most tolerant.
4) The adaptation of grapevine varieties and rootstocks to salinity, aiming to correlate salt resistance with mineral content under salt treatments.
Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing on yield and yield ...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Gode Polytechnic College demonstration farm in 2013 under irrigation to observe the effect of six N rates (0, 46, 69, 92, 115 and 138 kg ha-1) and four intra-row spacing levels (7.5, 10 12.5 and 15 cm) on yield and yield components of onion (Allium cepa L.). The experiment was laid out according to randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. Results of the analysis revealed that the interaction effects of N rates and intra-row spacing showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect on harvest index, fresh biomass yield, dry biomass yield, total bulb yield and marketable bulb yield. Thus, according to the result of partial Budget analysis application of 138kg N ha-1 planted at 7.5cm plant to plant distance was found the best treatment than others in relation to yield and yield components of onion under Gode condition.
This document discusses the use of nano-agrochemicals in pest management and compares their mode of action to organophosphate (OP) compounds. It notes that nano-agrochemicals can have multiple modes of action, including inducing oxidative stress, damaging insect guts and cuticles, and acting as slow-release formulations. Their high surface area allows them to be more effective at lower doses than OP compounds, which primarily target the nervous system as nerve poisons. While nano-agrochemicals offer benefits like increased efficacy, OP compounds present more risks to non-target organisms from their narrow and acute mode of action.
Tolerancia a la salinidad y alcalinidad del trigo en etapa de germinacionAide Camargo
This document summarizes a study on the effects of salinity and alkalinity stress on wheat seed germination, early seedling growth, and physiological responses. Some key findings include:
1) Alkalinity stress had a more severe negative impact on germination rate and seedling growth than salinity stress.
2) Seed germination recovery was observed after transfer from higher salinity/lower alkalinity conditions to distilled water, but not from higher alkalinity.
3) Na+ concentration and Na+/K+ ratio increased more under alkalinity stress, especially in roots. K+ decreased under alkalinity but not salinity stress.
Acute and sub acute toxicological evaluation of ethanolic leaves extract of p...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the acute and sub-acute toxicity of ethanolic leaf extracts of Prosopis juliflora in rats. In the acute toxicity tests, rats were orally administered single doses of the leaf extract at 175, 550, 1750, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg body weight and observed for clinical signs over 24 hours. Toxicity symptoms were moderately observed. In sub-acute toxicity tests, rats received oral doses of 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg body weight daily for 28 days and were observed for changes in body weight and clinical signs. The study aimed to determine the safety of P. juliflora extracts for developing herbal remedies from its bio
Enzyme And Root Activities In Surface Flow Constructed Wetlandscolleen0814
1) The study examined correlations between contaminant removal, soil enzyme activity, root activity, and plant growth in 16 constructed wetlands planted with four species and used for domestic wastewater treatment.
2) Results showed correlations between contaminant removal efficiency and enzyme activity varied depending on the contaminants. Removal of NH4+ and phosphorus was significantly correlated with specific enzyme activities.
3) Correlations between soil enzyme activity and root activity also varied among plant species. Activities of all enzymes were significantly correlated with root activity in two species, but not in a third species.
“Effect of Organic Fertilizer on the Growth Performane of Brassica rapa Under...ShynneGabinete
This study evaluated the effects of organic fertilizers on the growth of Brassica rapa (pechay) in La Union, Philippines. Three fertilizer treatments were tested: vermicompost, non-vermicompost compost, and inorganic urea fertilizer. Results showed that plants treated with vermicompost had the highest growth measures, such as plant height and leaf area, though differences between treatments were not statistically significant. Overall, the study found that organic fertilizers produced comparable results to inorganic urea fertilizer for pechay growth and yield. The use of organic fertilizers is recommended for sustainable pechay production.
This document discusses spring dead spot, a disease that affects hybrid bermudagrasses. It is caused by the pathogen Ophiosphaerella herpotricha which infects root tissue in the fall and limits the plant's ability to overwinter. Infected plants remain dormant in the spring and eventually die. The document examines potential management strategies for spring dead spot including fungicide applications, nitrogen sources, sulfur, and fraze mowing. Research presented found that sulfur applications and two years of fungicide treatments may provide control. Fraze mowing alone is not a cure but may speed recovery when integrated with other practices. The predominant pathogen in Missouri is O. herpotricha and lowering soil pH through ammonium
The document discusses strategies for improving nitrogen use efficiency on dairy farms. It suggests capturing more nitrogen through increasing soil organic matter and vegetation. Some key strategies mentioned include intensifying forage productivity through species with large root mass and nitrogen uptake, diversifying crops to explore more nutrient resources, and improving nitrogen management practices to reduce excess available nitrogen and improve water use efficiency. The document examines ways to trim nitrogen inputs, tap into existing nitrogen flows, and plug nitrogen losses to achieve high and stable farm profitability while minimizing environmental footprint.
Improving N Efficiency through Managing Soil NitrateDairyNforProfit
Presentation given by Dr. Michael Russelle to the PICCC Strategic Science Think Tank - Nitrogen efficiency. Thursday 16 August 2012, 10 am – 7 pm, at the University of Melbourne
http://www.piccc.org.au/news/2012/aug/29/piccc-strategic-science-think-tank-nitrogen-efficiency
This is a PDF version of a power point presentation developed for my soil fertility class. Email if you would like to receive a copy of the powerpoint - j-gruver@wiu.edu
This study analyzed five barley cultivars to compare their alkylresorcinol content and composition. Alkylresorcinols were isolated from acetone extracts of barley grains and identified through chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis. The predominant homologues were C21:0, C19:0 and C25:0. While compositions were similar between cultivars, concentrations depended on environmental and agricultural factors. The study aimed to assess barley cultivars for their nutritional value regarding alkylresorcinol content.
The document discusses strategies for sustainable agriculture through the use of smart fertilizers. It proposes that smart fertilizers with controlled nutrient release, such as nanofertilizers and slow-release fertilizers, can increase nutrient use efficiency and reduce environmental impacts compared to conventional fertilizers. Nanofertilizers may be synthesized nanoparticles, products with nanoscale coatings, or bulk products with nanoscale additives. Slow-release fertilizers use coatings, large particle sizes, or condensation products to delay nutrient availability. The document also discusses polymers, biodegradable polymers, stabilized fertilizers using nitrification or urease inhibitors, and other methods to precisely control nutrient release timing and rates.
1. The document discusses nanotechnology applications in fertilizers including encapsulation of nutrients in nanoparticles, use of nano-sized nutrients, and slow/targeted delivery of nutrients.
2. Key benefits of nan fertilizers are increased nutrient efficiency, dispersion of insoluble nutrients, constant nutrient release, and delivery of nutrients where needed.
3. Potential disadvantages include toxicity issues if nanoparticles enter the human body and environmental impacts that require further study.
Nanotechnlogy applications in pest managementNimishaT6
1) Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale and has various applications in agriculture including nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and nanosensors.
2) Nanopesticides include nanoparticles like nanosilica as well as nanoformulations like nanoemulsions, nanoencapsulations, and nanogels that can enhance pesticide properties.
3) Studies show that nanopesticides based on silica nanoparticles and plant essential oils in nanoemulsions are effective against various insect pests with increased potency and reduced application rates compared to conventional pesticides.
Van Houten, 2009, Desulfovibrio Paquesii Sp. Nov., A Hydrogenotrophic Sulfate...roelmeulepas
This document describes the isolation and characterization of a novel sulfate-reducing bacterium, strain SB1T, isolated from a synthesis-gas-fed bioreactor treating zinc- and sulfate-rich wastewater. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that strain SB1T was most closely related to Desulfovibrio gigas, with 97.5% sequence similarity. However, DNA-DNA hybridization showed only 56% relatedness between the two strains, below the threshold for species designation. Phenotypic characterization also differentiated strain SB1T from D. gigas. Therefore, a new species, Desulfovibrio paquesii sp. nov., is proposed to accommodate strain SB1T.
Weed management in ginger production was studied to determine the critical period of weed competition and evaluate weed management techniques. The critical period of weed competition for ginger was found to be between 30 to 60 days after planting. Hand weeding combined with mulching between 30 to 45 days after planting provided similar yields as season-long weeding. It is recommended that ginger farmers control weeds during this critical 30 to 60 day period to prevent yield losses from weed competition.
This document discusses a study on the effects of induced mutations through physical and chemical mutagens on yield and other traits in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Mutations were induced using gamma irradiation at doses from 5-40kR and chemical mutagen ethyl methane sulphonate at concentrations from 0.1-0.3%. Observations were recorded on the parental variety, M2 generation, and M3 generation for traits like flowering time, pod yield, pod length, plant height, and seeds per pod. Genetic component analysis found both additive and dominance gene effects were induced, with overdominance observed for most traits, suggesting selection should be deferred to later generations. The study estimated genetic components like additive,
The Effects of Coconut Milk on the Rooting Of Two Types of Cutting of Termina...ijsrd.com
Objectives: The trial investigated the effects of coconut milk on stem and root cuttings of Terminalia catappa. Methodology and results: Each cutting type treated with three coconut milk concentrations (0%, 50% and 100%).The experiment was a 2x3 factorial set, six treatment combinations replicated four times and laid out in a completely randomized design. The results showed that root cuttings produced significantly more cuttings with roots, number of roots on rooted cuttings and rooted cuttings with the longest roots (P<0.05)>0.05) than those treated with 50% and 0% coconut milk. There was a significant interaction (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05) between cutting type and coconut milk concentration on the number of leaves produced. It was recommend that root cuttings treated with 100% coconut milk should be used for vegetative propagation programs of the species.
Suitability of different fruit crops under different stress conditionsMANDEEP KAUR
This document summarizes research on the suitability of different fruit crops under salt stress conditions. It discusses several studies that evaluated:
1) The salt tolerance of grapevine cultivars grafted onto different rootstocks, finding the Salt Creek rootstock conferred the highest tolerance.
2) The effects of saline irrigation water on grapevine growth and survival, which significantly decreased with higher salt concentrations.
3) The relative salt tolerance of grapevine rootstocks to different chloride salts, determining the Dogridge rootstock accumulated the lowest chloride levels and was most tolerant.
4) The adaptation of grapevine varieties and rootstocks to salinity, aiming to correlate salt resistance with mineral content under salt treatments.
Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing on yield and yield ...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Gode Polytechnic College demonstration farm in 2013 under irrigation to observe the effect of six N rates (0, 46, 69, 92, 115 and 138 kg ha-1) and four intra-row spacing levels (7.5, 10 12.5 and 15 cm) on yield and yield components of onion (Allium cepa L.). The experiment was laid out according to randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. Results of the analysis revealed that the interaction effects of N rates and intra-row spacing showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect on harvest index, fresh biomass yield, dry biomass yield, total bulb yield and marketable bulb yield. Thus, according to the result of partial Budget analysis application of 138kg N ha-1 planted at 7.5cm plant to plant distance was found the best treatment than others in relation to yield and yield components of onion under Gode condition.
This document discusses the use of nano-agrochemicals in pest management and compares their mode of action to organophosphate (OP) compounds. It notes that nano-agrochemicals can have multiple modes of action, including inducing oxidative stress, damaging insect guts and cuticles, and acting as slow-release formulations. Their high surface area allows them to be more effective at lower doses than OP compounds, which primarily target the nervous system as nerve poisons. While nano-agrochemicals offer benefits like increased efficacy, OP compounds present more risks to non-target organisms from their narrow and acute mode of action.
Tolerancia a la salinidad y alcalinidad del trigo en etapa de germinacionAide Camargo
This document summarizes a study on the effects of salinity and alkalinity stress on wheat seed germination, early seedling growth, and physiological responses. Some key findings include:
1) Alkalinity stress had a more severe negative impact on germination rate and seedling growth than salinity stress.
2) Seed germination recovery was observed after transfer from higher salinity/lower alkalinity conditions to distilled water, but not from higher alkalinity.
3) Na+ concentration and Na+/K+ ratio increased more under alkalinity stress, especially in roots. K+ decreased under alkalinity but not salinity stress.
Acute and sub acute toxicological evaluation of ethanolic leaves extract of p...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the acute and sub-acute toxicity of ethanolic leaf extracts of Prosopis juliflora in rats. In the acute toxicity tests, rats were orally administered single doses of the leaf extract at 175, 550, 1750, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg body weight and observed for clinical signs over 24 hours. Toxicity symptoms were moderately observed. In sub-acute toxicity tests, rats received oral doses of 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg body weight daily for 28 days and were observed for changes in body weight and clinical signs. The study aimed to determine the safety of P. juliflora extracts for developing herbal remedies from its bio
Enzyme And Root Activities In Surface Flow Constructed Wetlandscolleen0814
1) The study examined correlations between contaminant removal, soil enzyme activity, root activity, and plant growth in 16 constructed wetlands planted with four species and used for domestic wastewater treatment.
2) Results showed correlations between contaminant removal efficiency and enzyme activity varied depending on the contaminants. Removal of NH4+ and phosphorus was significantly correlated with specific enzyme activities.
3) Correlations between soil enzyme activity and root activity also varied among plant species. Activities of all enzymes were significantly correlated with root activity in two species, but not in a third species.
“Effect of Organic Fertilizer on the Growth Performane of Brassica rapa Under...ShynneGabinete
This study evaluated the effects of organic fertilizers on the growth of Brassica rapa (pechay) in La Union, Philippines. Three fertilizer treatments were tested: vermicompost, non-vermicompost compost, and inorganic urea fertilizer. Results showed that plants treated with vermicompost had the highest growth measures, such as plant height and leaf area, though differences between treatments were not statistically significant. Overall, the study found that organic fertilizers produced comparable results to inorganic urea fertilizer for pechay growth and yield. The use of organic fertilizers is recommended for sustainable pechay production.
This document discusses spring dead spot, a disease that affects hybrid bermudagrasses. It is caused by the pathogen Ophiosphaerella herpotricha which infects root tissue in the fall and limits the plant's ability to overwinter. Infected plants remain dormant in the spring and eventually die. The document examines potential management strategies for spring dead spot including fungicide applications, nitrogen sources, sulfur, and fraze mowing. Research presented found that sulfur applications and two years of fungicide treatments may provide control. Fraze mowing alone is not a cure but may speed recovery when integrated with other practices. The predominant pathogen in Missouri is O. herpotricha and lowering soil pH through ammonium
4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptusAI Publications
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Sudan in season 2014/15 to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) leaf on seed germination and seedling growth of some poaceous crops. Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus on seed germination of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.), maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum vulgare L.). Six concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus were prepared from the stock solution (50 g / l). Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The seeds were examined for germination at three days after initial germination. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus leaf powder on seedling growth of the same crops. The leaf powder of Eucalyptus was incorporated into the soil at rate of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% on w/w bases in pots. Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The experiments were terminated at 30 days after sowing and the plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings were measured as well as plant fresh and dry weight. Data were subjected to analysis of variance procedure. Means were separated for significance using Duncan`s Multiple Range Test at p 0.5. The results showed that the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus significantly reduced seed germination of the tested poaceous crops and there was direct negative relationship between concentration and germination. Also, the results showed that incorporating leaf powder of Eucalyptus into the soil significantly decreased plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings as well as seedling fresh and dry weight. In addition, the reduction in seedling growth was increased as the leaf powder increased in the soil. Based on results supported by different studies, it was concluded that Eucalyptus has allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of the poaceous crops.
An entomopathogenic fungus seminar was presented covering the role of these fungi in insect control. The key points are:
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
THE EFFECTS OF AFRIKELP® LG - 1 AND A STARTER SOLUTION ON REDUCING TRANSPLANT SHOCK IN TOMATO SEEDLINGS
1. THE EFFECTS OF AFRIKELP® LG - 1 AND A STARTER
SOLUTION ON REDUCING TRANSPLANT SHOCK IN
TOMATO SEEDLINGS
Deborah Robertson-Andersson , B, Nzanza and Diana Marais 1 2 3
1. Biodiversity and Conservation Biology department, University of the Western Cape, Belville,
2. Natuurboedery Research Center, ZZ2 farms, P. O. Box 19, Mooketsi, 0825
3. Department of Plant production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria
Email first author: drobertson-andersson@uwc.ac.za
INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE
Commercial seaweed extracts have been used since the The aim of these experiments was to determine the effects
transplanted vegetables such as tomato, eggplant, pepper,
1950’s (Stephenson, 1968). Internet (Annon, 2009) and of different applications of seaweed extract (AfriKelp® LG-1)
muskmelon, watermelon, cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli
literature searches reveal a wide variety of proposed benefits and starter solution application on the roots of Nemo-Netta
(Wells, 2009). There are numerous advantages to starter
one of which is reducing transplant shock of seedlings through tomato seedlings. following transplanting.
solutions in that they are easy to prepare, they are easily
promotion of root growth (Stirk et al. 2003, 2004; Stirk & van dissolvable with no residue, there is little risk of plant injury
Standen, 2006). (burning) they contain no potentially harmful salts which
Starter solutions are mixtures of soluble fertilizer and water accumulate and cause problems and the nutrients in starter
used to get young plants off to a good start (Sayre, 1943; solutions are immediately absorbed and utilized by plants, thus
Muehmer & Brimner 1987; Wells, 2009). The fertilizer material promoting rapid plant response and reducing plant transplant
easily dissolves in water and the nutrients are readily available shock (Wells 2009).
for plant uptake. Starter solutions are used primarily for
MATERIALS AND METHODS
• Plant nutrition, pest and disease management followed ZZ2 protocols.
• The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of the Natuurboedery Research
Center, Mooketsi Station Limpopo Province during the winter – spring period of 2008.
• Plants were destructively harvested at weekly intervals.
• Tomato seedlings Nemo-Netta were supplied by Hishtill SA nurseries after 4 weeks growth
• At each measurement period, plants were removed from the bags, the rooting material washed
and an average height of 10 cm (+ 1 cm).
away to expose the roots. The plant height (shoot length), root length and stem diameter
(ø) were measured, plants were also dried 50 ºC for 70 hours to obtain a dry root to shoot
• Treatments consisted of a control a dip for three minutes of 1:1000; 1:500 and 1:250 Afrikelp
ratio.
LG-1 solution as well as the above repeated with a starter solution of H3PO4+ NH4NO3.
• Results were analysed statistically using STATISTICA V6, ANOVA followed by a Turkey LSD
• The trial was laid out in a linear fashion with each treatment having twelve replicates.
post hoc test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• The results showed that a starter solution and AfriKelp® LG-1 solution helped to reduce
transplant shock and increase root growth (figure 4) over the control.
• Significant increases were observed in shoot height; root length; stem diameter; number of
blossoms and fruit yield (figures 1 – 5). However the starter solution did not have as great
an effect as the combination of AfriKelp® and the starter solution or the AfriKelp® alone.
• The best AfriKelp® LG-1 dilution to use was a 1:500 dilution, this resulted in a tomato yield
that was three times the control (see figure 1), while a starter solution with an AfriKelp®
root dip of 1:1000 dilution produced the next best yields at over double that of the control
(see figure 1).
• The root length data showed greater variability with indications that higher applications are
more beneficial and increase root growth.10
FIGURE 1
maximum and minimum as well as 95 % confidence intervals. ANOVA showed significant differences:
df = 23; f = 3.96; p = 0.01.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 2
Box and whisker plot of plant height in cm after
Box and whisker plot of root length in cm after 10 weeks
Box and whisker plot of number of stem diameter in
Box and whisker plot of number of flowers
10 weeks in each treatment. Plot shows mean,
in each treatment. Plot shows mean, maximum and
mm after 10 weeks in each treatment. Plot shows
after 10 weeks in each treatment. Plot shows
maximum and minimum as well as 95 % confidence
minimum as well as 95 % confidence intervals. ANOVA
mean, maximum and minimum as well as 95 %
mean, maximum and minimum as well as
intervals. ANOVA showed significant differences:
showed significant differences:
confidence intervals. ANOVA showed significant
95 % confidence intervals. ANOVA showed
df = 23; f = 3.47; p = 0.01.
df = 23; f = 2.15; p = 0.01.
differences:
significant differences:
df = 23; f = 8.18; p = 0.0003.
df = 23; f = 3.38; p = 0.02.
CONCLUSION
Starter solutions do have benefit when applied to tomato seedlings as has been shown by previous research, however our data suggests that promotion of
the root system through addition of a seaweed extract or other root promotion product, followed by starter solutions after 3 weeks will have the greatest
benefit in reducing transplant shock and ultimately improving tomato yields.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank ZZ2 and Afrikelp (Pty) Ltd. for providing products and funding for this research. Special thanks to Danie Odendaal, Cleophas and the Natuurboedery staff.
REFERENCES
Anon 2009. Seaweed extracts: plant growth stimulants. Chase Organics GB Ltd. http://www.chaseorganics.co.uk/trials-information.html
Crouch, I. J. & Van Staden, J. 1994. Commercial seaweed products as biostimulants in horticulture. J. Home and Consumer Hort. 1: 19-76
Muehmer, J. K. & Brimner J. H. 1987. The effects of nutrient root dips on tomato transplants in Ontario. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 198:187-190.
Symposium on the Timing of Field Production of Vegetables http://www.actahort.org/books/198/198_23.htmI.
Stephenson, W. A. 1968. Seaweeds in agriculture and horticulture. Faber and Faber. London.
Sayre, C. B. 1943. Starter Solutions for Tomato Plants for 1943. Agricultural Experiment Station. New York State Agricultural Experimen
t Station Bulletin (1885-1970).
Stirk, W, A. & van Staden, J. 2006. Seaweed products as biostimulants in. agriculture. In: Critchley, A. T.; Ohno, M. & Largo, D. B. (eds)
World seaweed resources: an authoritative reference system. Eti Informaiton services Ltd.
Stirk, W. A.; Novák, O.; Strnad, M. & van Staden, J. 2003. Cytokinins in macroalgae. Plant Growth Regulation 41: 13-24
Stirk WA, GD Arthur, AF Lourens, O Novák, M Strnad & J van Staden 2004. Changes in cytokinin and auxin concentrations in seaweed
concentrates when stored at an elevated temperature. Journal of Applied Phycology 16: 31 – 39.
Wells. O. 2009. Starter Solutions for Vegetable Crops UNH Extension Vegetable specialist. http://extension.unh.edu/resources/files/
Resource000618_Rep640.pdf