1) Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale and has various applications in agriculture including nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and nanosensors. 2) Nanopesticides include nanoparticles like nanosilica as well as nanoformulations like nanoemulsions, nanoencapsulations, and nanogels that can enhance pesticide properties. 3) Studies show that nanopesticides based on silica nanoparticles and plant essential oils in nanoemulsions are effective against various insect pests with increased potency and reduced application rates compared to conventional pesticides.

1. 1

2. Nanomaterials in nature
2Scale on the wings resemble micro-holes Holograms
Lotus effect
Dirt resistant paint

3. Nanotechnology..... ?
 “Nanotechnology is the art and science of
manipulating matter at nanoscale”
(British Standards Institution, 2005)
3

4. 4
Information technology Consumer goods
Nanotechnology
AgricultureMedicine

5. Nanotechnology applications in agriculture
5Contd.....
Nano fertilizer wastemanagement Nanosensors
Nanopesicide

6. Nanotechnology applications in
insect pest management
6
Nimisha T.
(2016-11-019)
Dept. of Agrl. Entomology

7. Outline
Introduction
Nanopesticide formulations
Nanopesticides from microorganisms
Bio nanomaterials
Nanosensors
Environmental implications
Summary
Future line of work
7

8. Why nanopesticides……?
8

9. 9
Environmental pollution Pesticide residue
Health risk

10. Low efficiency of conventional pesticide
formulations
( Zhao et al., 2000 )
10

11. Nanopesticides
“ Active ingredients or inert ingredients with a particle
size of 100 nm or less”
11
(Zhao et al., 2000 )

12. Nanopesticide development - approaches
I. Nanopesticides : Eg. Nanosilica, Nanosilver
II.Nanoformulations : Nanoemulsions
Nanoencapsulations
Nanogels
(Ghormade et al., 2011)
12

13. Nanoparticle as pesticides
• Nanosilica
• Quarts, sand rocks, clays
• Volcanic soil, Rice hull
• Effective against pulse beetle
13Contd......
Pulse beetle

14. Concentration of
SNPs (ppm)
Seed varieties
Fecundity
(No. of eggs/
female)
Red gram Horse gram Black gram
0 (Control) 46 ± 2.0 24 ± 3.0 28 ± 3.0
500 0 02 ± 1.7 02 ± 1.1
600 0 02 ± 1.7 02 ± 1.0
700 0 0 02 ± 2.0
800 0 0 0
900 0 0 0
1000 0 0 0
14
(Arumugam et al., 2016)
Egg laying capacity of bruchid beetle in
nanosilica treated pulses
Contd........

15. 15
Dorsal view of untreated insect Dorsal view of SNP-exposed insect

16. • Photosynthesis or respiration – not affected
• Do not alter gene expression in insect
• Use of amorphous silica - safe for human by
WHO and US Department of Agriculture
16
(Li et al., 2006)
Nanosilica: a novel nanopesticide

17. 17
Nanoformulations......
I. Nanoemulsions
II. Nanoencapsulations
I. Nanogels

18. • Oil in water (O/W) emulsions
• High pressure homogenisation
• Elimination of toxic organic solvents
• Enhanced miscibility
• Improved uptake
18
(Kookana et al., 2014)
1. Nanoemulsions
Coarse emulsion
Nano emulsion

19. Effect of nanoemulsions of essential oils from
common arrow plant ( Achillia sp. )against red
flour beetle
• Essential oils - obtained by hydrodistillation
19(Nenaah , 2014) Contd.....

20. Plant oil Period (h)
LD 50 - plant
oil (mg kg-1
)
LD 50- nano
emulsion
(mg kg-1
)
A. biebersteinii
48 57.6 14.3
96 41.7 11.0
A. santolina
48 78.2 23.1
96 60.9 19.2
A. mellifolium
48 130.7 41.4
96 93.2 27.5
20(Nenaah, 2014)
Effect of the plant oils and nanoemulsions on
larvae of red flour beetle
......Contd.

21. 21
Plant oil
Period
(h)
LD 50 - Plant
oil
(mg kg-1
)
LD 50-
nanoemulsion
(mg kg-1
)
A. biebersteinii
48 49.4 10.7
96 36.1 8.8
A. santolina
48 70.7 19.4
96 52.4 13.5
A. mellifolium
48 112.1 36.5
96 80.6 21.3
Effect of the plant oils and nanoemulsions on adults
of red flour beetle
(Nenaah, 2014)
.......Contd.

22. 22

23. 2. Nanoencapsulations
• Nanosized a.i.
• Nanosized polymer coating
Advantages
• Increased solubility
• Slow release
• Reduced skin contact
• Reduced run-off
23(Mohdzobir et al., 2005)
Release

24. Fumigant toxicity of nanoencapsulated
essential oil against red flour beetle
24
(Negahban et al., 2012)
Contd......
Type
Number of
insects /
treatment
LD50(ppm)
NEO 100 11.24(10.92 ±11.58)
PEO 100 15.68(15.26 ±16.13)
 Essential oil from Artemisia sieberi
NEO – Nanoencapsulated essential oil
PEO – Pure essential oil

25. Major examples of polymers often used
for nanoencapsulation
Polymer Active ingredient
Lignin- PEG*- ethyl cellulose Imidacloprid
Polyethylene Deltamethrin
PEG Garlic essential oil
Alginate- Glutaraldehyde Neem seed oil
25
* PEG –Poly Ethylene Glycol
(Shah et al., 2016)

26. 3. Nanogel
• bis- aldoxime
• Methyl eugenol
• Stable at ambient conditions
• Effective in rainy season
26
(Bhagat et al., 2013)
Contd....
Nanogel Fruit fly

27. 27
Methyleugenol immobilized nanogel against oriental fruit fly
.....Contd
(Bhagat et al., 2013)

28. 28
.....Contd
(Bhagat et al., 2013)
Days
No.ofinsects
Efficacy of nanogel over pure
methyleugenol against fruit fly

29.  Botanical nanopesticides
 Nano pesticide from microorganisms
29

30. Botanical nanopesticides: mosquito control
30
Nanopesticide Source
(LC50)
ppm
Target pest References
AgNP A. indica 31.5 mg/L A. subpictus Govindrajan et
al. (2016)
Neem
nanoemulsion
A. indica 11.5 mg/L C. quinquefasciatus Anjali et al.
(2012)
Eucalyptus
nanoemulsion
Eucalyptus spp. 250 mg/L C. quinquefasciatus Sugumar et al.
(2014)
AgNP L. aspera 8.5 mg/L A. aegypti Suganya et al.
(2014)

31. Effect of silver nanoparticles containing leaf extract
of heartleaf moonseed plant, Tinospora cordifolia
on pests of public health
31Contd.....
(Parashar et al., 2009)
Head louse
Anopheles sp. Culex sp.

32. Larvicidal activity of aqueous and synthesized
silver nanoparticle of T. cordifolia leaves
32
Concentration (ppm)
Mortality%…..Contd
Head louse
Anopheles sp.
Culex sp.

33. Management of Diamondback moth using
nanoparticles loaded with neem extracts
• Nanoparticles loaded with neem (Azadirachta indica) spray-
dried powder
• Cent per cent larval mortality
• Greater stability against UV
33Contd…..
(Forim et al., 2013)

34. Biological efficacy of nanoparticles loaded
with azadiractin against P. xylostella
34
Mortality%
….contd
Days
(Forim et al., 2013)

35. Nanopesticides from micro organisms
Nanoformulation of Photorhabdus luminescens
against mite and aphid pests of cotton
35
(Ramesh et al ., 2014)
Contd…...
Mite Aphid
Photorhabdus luminescens

36. 36
(Ramesh et al ., 2014)
…..Contd
Nanoformulation of Photorhabdus
luminescens

37. 37
Time (h) LD 50 ( ppm)
Normal supernatant
12 8.36 ×102
24 1.07
Nano supernatant
12 0.0001
24 0.000761
Median lethal concentration of normal and nano
supernatant against cotton mite
(Ramesh et al ., 2014)
…..Contd

38. 38
Time (Hours) LC 50 ( ppm)
Normal supernatant
12 2.12 × 103
24 0.12
Nano supernatant
12 0.0027
24 0.00018
Median Lethal concentration of normal and nano
supernatant against cotton aphid
(Ramesh et al ., 2014)
…..Contd

39. UV-shielding properties of novel porous hollow
silica nanoparticle (PHSN) carriers for avermectin
• Avermectin – photodegradable
• Limited use in crop pest management
• Porous hollow nano silica carriers
• Enhanced persistence
39
(Li et al., 2006)
Contd…..

40. 40(Li et al., 2006)
…..Contd

41. DNA-tagged nano gold: a new tool for the
control of the army worm
• Inhibit kinase activity
• Stimulate chitinase activity
41Contd…..

42. Three DAT
Five DAT
Four DAT
Six DAT Seven DAT
Control
42
…..Contd
Effect of DNA-tagged nano gold on army worm

43. 43
Treatments (ppm)
(Chakravarthy et al., 2012)
Effect of different concentrations of DNA-tagged
with nano particle on 2nd
instar army worm

44. Nanopesticides - commercialisation
• ‘GUTBUSTER’ microcapsule – China
• Disintegrate in alkaline environments
• Effective against lepidopterans
• Banner MAXX- Syngenta- Fungicide
( Propiconazole)
• Citronella oil nanoemulsion -Thailand
• Prolonged protection from mosquito
44

45. An overview of nano-formulations of
insecticide under development
Formulation Product name Manufactured by Feature
Nanoemulsion Triazophos Coll. of Chemistry
& Environ. Sci.,
China
Relatively stable in
acidic and neutral
solutions
Nanoparticles PEG coated
NP loaded with
Garlic essential oil
Huazhong
Agricultural
University,
Wuhan
Slow and persistent
release of the active
components
Bifenthrin Princeton
University,
Guangzhou, China
Uniformity of
coverage
45
(ETC Group, 2004)

46. Nanosensors
• Self contained recognition element - DNA/ RNA/
enzyme/ antibody
• Transduction element: biochemical signal
• Used for pesticide detection
46
electrical / optical signal

47. Apta-nanosensors for detection and
quantitative determination of acetamiprid
47Verdian et al., 2017

48. Detecting pesticides the nano way!
• Paper sensors coated with nanoparticles
• Mini-laser (980 nm), optical filter, mini-cavity
48
(Mei et al.,2015)
Contd…..

49. 49
• Digitally imaging the luminescence variations on
test paper
• Quantitative analysis by smartphone
(Mei et al., 2015)
…..Contd.

50. • Blue luminescence on additions of thiram
• Variations captured on smartphone camera
• Intensities of colored images calculated
• Self-written Android program on the smartphone
• Amounts of thiram quantified
50
…..Contd.

51. 51
….Contd.

52. Enviornmental and health implications of
nanoparticles
• Materials accumulate in soil
• Nanostructured material - flow into the
environmental systems, food chain
52
Contd….

53. • Silver nano particle - salt solution aggregation
-less toxic
• Plant – dissolved organic matter- bind Ag ions
• Ag NP – low toxicity to human cells – cost
effective –anti infective agent-human fungal
diseases
53
(Lee et al., 2010)
….Contd.

54. Summary
• Nanotechnology in agriculture
Nano-based treatment of agricultural waste
Nanosensors
Nanofertilizers, Nanopesticides
• Nanoformulations
Nanoemulsion
Nanoencapsulation
Nanogel
• Nano biomaterials
• Nanosensors
54

55. Future line....
• More studies are needed to explore the mode of
action of NPs and their interaction with
biomolecules
• Research on nanoparticles - faster and ecofriendly
nano formulations in future
55
Contd…..

56. • Evaluation of nano materials for hazardous
effects
• More concern on bio nanopesticides
• UV shielding to entomopathogens
56
….Contd.

57. Conclusion
• Nanotechnology is capable of being used in
agricultural products that protect plants and
monitor plant growth and detect disease
• Scientists are still seeking new applications of
nanotechnology in agriculture
• The agricultural will indeed see tremendous
changes for the better in the coming years
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