The Economy Of Honours

The Economy Of Honours
Demosthenes claimed that 'the economy of honours ' was democratic because it allowed the
population to reward individuals for helping to preserve democracy through philanthropy.
Benefactors or 'euergetes ' were encouraged to donate to their city by being rewarded with various
honours. The orator opposed Leptines ' law, which made no–one exempt from liturgies as he
believed that exemptions were one way of honouring men who had helped to preserve democracy
(Demosthenes Against Leptines, 17). One such figure was Leucon, the King of the Bosphorus, who
had provided Athens with grain out of his own generosity (Demosthenes 31). Demosthenes also
disapproved of Leptines ' law because it diminished the sovereignty of the demos, removing their
freedom to show their appreciation to whoever they chose(Demosthenes 15). In the fourth–century
BC, especially after the social war, the economy of Athens had significantly decreased in wealth and
power since the Periclean golden age and could no longer afford such gestures as paying people to
participate in the assembly, aiming to increase political egalitarianism (Finley, Chatto and Windus
1981, p.86). One attempt to increase revenue involved granting honours to people who donated to
the state in order to encourage more benefactions. In order to increase wealth the state needed to
compromise some of it 's political equality, allowing individuals to distinguish themselves more–so
than previously (Veyne 1976, p.90–91). This inevitable paradox
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Istanbul Palaces in Pre-Ottoman Era Essay
Istanbul Palaces in Pre–Ottoman Era Byzantium, Constantinople and Istanbul, these names are
addressed to the same place which now we call it as Istanbul. According to the latest excavation
during the construction of the Marmaray Tunnel in 2008, the history of Istanbul has begun from
6700 BC, that's where they found the remains of sinking ships belong to the earliest human
settlement of the city. In 700 BC, when the Greek Colonists which was led by King Byzas arrived in
the area, they settled there because of the strategic location along the Bosphorus Strait, and late King
Byzas named the city as Byzantium. Succeeding its progression by the Greeks, Byzantium became
an important part of the Roman Empire in the 300s, Inevitably makes the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, Blakhernai Palace, located beside the Golden Horn in the western north of
Constantinople as well as being adjacent to the city walls. Therefore, it is more protected than the
Great Palace. During the First Crusade the Emperor of Byzantine between 1081 – 1118 Alexios I
Komnenos received the commanders in this palace and he also added many buildings and enlarge
the palace in order to fit the amount of the guest.
Blakhernai Palace divided into a few parts; church, prison and palace itself, and one of them is the
Anemas Dungeons. Anemas Dungeons are a prison. On the other hand, this is not an ordinary
prison, but it is a kind of high ranking state prison in the city. The name of Anemas is taken from the
first person to be imprisoned there, he was a Byzantine general who rose against Emperor Alexios I
Komnenos. In the Byzantine period and after the Latin occupation Anemas Prison was used as a
prison, but there is no information how it was used after the Ottoman conquest in 1453. The other
one is Tekfur Palace, Tekfur Palace is the only part of Blakhernai Palace which still exist today (not
including the prison). The name of Tekfur derived from Arabic, the term tekfur was used in the early
Ottoman period for the Byzantine Emperors and feudal lords. The last palace will be mentioned is;
Palace of Hebdomon, located in Bakırköy. Which was the most important settlement outside the
City of Constantinople. Hebdomon is Byzantines, which means ''seventh'', and in

A New Poster Featuring Turkeys Prime Minister
In 2013 a new poster featuring Turkeys prime minister has appeared in every part of Istanbul, on
highway billboards, subways and busses. Wearing his usual dark suit there is Erdogan, Turkeys'
prime minister, staring down at the people with confidence and dedication like an action hero. Two
large words in bold letters are written next to his face: "Saglam Irade". Turkish for iron will. The
huge billboards build a feeling of claustrophobia that many Turks are used to by now: that Erdogan
is everywhere, in every newspaper column and on every TV channel. However, the poster which
some of his supporters have put has been vandalized, torn and rewritten with new slogans like Iron
Fascists, Iron Corruption, Iron Enemy of the People by a group of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He came up with a plan known as the Crazy Project to build a second Bosphorus as well as a second
Istanbul. Then he announced a new project for Taksim Square, which is the center of Istanbul's
European side and considered the heart of the city. The square itself surrounds a tiny park called
Gezi Park, which with the absence of buildings, offers at least a sense of free space and is also
known for being the place of liberals. Erdogan wanted to build tunnels from beneath and replace
Gezi Park with a shopping mall designed to look like Ottoman–era military barracks. Putting
anything Ottoman–like in Taksim, a symbol of secular republic, felt like a sign of Erdogan's Islamic
identity and thus caused a reaction on the people who supported the liberal's side. But there was a
bigger problem, Erdogan wasn't the mayor of Istanbul. And he wasn't consulting his constituents
there. When a local committee composed of historians and academics voted against the plan he
simply had another committee made up from his own party and override the vote. This was what his
rule had come to mean and when people heard about that they got angry.
The protests began when activists gathered in Gezi Park to protest against its demolition. At first, it
was just some angry citizens holding sit–ins. But the numbers quickly grew. Within a week the
activists' tiny–sit spread into 70 cities. Many of the protestors were not

A New Poster With Turkey's Prime Minister
In 2013 a new poster featuring Turkey's prime minister had appeared in every part of Istanbul, on
highway billboards, subways and busses. Wearing his usual dark suit there was Erdogan, Turkey's
some of his supporters have put up has been vandalized, torn and rewritten with new slogans like
Iron Fascists, Iron Corruption or Iron Enemy of the People by a group of Turkish protestors. This
scene is very familiar if you are living in Istanbul, Turkey. For the past two years Turkey has
witnessed inequality, injustice, limitation into almost every kind of freedom and unnecessary
violence in every part of its life.
Over the last decade Erdogan made himself the most powerful prime minister in Turkey's history,
the most successful elected leader in the Middle East and the West's idol for a modern Muslim
country. He attended a religious high school and grew up in a conservative neighborhood. A member
of the youth groups of Islamist parties, he was elected Istanbul's mayor in 1994 at age of forty and in
2002 he became the country's first Islamist prime minister. He cleaned up the city and improved

Compare And Contrast Rome And Byzantine Empire
The "Byzantine Empire", also known as "Eastern Roman Empire", was the surviving part of the
Roman Empire. By the year A.D. 500, the western part of the Roman Empire had collapsed, but the
Eastern Roman Empire continued on for nearly a millennium. Towards the end of the rule of the
Roman Republic, power shifted from the western part of the empire, to its east. Emperor
Constantine built Constantinople as the new capital for the Empire. The people of the Byzantine
Empire thought of themselves as Romans, but there were some key differences between the
Byzantines and the Ancient Romans. Most of the people in Byzantine were Christian, unlike people
in the early Roman Empire. They also spoke Greek instead of Latin. Because of these differences,
historians needed a separate name for this Empire. They called it the Byzantine Empire because the
capital, Constantinople, was built at a place called Byzantium.
Constantinople was built on the Bosphorus Strait. A Strait is a narrow body of water that cuts
through land, connecting two larger bodies of water. Another geological feature of the Byzantine
Empire was the it was built on a peninsula. This, along with the thick walls at the borders, along
with a moat, made the Byzantine Empire much easier to defend. Constantinople's strategic ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Together, he and his wife Theodora was able to recover much of the lost land from Old Rome. Both
rulers came from lower class families, his uncle started out as an impoverished soldier, and then
worked his way up to the throne, Justinian was his successor. Theodora's father worked as a bear
trainer at the circus. When she grew up, she became an actress. Justinian's goal was to restore
Rome's lost Empire. He worked for more than 30 years winning back lands around the
Mediterranean, including the city of Rome. During the rule of Justinian, the Byzantine Empire
reached its greatest

Tourism in Turkey: Ancient Wonders, Modern Beauty
Ancient Wonders, Modern Beauty Stereotypes abound about Turkey. For many people in the United
States and Europe and indeed in much of Asia as well the picture that people have of Turkey is one
from the nation's past, a collage of souks and dusty women heavily veiled, of children running the
streets to pickpocket tourists and steal from street vendors. Of a nation caught forever between the
past and the modern, Asia and Europe, democracy and caliphate, Islam and Christianity. These
images call up a nation roiling in conflict, one that should most likely be avoided and that, if it
cannot be, should be visited with head down, keeping oneself to oneself to avoid street crime as well
as images of abject poverty. But the above, of course, has nothing to do with modern Turkey, a place
that welcomes visitors not with conflict but with a blend of all of the cultures that have left their
mark on the land. Except, of course, that there is some reality about that first image. As much as
many Turks might like to think of their nation as a vibrant mélange of at least a dozen different
cultures, representatives of many of the world's great religions and art, food, music, archaeological
wonders, there are also political and economic troubles roiling through the nation. Marketing of the
country for the purposes of tourism must make it clear to potential international visitors of the
wealth that the country has an unimaginable wealth of offerings while also acknowledging that the
country

The Fall Of Byzantium And The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the Greek–speaking, eastern
part of the Mediterranean. Christian in nature, it was perennially at war with the Muslims,
Flourishing during the reign of the Macedonian emperors, its demise was the consequence of attacks
by Seljuk Turks, Crusaders, and Ottoman Turks.
Byzantium was the name of a small, but important town at the Bosphorus, the strait which connects
the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean to the Black Sea, and separates the continents of Europe and
Asia. In Greek times the town was at the frontier between the Greek and the Persian world. In the
fourth century BCE, Alexander the Great made both worlds part of his Hellenistic universe, and
later Byzantium became a town of growing importance within the Roman Empire.
By the third century CE, the Romans had many thousands of miles of border to defend. Growing
pressure caused a crisis, especially in the Danube/Balkan area, where the Goths violated the borders.
In the East, the Sasanian Persians transgressed the frontiers along the Euphrates and Tigris. The
emperor Constantine the Great (reign 306–337 CE) was one of the first to realize the impossibility
of managing the empire's problems from distant Rome.
So, in 330 CE Constantine decided to make Byzantium, which he had refounded a couple of years
before and named after himself, his new residence. Constantinople lay halfway between the Balkan
and the Euphrates, and not too far from the immense wealth and

Turkey : A Modern Country
The sun was barely peeking over the horizon, and I could hear the nearby mosques call out the on
the speakers, which signaled the start of morning prayer for nearly 15 million Muslims living in
Istanbul. It had been nearly 8 hours since my friend, Basil, and I started wandering around Istanbul's
most popular tourist sites, and it had almost been 6 hours since we had first gotten lost. Walking
around all night trying to figure out how we had gotten into such a sticky situation, we exited the
famous Blue Mosque and made our way back to the metro station, hoping now that they would be
open so that we could finally catch a ride back to our dorms. That night I had experienced a lifestyle
like nothing before, one that I would never forget. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another downside to the public transportation in Istanbul is that the metro can get extremely packed,
which can be bad for people who have personal space issues, but can be easily dealt with if you
manage to be quick and grab a seat. "So how do we know when to get off?" I asked Basil in a very
confused tone. "When I tell you to, jump off", was his stern reply. I learned never to doubt a
confident person, but I still had no idea how he knew how to get around Istanbul. Unfortunately for
us, Basil was an idiot, he had absolutely no idea how to get around the city since it was his first time
their just like me. He had an innate feeling of confidence based off of no reason whatsoever, but I
didn't doubt him since I had no idea how to navigate the city and felt like a headless chicken in a
Chinese meat shop. All of a sudden I heard Basil call out to me from the outside, "dude get off the
train!", there was only a few seconds left before the train doors closed and I would be transported to
an unknown location with absolutely no idea of how to get around. I leaped off and watched the
doors close behind me while the train sped off to the next stop. "Next time you stick by my side",
Basil exclaimed. I couldn't agree more, and after that, I kept him in my sights. As we moved on and
marveled at the sight of the Blue

Comparison Of Egypt And The Great Pyramids In Ancient Egypt
The first video is about Egypt is famous for its ancient civilization and some of the
world's most famous monuments, including the Giza pyramid complex and the Great Sphinx.
The video charts a route down the Nile stopping off at the amazing temples and sights along the
way on the luxor airport . The video is a visual tour of famous temples and sites along the Nile
River including the pyramids at Giza, the temples of Karnak and Luxor, and those at Esna, Edfu,
and Philae.
The temple of Karnak was known as"most select of places"–by the ancient Egyptians. Is
the first place to go to visit . As years goes by back than their knowledge of the temple
increase.In the Great Temple of Amun, the Second Pylon of Karnak was built by Ramesses II.
Toward ed fou is the only temple that is still in tact and well preserved . They also
mention about Edfu Horus the black falcon. They go in detail in the chamber leading to each side
for the offering . Than they go to the sacred area . Pylon was one of the last features to be added
at the temple . Moving on forward they mention about going to kitchener island the last temple
they went to check out in the video an oval shaped island that has a lot of beautiful flower and
plant . The island is a safe haven for exotic animals as you walk down the river back then .
2.Athens
The second video is about Athens . Athens is the is the capital city of greece .Five centuries
before Christ, Athens was the center of the

Sport in Istambul
Sport in Istanbul Sport in Istanbul takes a very big place. There are many different kinds of sport
available on both Asian and European parts. Water sports such as scuba dive and rafting are very
attracting to tourists who come from all over the world and Soccer is very popular among Turkish
citizens. There are many different sport stadiums that are based on the both sides of Istanbul, but
actually many of them belong to Football clubs like Galatasaray, Besiktas and Fenehbahce. Also,
Istanbul holds Vodafone Istanbul Marathon every year. Thousands of Turkish people come out to
stroll and hundreds of athletes run to break new records. I and my friends have participated In 2013
Istanbul Marathon too, it was a great sport experience. As I mentioned previously, many tourists that
come to Istanbul usually do scuba diving. The closest place in Istanbul is Prince's islands. Many
tourists who have dived out there said that the deep waters near the islands are not transparent and
the visibility is not good, but some people say there are diving areas near the islands that allow to
have a great experience of being under the water. Touring agencies offer many scuba diving courses
for the first comers and for professionals, equipment is generally provided by trip organization.
Rafting is an adrenaline filled, exciting experience, a perfect escape from the big city for a day or
weekend, and an ideal group for people of all ages! With its

Eu and the Fundamental Rights..
The European Community (EC) has expressed through treaty provision and case law that the
protection of the fundamental rights of EC citizens is vitally important. However, the EC itself is not
currently bound to a set of agreed fundamental rights. For years, the European Court of Justice
(ECJ) has respected and protected fundamental rights by considering the position of state
constitutions and the terms of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Yet, the ECJ is
not bound to follow these. It is not bound to the ECHR, as it is not a signatory.
In 1999, when the member states of the EC also drew up the European Union Charter of
Fundamental Rights as part of the new constitution. However the documents have not been formally
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But, given the ECJ's long–standing use of the ECHR, the Charter will have a weaker influence.
With the current political situation with regard to the Charter it is unlikely that it will be given legal
effect in their current state and the ECJ may feel reluctant to use the Charter should it give effect to
rights that may later be left out of the final document. Furthermore, giving the EC and the ECJ more
power in more areas is an idea that many member states are sceptical of, and this may delay and
even prevent the legal status of the treaty from ever becoming. Given all these facts it is therefore
fair to assume the Charter is currently an unnecessary document.
The introduction of the Charter does however raise questions of how the relationships of the
Luxembourg and Strasbourg courts may be affected. The current position of the courts, as described
by academic, S Douglas Scott , is "a symbiotic interaction...working out a solution to the sometimes
awkward co–existence of the EU and ECHR". The ECJ and Strasbourg courts make reference to the
others law but on a limited basis as to avoid conflict.
As has already been seen, the ECJ frequently examines the terms and protections of the ECHR when
considering issues of fundamental rights in cases before it. As for the European Court of Human
Rights in Strasbourg, it has previously had little to do with the ECJ, especially due to its more
specific nature. However, with the influx

International Law is Divided in Private and Public Law
The term 'International law' first used by Jeremy Bentham in his Introduction to the Principles of
Morals and Legislation, later Hugo Grotius who is a one of the prominent intellectual figure in
Europe lead to concept of the modern framework for international law. International law divided
into two parts as private international law and public international; however, general usage of the
international law refers to public international law. Through my Fulbright independent research
project, I hope to deepen and strengthen knowledge on International law especially on international
humaniterian law (IHL) which is also known as law of war. Today, according the United Nations,
International law defines as 'the legal responsibilities of States in their conduct with each other, and
their treatment of individuals within State boundaries.' In addition to, The range of subjects and
actors directly concerned with international law has widened considerably, the realm of ınternational
law encompasses various fields such as human rights, international crime, refugees, migration,
problems of nationality, the treatment of prisoners, the use of force, and the law of war environvent,
trade and economic issues, air and space law. In September 2011, Greece has re–started to
controversial drilling for offshore petroleum and gas reserves in Eastern Mediterranean and as
expected Turkey warned Greece that Greece is not allowed any exploration activities in that era.
Then, very soon after that

Augustine Empire Vs Byzantine Civilization
Although the Ancient Egyptian Civilization and the Byzantine Empire both had a big influence on
each other and are very similar, they also have their big differences. The first and foremost of those
differences being how the members of each civilizations made their living. The Ancient Egyptians
were mostly farmers, or laborers, while the people of the Byzantine Empire were mostly traders,
builders, tutors, and doctors. Another difference and similarity is each civilization's respective
geographical features. They both share access to the Mediterranean Sea, but while Ancient Egypt
has many man–made geographical features, the Byzantine Empire has little to none. Other
differences include religious aspects, written languages, and systems of rule. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The standard religion in Ancient Egypt wasn't really one set religion at all. It was more a mix of all
of the main principles of the different, and most prominent religions we observe being practiced
around the world today. Like most religions, they had a belief in a higher power, they were
polytheistic that went with an extensive mythology for all of the gods they worshipped, whilst
having a very strong belief of spiritualism, and having magic incorporated into many parts of their
religion. They also had a more scientific aspects of their religion such as psychiatry, herbology, and
medicine. Contrarily, the religion of Byzantium wa much more predetermined, standard, and while
being Christianity at the specific time of those people, their religion is very similar to that of today's
Christianity. They were monotheistic, meaning they only worshipped one god, unlike the Ancient
Egyptians. While they only worshipped one god, they believed that there were three elements to
him: God the Father; God the Son and the Holy Spirit. They followed the teachings of Jesus Christ,
also viewing him as the son of God, and the messiah promised in the Old Testament. They obtained
this information from their holy book called the Bible, and worshipped and were taught lessons from
the Bible in churches, by their religious leaders called Priests or Ministers. Other

Compare/Contrast Essay: The Motives Of The First Crusade
In the year 1095, Christian peasants, warriors, knights, and everyone in between fought for the
chance to regain the Holy Land, thus starting what is known as the First Crusade. After Byzantium
requested help from the Pope as it began to be destroyed by the constant threat of Turks, soldiers
and townspeople alike began crusading. Each person had their own motives for joining in the
Crusade. For some, it was money and land while, for others, it was the chance at regaining the Holy
Land, more commonly known as the city of Jerusalem. Christians, led by the Pope, began to
crusading to reclaim Jerusalem and as a result, thousands of Muslims, Jews, and Christians died.
The First Crusade was a difficult time for most who lived through it.
On November ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They stood their ground for three days, marching and praying all the way around the city. They
finally proceeded to break into the city and murdered almost all of the inhabitants, Turks, Arabs, and
Jews alike. They locked many inside a temple and burned it to the ground. When they were done
conquering the city, they sent a messenger to tell Pope Urban II the news of their victory, but he died
two days before the news of Jerusalem could reach him. His successor, Paschal II, worked to keep
the Holy Land Christian. It was split into four territories: the County of Tripoli, Kingdom of
Jerusalem, County of Edessa, and Principality of

A Market Entry Plan Into Turkey 's Capital Istanbul
Introduction
As an ever expanding enterprise Public Easing is a highly skilled and motivated London based outfit
dedicated to the construction management of public services. The company is committed to
improving cities and towns public services and most importantly providing innovative design while
future proofing. Currently succeeding in London and successfully competing more and more in
Munich.
This report undertaken by the Public Easing research team sets out to outline the company's market
entry plan into Turkey's capital Istanbul and why Public Easing would have the ability to smoothly
enter a Turkish market compared to other UK based companies.
A key aim in this report is focusing on how a business in Turkey can be established ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The banks have now tipped Turkey to be part of the next generation of high growth economies.
"Turkey has the potential to become one of the biggest economies in Europe and globally," says
Ahmet Arkali, an economist at Goldman Sachs "It has the right institutional framework, the right
demographic profile and a skilled workforce that all comes together to help create economic
growth," says Mr Arkali. This data can be backed up by research from Hong Kong Shanghai
banking corporation.
According to HSBC's 'The World in 2050' (http://www.hsbc.com/~/media/HSBCcom/
abouthsbc/advertising/pdfs/theworldin%202050.ashx) Turkey will be the world's 12th and Europe's
fourth biggest economy by 2050. Turkey aims to be among the world's 10 largest economies by
2023, on the 100th anniversary of the foundation of the Republic. (HSBC,
http://www.hsbc.com/~/media/HSBCcom/, n.d.)
Public Easing's main focus is on a cities potential for public projects, and as Istanbul booms Turkey
is expected to invest USD 140 billion on public investment 2014 to 2018.
78% of Turkey's overall Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) comes from the EU. It's become an
investment base for European businesses with increasing integration into the EU's supply and
production chain. Even UK politicians have taken note of the country's promise and are keen to
emphasise the opportunities that exist in

Why Should We Study Turkey
Introduction
Why Study Turkey? Turkey is a particularly interesting country to study. The country dates back to
the beginnings of civilization and has been imprinted on by many historical conflicts. In its long
existence, it has been occupied by numerous empires, like the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman
Empire, which aided in shaping the regions values and structure to what it is today. The crucial
changing point for the country was when it received its independence, or sovereignty, from Russian,
Italian, and French occupation. In 1923, led by Mustafa Kemal, the turkish people, through the
nationalist movement, gained independence by not allowing the remnants of the Ottoman Empire
after their defeat in World War I to let the Allies split up the Turkish–speaking lands. The influences
that swept over the nation during the centuries of imperial rule or migration of different peoples
from oppressive rule makes the country diverse in culture. The country has also seen a few of
periods of military rule. Through these militarily–ruled periods, some of the country's most
fundamental political traditions were adopted, such as adopting a proportional representative system
for elections or creating new constitutions. All these actions have shaped Turkey's government and
societal life in interesting ways. Turkey is a secular Republican Parliamentary Democracy, where
religion is separated from the government and power is divided between the president, prime
minister, and parliament.

Constantinople: The Religious Importance Of Constantinople
Constantinople held religious significance, access to goods and shipping routes, and strategic
benefits; for those reasons, the Ottomans conquered the city and used them as their own.
Firstly, and most importantly, is its symbolic importance to Christians and non–Christians, like the
Ottomans. To the Byzantines, Constantinople was the capitol of their Christian empire and where
the Eastern Orthodox church was based. It was founded by Constantine the Great mainly to establish
and spread Christianity. While it held no theological relevance like Jerusalem, the state of the city
often reflected the state of the religion to its citizens. When under Ottoman siege, Byzantines felt
that their capitol and their religion was being threatened. The Ottomans

The Cultural Diversity And Identity
Istanbul
One of the most captivating cities in the world, Istanbul, known for its western and eastern
traditional cities and being built on two continents has arguably one of the richest histories of
architecture in the world. Rich periods in time can be exemplified through architectural examples
can be observed in many structures throughout the country. Each defined period in Istanbul's history
can be clearly observed through its visual markers left in architecture. Even today, the cultural
diversity and identity can be pictured through architecture. History of Istanbul
Known today as Asian Istanbul, this land is believed to be inhabited as early as 3000 BC. The
earliest recorded history is in the 7th century, when Greek colonists ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The city was rebuilt and featured incredible structures such as the Hagia Sophia which symbolize
the heights the Byzantine culture reached. Specific attributes that made living in such a city so
desirable were its trade locations and transportation between three different continents. However,
what made the city desirable also made it a target for those who wanted to take advantage of its
attributes. Over the next several hundred years, the city was subject to attacks from Persians, Arabs
and nomadic people trying to take over the city. Members of the fourth crusade, who also governed
the city for a short time, also attacked Constantinople. All these attacked lead to an attack in 1453 by
the Ottoman Turks led by Sultan Mehmet II. Due to the constant attacks led by others, the city 's
defenses were severely weakened, allowing the Ottoman Turks to conquer the city. The city was
then renamed to Istanbul, which became the third and last capital of the Ottoman Empire. The city
was the center for military campaigns aimed at enlarging the Ottoman empire in a dramatic manor.
By the mid 1500's, the city of Istanbul had a population of nearly 500,000. With a population this
large, the city was a major cultural, political and commercial nerve center. The Ottoman rule
remained until its forces were defeated in World War I and Istanbul was occupied by the allies.
Today, this area is now known as the Republic of Turkey, established in 1923 after the war of

Analysis Of Eurasia 's First Contemporary Intercontinental...
CEE 262: Structures & the Urban Environment Sol Taubin (staubin@princeton.edu)
Crossing the Bosphorus: An Analysis of Eurasia's First Contemporary Intercontinental Bridge
I. Introduction
Given a global context of cities historically and very purposefully being situated along natural
bodies of water to take advantage of vast natural resources, it is no wonder that urban development,
industrialization, and localized population rise have increasingly implied the development of public
works in these metropolises. Among these works, infrastructures designed to facilitate transportation
across, rather than along, bodies of water such as rivers, straits, streams, etc., have proved
paramount for urban and economic growth and well–being, allowing an ever–growing workforce to
easily move both in and across cities' core and peripheries. Istanbul is one such city, where a
present–day metropolitan population of 17 million inhabitants heavily occupies the banks of the
Bosphorus strait – a body of water that has both facilitated and complicated the city's development.
Figure 1: The Bosphorus Strait1
Crossing the Bosphorus has posed a challenge throughout the city's history, and the city has had a
long history. Through its incarnations as Byzantium, Constantinople, and Istanbul, the capital of
Turkey
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 Reproduced from: Wikipedia. Bosphorus. Web.
Accessed 10 May 2016. .
CEE 262: Structures & the Urban Environment Sol Taubin

Murder On The Orient Express Analysis
Murder on the Orient Express by Agatha Christie gives the reader a lot of information and
reasonable suspicion for each person on the train, however, she does not definitively single out one
person who is responsible for the crime within the first two parts of the story. Once Ratchett, the
victim, is murdered, Bouc appoints Poirot to be the detective of the case. In part two of Murder on
the Orient Express, Poirot organizes a makeshift courtroom in the dining car where he can interview
each of the passengers. After the interviews, everyone has their own alibi but each person also has
some sort of suspicion surrounding them. The person I think is responsible for the murder of Ratchet
on the Orient Express is Miss Mary Debenham. From the very first chapter, Ms. Debenham is
extremely suspicious. Before the book takes place on the Orient Express, the setting in the first few
pages is on the Taurus Express in which Poirot, Miss. Debenham, and Colonel Arbuthnot are aboard.
Poirot, as he often does, likes to study people to pass the time and this time was no different. He
describes Ms. Debenham as a type of women who could take care of herself and one who is cool,
calm, and collected. During this first chapter, the train stops for a while after it arrives in Konya.
Colonel Arbuthnot and Miss Debenham go out to stretch when Poirot overhears something Ms.
Debenham told the Colonel. "Not now. Not now, When it's behind us – then –" (Christie 11). This is
extremely concerning given

Iketas Influence On Ignatus
Niketas, later re–named Ignatius when he was fourteen, was born in 798 in Constantinople as the
son of the emperor Michael I (811–813). When Ignatius was fifteen, his father had to give up the
throne to Leo the Armenian. Unfortunately, many of the religious/unreligious rulers of Ignatius's
time were very cruel, including Leo the Armenian, who basically tortured Ignatius. Leo the
Armenian made him an eunuch* and imprisoned Ignatius in a monastery so he would not be eligible
to his father's throne. Ignatius's time in the monastery helped him strengthen in his faith and soon,
was made the igumen of the monastery. Then later on, he became the Patriarch of Constantinople
from the years 847–857 then later, 867–877. When Michael III (855–867)

The Crusades Were A Chain Of Military And Religious Campaigns
The crusades were a chain of military and religious campaigns initiated by European Catholics to
increase Christian influence in the Holy Land, which is Palestine. Some religious leaders actually
inspired these crusades and had a key role in forming and commencing the Crusades. These
religious figures were popes, bishops, and theologians. Peter the Hermit, Gottschalk, Pope Urban II,
Pope Innocent III, Bernard of Clairvaux, Peter of Blois, and many more, were all people that played
a key role in the Crusades . Some of them got armies together and called people to crusade. For
example, Pope Urban II inspired people in 1095 in Clermont, France to become part of the Crusades
by promising them the forgiveness of sins to those who joined the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the Fourth Crusade, Pope Innocent III called for a new crusade in 1198 and communicates with
other religious figures to make this happen. The plan was to attack Egypt first and then Jerusalem.
Venice built ships for this expedition and offered a deal to the Christians to help them take the city
of Zara and they will cancel the remaining debt they owe them for the ships they built for the
Christians. Zara was a city of Catholics, but they did what they had to do and some of the Crusaders
dropped out because if this. A man named Alexius was from Constantinople and goes to Zara and
makes a deal with them saying, "If you take me to Constantinople and help me gain power I will pay
you handsomely". They accept the deal and sail for Constantinople and Alexius takes the throne.
Alexius is unable to pay the Crusaders and the Crusaders attack Constantinople instead because of
Alexius 's inability to pay off the Crusaders. The Crusaders install a Latin emperor. The Crusaders
never even made it to Jerusalem or Egypt.
Part 2 In the Crusades, some violent actions happened. The Catholics justified their violent actions
in attacking cities. One way they justified their actions was through thinking they were doing an act
of love for God, the Church, and the Christian pilgrims. Some church leaders actually taught that
crusading was an act of love and service. Pope Eugenius

Byzantine Empire Research Paper
Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire (330–1453 AD). It was famous for many
reasons, including beautiful art and architecture, being a vital trade location, a strong economy, and
its unique location. Many groups of people had long tried, unsuccessfully, to conquer the city, but in
1453 AD, the city finally fell to the Ottomans and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire.
Constantinople's geographic location was its most valuable feature. This is due to the city's
geography offering it natural protection and connecting it to the rest of the world, allowing for a
strong economy and cultural and religious influences, making it a vital target to the Ottomans as a
capital for their powerful empire. The geography of Constantinople made it an ideal location to
place the capital. The geography allowed for natural protection from invaders, such as being
surrounded by water and steep hills. An early map of Constantinople by Cristoforo Buondelmonti
shows that the majority of Constantinople is not connected to land, limiting any direct access points.
This means that attempting to attack the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mehmet II wanted his empire to be culturally diverse, not just large and powerful. If the Ottomans
were to have a successful and diverse empire, they would need a multinational capital as well;
Constantinople was the key to their success. Because the city was situated at a key point along trade
routes, merchants and travellers would constantly be passing through the city. With them, they
would bring their own languages and traditions. With people from all over travelling to
Constantinople to trade, or just pass through, the city effectively became a home for cultural
diffusion. The Ottomans saw this as a valuable asset to the city. Along with the spread of cultural
ideas, Constantinople's geographic location would allow for the spread of religious ideas as

The Janissarys and the Millet System: Keystones of the...
The Janissaries and the Millet System:
Keystones of the Ottoman Empire
Matteo McDonnell
Atlantic Communities I
Ms. Ford
5/20/13
The Ottoman Empire was a Muslim state spanning from Austria to the Persian Gulf, from Russia to
Egypt. It was formed at the end of the thirteenth century by Osman I, expanded through the
conquest of the Byzantine Empire, and lasted for over 600 years. It was dissolved after it lost (along
with Germany and Austria–Hungary) to the western allies in the First World War. To deal with such
a large area over such a long period of time, it needed a strong military and a system to keep social
order. The Janissaries strengthened the military and the Millet System helped to organize Ottoman
society and both were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Murad observed and directed the battle from one of them. The Janissaries dug in behind ditches and
two palisades. The right wing consisted of Kapikulus and Sipahis from Rumelia, and the left wing
was made up by Akıncıs, Sipahis from Anatolia, and other forces. Janissary archers and Akıncı light
cavalry were deployed on the Franga plateau. The other Ottoman flank assaulted the Hungarians and
Bulgarians of Michael Szilagyi. Their push was stopped and turned back; then Sipahis attacked
again. Hunyadi decided to help and advised Władysław to wait until he returned; then advanced
with two cavalry companies. The young king, ignoring Hunyadi's advice, rushed 500 of his Polish
knights against the Ottoman center. They attempted to overrun the Janissary infantry and take Murad
prisoner, and almost succeeded. But Władysław had fallen in a pitfall in front of Murad's tent and
was slain by the Janissary bodyguards, his head was cut off and later taken to the Ottoman court.
The remaining Polish cavalry was destroyed by the Ottomans.
One of their most important battles was the conquest of Constantinople, which took place on the
Bosphorus, in 1453. Constantinople was the last Christian city within the Ottoman Empire. It was
receiving supplies from Russia. The Ottoman army was led by the current Sultan, Mehmet II against
the Christians, led by Constantine XI. This city was

Turkey : A Very Interesting Country For Study
Turkey
Introduction
Why Study Turkey? Turkey is a very interesting country to study. Turkey dates back to the
beginnings of civilization and has been imprinted on by many historical conflicts. In its long
existence, it has been occupied by numerous empires, like the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman
Empire, which helped shape the regions values and structure to what it is today. The crucial
changing point for the country was when it received its independence, or sovereignty, from Russian,
Italian, and French occupation. In 1923, lead by Mustafa Kemal, the turkish people, through the
nationalist movement, gained independence by not allowing the remnants of the Ottoman Empire
after their defat in World War I to let the Allies split up the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The people of Turkey are not as trusting of their government as they would like to be. Turkey is
even in the process of becoming a EU member. Modern day Turkey is shaping up to be a country to
watch out for in the future.
Geographic and Demographic Features Anatolia, or better known now as Turkey, is a vast landmass
that connects the Middle East to Europe. According to the Central Intelligence Agency (2014),
Turkey is slightly larger than the state of Texas and has a population size of about 81 million. The
Agency ranks Turkey number seventeenth in the world for population size, rivaling the state of
Germany which has about 80 million inhabitants. Turkey's capital is Ankara, which surprisingly
only houses about 4.194 million of its 81.619 million inhabitants and Istanbul is actually the most
populated city with 11 million people (Central Intelligence Agency, 2014). Many people have
migrated to Turkey over the century, creating a diverse culture. (Central Intelligence Agency, 2014)
The Mediterranean Sea is one of the major waterways that boarders Turkey, along with the Aegean
and the Black Seas (Central Intelligence Agency, 2014). The Bosphorus strait is a fairly small
waterway and the only geographical feature that separates Turkey from Europe. Part of Turkey's
territory is on the opposite side of the Bosphorus strait on the European continent. The small

Prometheus Research Paper
The time is shortly after Prometheus gave fire to men and was bound to the rocky peak of Caucasus.
One day a strange creature appeared to him in the form of a young female cow who has not borne a
calf, but talked like a human girl who was driven mad with misery. When the girl saw Prometheus
she stopped in her tracks and began to weep about her misfortunes. Prometheus then recognized her
as the daughter of Inachus, Io. He then recounts how Io had an affair with Zeus and that it was Hera
who caused her misery. Io was amazed at his knowledge of her trials and asked who in fact this
stranger was. Prometheus then identified himself as the god who gave men fire, and and she at once
recognized him. They then conversed about their misfortunes and how Zeus had coerced her into
having an affair with him and then trying to cover it up "by wrapping the earth in a cloud so thick
that a sudden night seemed to drive the clear daylight away."
Hera instantly suspected wrongdoing by her husband went to Earth ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Zeus, of course denied having seeing her until now. Hera, not believing a word of it asked Zeus to
make a present of her. Zeus knowing that denying his wife's wishes would give it all away and
turned Io over to Hera. Hera then put Io under the supervision of Argus, a creature with 100 eyes.
With this many eyes Argus could sleep and keep watch at the same time. Zeus, desperate to help Io
asked his son, Hermes to kill Argus. Hermes, the most clever of the gods, put aside all that made
him godly and approached Argus as a man from the country who played the lyre. Argus was pleased
with his song and asked him to sit beside him and play some more. Hermes then began to recite
many stories to Argus until one about the god Pan made all his eyes fall asleep. Hermes immediately
slew him and it seemed Io would at last be free the great Hera's bewitchments. According to legend
Hera put his Argus' eyes on her favorite bird, the

Ethnic And Cultural Diversity : A Global Scale, Asia Minor...
Two–Halves
On a global scale, Asia Minor (the Eastern Half) has supported human agglomerations since the
ancient times. Migration to Europe (the Western Half) by land (as the primary means of migration)
would have to be around the Black Sea and the north being too cold, a route through Istanbul
became a natural choice.
Istanbul as a fortress–city was established in the 6th century B.C. on the Thracian side (another
name for Western region). The city gained in expanse to both sides as trade through water in region
grew. Initial migrants from Anatolia (another name for Eastern region) agglomerated in a segregated
pattern. As the population grew, urban functions became derivatives of these patterns.
Both halves have had a history of ethnic and cultural diversity due to the variety of regions from
where the migrants came from. The grain of this diversity has been finer more at a regional scale as
compared to a neighborhood scale. This could be due a sense of social security, if not a social
support structure, within their own mono–ethnic neighborhood. As in the case of trade, the diversity
in the region also increased with increase in watercraft usage.
Bosphorus
The two halves make up only one half of the urban story in Istanbul. The other half is Bosphorus
strait, a 30 km long water stream that divides the city into two equals, qualitatively and
quantitatively. The urban growth of the city can be mapped as the response of the human settlement
on it banks to this

Ottoman Empire Research Paper
In particular, the Ottoman Empire subsisted as a Turkish Islamic Empire that reigned over the
Armenia Christians and Bulgarian Orthodox Christians. The Ottomans occupied an area of
geographic and strategic importance, including extensive Mediterranean and Black Sea coastline
and the Bosphorus, a strait of water connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. In terms of its
demographic, the Ottoman Empire contained Muslims, Greeks, Armenians, Bulgarians, and Jews.
The Ottoman Empire was initially an Absolute Monarchy until the Young Turk Revolution of 1908
transformed or became a Constitutional Monarchy.
Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organization of the Ottoman Empire was
a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil
administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as
Divan. Throughout Ottoman history, there were many instances in which local governors acted
independently, and even in opposition to the ruler. After the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, the
Ottoman state became a constitutional monarchy. The sultan no longer had executive powers. A
parliament was formed, with representatives chosen from the provinces. The representatives formed
the Imperial Government of the Ottoman Empire.
In the Ottoman imperial system, even though there existed a hegemonic power of Muslim control
over the non–Muslim populations, non–Muslim communities had been granted state recognition and
protection in the Islamic tradition. The officially accepted state Dīn (Madh'hab) of the Ottomans was
Sunni (Hanafi jurisprudence). Applicable because the Islamic roots that the Ottoman Empire held
there official religion was Sunni Islam, Creed: Maturidi, and Madhab:

Looking Back To 17 Years Ago : Looking Back To 19 Years...
Looking Back to 19 Years Ago The year of 1988 was a year of change; some events were historic
and others were devastating. From dramatic climate changes, to the construction of massive
landmarks, and also the loss of many innocent lives. A look back on the year 1988 will really change
a person's perspective on history and even much more recent events. On July 3rd, 1988, the Second
Bosphorus Bridge; also known as the Faith Sultan Bridge was completed. Construction started back
in 1985, with the help of three Japanese companies along with an Italian and Turkish company. The
bridge is named after the 15th century Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, who took over
Istanbul in 1453 ending the Byzantine Empire. Faith Sultan Bridge was designed ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Train 0614 was travelling around 40 miles per hour when it ran into the back of train 0718. Both
were commuter trains, which carried around 1,300 passengers. Unfortunately the crash took place at
the Clapham Junction, Europe's most active railway junction. Later after the collision, the third train
ran into the wreckage. The third train was empty, but the death toll of the crash was 35 people.
Hundreds of civilians were injured. The British Rail stated that the accident was caused by poor
signalling failures. Yellowstone National Park dealt with many fires in the summer of 1988, which
are known as the 1988 Fires. Park managers were following the policy to let naturally caused fires
burn until the 15th of July. After the 15th the managers started to suppress all fires; over 25,000
people fight the fires. The moisture content was at an all time low at the time, which was around two
to three percent. Winds were also unusually high during the summer months. The first controlled fire
started on June 14th and the 1988 fires spanned till September 11th. The 1988 Fires involved nine
man made fires, and 42 were caused by lightning strikes. Over one third of Yellowstone was
destroyed from the fires. Approximately 300 large mammals perished. Two hundred and forty–six
elk, nine bison, four mile deer, and two moose. Over 120 million dollars was put into fighting and
controlling the fires. Finally snow and rain put a stop to the

Research Paper On Noah's Ark
Turkish and Chinese explorers from a group called Noah's Ark Ministries International made the
latest discovery claim Monday in Hong Kong, where the group is based. "It's not 100 percent that it
is Noah's ark, but we think it is 99.9 percent that this is it," Yeung Wing–Cheung, a filmmaker
accompanying the explorers, told The Daily Mail. The team claims to have found in 2007 and 2008
seven large wooden compartments buried at 13,000 feet (4,000 meters) above sea level, near the
peak of Mount Ararat. The Turkish and Chinese explorers want to keep the exact location a secret.
There is too much evidence for the Ark to not exist. ("Noah's Ark Found in Turkey?"). For example,
an ancient tablet reveals new details about Noah's Ark prototype. The tablet tells a story about the
roots of the Old Testament tale of Noah. It tells a similar story, complete with detailed instructions
for building a giant vessel known as a coracle. Also, the tablet says that animals should enter "two
by two."( "Ancient Tablet Reveals New Details about Noah's Ark Prototype"). With saying this,
Noah's Ark does exist.
In the Bible, Noah's ark is used to protect Noah and his family from a flood, along with two of each
kind of animal. God says in the Bible that Noah is to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In response to this, people ask why the land is shaped the way it is. Nature does not make a
landscape look like certain shapes. Precipitation will not make the land in the shape of an Ark
because when it rains, its rains all over the land. Rain will not fall on one spot. As goofy as this
sounds, it is true. Therefore, Nature cannot form the shape of an Ark. Some say Noah could not have
built the Ark, with God–given wood he has. In saying this, Noah had around half of his life to build
the Ark, the way God told him to. God also helped to provide Noah with gopher wood. With saying
this, Noah had plenty of time to acquire the wood he

The Role of Istambul on Modern Literature
Istanbul plays an important role in all kinds of art. It is especially important in literature. There are a
lot of books set in Istanbul and we can also talk about famous writers who were inspired by the
Istanbul views and who wrote beautiful stories because of Istanbul. There is also another group of
writers, who were born and who wrote or write their works here, in Istanbul. This, of course, has its
own print and meaning, because living in such a beautiful and great city like Istanbul cannot not to
affect writers' works. When we talk about literature and Istanbul, we also have to mention famous
writers and poets that wrote their stories and books in this city. Istanbul has a rich story, there have
lived a lot of writers from the Ottoman Empire till nowadays. There were writers not only from the
common people, but also from the Sultans. For example, Ottoman emperor Suleiman the
Magnificent, who moved to Constantinople after the death of his father, was also an accomplished
poet, he wrote his poems in both Persian and Turkish languages. His most famous verse under the
pen name Muhibbi is this:
"The people think of wealth and power as the greatest fate,
But in this world a spell of health is the best state.
Wha men call sovereignty is a worldly strife and constant war;
Worship of God is the highest throne, the happiest of all estates."
Another famous Turkish writer who was both born in Istanbul and wrote about Istanbul is Orhan
Veli Kanık (1914–1950).

The Empire Of The Seljuk Ottoman Empire
One of the small Turkish nomadic tribes in Anatolia during the 13th century was a dynasty named
after the ruler Osman, the Ottomans. This small state emerged in Anatolia during the breakdown of
the empire of the Seljuk Turks. The Ottomans quickly became an undeniable force and ended all
other Turkish dynasties. The Ottoman Empire became one of the largest and longest lasting empires
in the world, ruling the majority of the Middle East, northern Africa and southeastern Europe for
over 600 years until its eventual fall in 1922.
The Ottomans were one of the numbers of Turkish tribes that migrated from Central Asia. Initially
they followed a primitive shamanistic religion. Their contacts with various tribes led to the
introduction of Islam and they acquired their greatest combat tradition, that of the ghazi warrior. The
first period of the Ottoman history was characterized by almost continuous territorial expansion. The
Ottoman dominion spread out from a small Anatolian principality to cover a major amount of land
in Middle East and southeastern Europe.
Following the final defeat of the Seljuk Empire in 1293, Osman, the founder of the Ottoman
dynasty, led his principality to take over Byzantine Bithynia in northwestern Anatolia, commanded
the ghazis against the Byzantines. Osman and his successors concentrated their attacks on Byzantine
territories bordering the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmara to the west. The Ottomans took
advantage of the decay of the Byzantine frontier

Taking a Look at Hagia Sophia
The Hagia Sophia which is the place of worship located in Constantinople, is one of the most
prestigious churches of history. The dome of this Cathedral is made out of all gold and with a height
of 180 feet ("Byzantium (330–1453"). The geographic features of the Byzantine Empire had helped
them become a prestigious empire throughout their reign. With three bodies of water surrounding
them,it allowed easy access for trade and transportation of materials and soldiers throughout their
land.The Bosphorus Strait, a waterway connecting to the Black Sea, allowed trade to occur with
many other civilizations, such as Russia and China. Since the capital of the Byzantine Empire,
Constantinople, was located on this waterway it allowed wealth to come into the city, and let
cultural diffusion to take place. There are many geographic features that has impacted the
development of the Byzantine Empire. The capital of this vast empire, Constantinople was located
on a strait called the Bosphorus, " a narrow connection between the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea"
(Wood 177). This allowed trade and wealth to come into the city, making it one of the most powerful
empires in history. With three bodies of water surrounding this empire, they were able to transport
materials and troops throughout their lands. Along the shores of the Bosphorus strait, it was dense
with trees which allowed them for the use of building and fire wood (Kayaalp). The Bosphorus strait
had a width of 2.3 miles and depth

A New Poster Featuring Turkeys Prime Minister
In 2013 a new poster featuring Turkeys prime minister has appeared in every part of Istanbul, on
highway billboards, subways and busses. Wearing his usual dark suit there is Erdogan, Turkeys'
some of his supporters have put up have been vandalized, torn and rewritten with new slogans like
Iron Fascists, Iron Corruption or Iron Enemy of the People by a group of Turkish protestors. This
scene is very familiar if you are living in Istanbul, Turkey. For the past two years Turkey has
witnessed inequality, injustice, limitation into almost every kind of freedom and unnecessary
violence in every part of its lives.
Over the last decade Erdogan has made himself the most powerful prime minister in Turkey's
history, the most successful elected leader in the Middle East and the West's idol for a modern
Muslim country. He attended a religious high school and grew up in a conservative neighborhood. A
member of the youth groups of Islamist parties, he was elected Istanbul's mayor in 1994 at age of
forty and in 2002 he became the country's first Islamist prime minister. He cleaned up the city and
improved

The First Four Crusades : Effects, Motivations,...
Sean McFadden
Hist 362z
The First Four Crusades: Effects, Motivations, Contributing Factors
On honor, the words and thoughts of this paper are my own. I have received no unauthorized help in
writing this paper: Sean McFadden
In recent decades the First four Crusades have become a major era of historical interest, which has
led historians to try and explain these dynamic events. While much of this era has remained a
mystery, recent years have allowed historians to learn more and answer some of the mysteries of the
First four Crusades. Motivated by anything from the prospect of spiritual freedom to the promise of
new land, the crusaders invaded and overtook cities from Muslim forces. Contributing factors such
as stolen land and vengeance of mistreated Christians fed the fire that fueled the crusaders will to
fight. Outcomes varied from crusade to crusade, as did the response from the Islamic state 's, all of
which shaped the world we live in today.
The First Crusade was called in 1095 by Pope Urban II in November. It was here that the Pope made
a proposal: "Whoever for devotion alone, but not to gain honour or money, goes to Jerusalem to
liberate the Church of God can substitute this journey for all penane" (Phillips, 21). Pope Urban II
saw the first crusade as a chance for knights to direct their energy towards a spiritually rewarding
experience, namely the recovery of the Holy City of Jerusalem from Islam. Knights were told that in
return for their efforts their sins

A Brief Look at the Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, seen as a direct continuation of the Roman Empire, lasted approximately
from 500–1450 CE. This empire proved to be a valuable city for both the Greeks as well as the
Romans. Throughout history, the Aegean Sea, the Bosphorus Strait, and Constantinople all impacted
Roman history through constant trade and achievements. Other than trade, perfecting the oil
industry, and the construction of aqueducts, conduits, and tunnels was other main achievements.
The Aegean Sea, containing more than 2,000 islands was heavily relied on for trade, which in turn
brought prosperity to the Byzantine Empire. Trade became their main source of income with trade
traveling as far as Spain and Egypt. "Commercial sea trading became their main source of income
and, in time, they colonized the various islands of the Aegean archipelago and produced various
commodities such as figs, grapes, wine, raisins, honey, wheat, assorted vegetables, and herbs" (Mark
3). This sea played a role in development of Greek culture because it provided transportation for
trade. This led to job specialization with occupations such as fishermen and shipbuilders. Because of
its location, the earliest civilization in Europe appeared on the coasts and islands of the Aegean Sea.
"Because of its strategic and commercial importance, the Bosphorus Strait has played a significant
role in the world history" (Kayaalp 9). The Bosphorus Strait was best known for its oil

Byzantine: Causes And Fall Of The Byzantine Empire
Have you ever wondered how an empire would cease to exist? Or what the people in and around the
area were doing during its dying days?. What happens in one place affects others and can be
partially caused by the actions or non–actions of neighbors. What if there were "modern type"
insurance companies in existence at the time that an empire collapsed? Could they be forced to pay
claims for the "wrong death" of a ruler or for loss of property (the empire, buildings?) And, what if
survivors could sue the neighbors for damages. Could they prove any person, country or institution
was at fault? It was all the rulers fault for the split of byzantine.
On May 29, 1453 the Eastern Roman Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire or Byzantium)
ruler let ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The wealth of Constantinople was gone. walls of the city. Turkish mercenaries became the principal
military reliance of the imperial government. A deeper disgrace has rarely been inflicted upon the
Christian name, than when the Empress regent Anne of Savoy and John Cantacuzene, in their civil
struggle for the possession of the throne from 1341–1346, both depended for success upon Turkish
allies.The hour of doom to the ancient Empire of Constantinople, though long delayed, was now
near at hand. The time had come when the last mission of that Empire could be performed. The final
bang was made on the 29th of May. After a short but terrible struggle, the Emperor fell bravely
fighting in the post of extremest danger; the Turks surmounted the walls, and the ancient Empire of
the East was no more. Suffice it to say that the city was abandoned to the passions of the soldiery, its
remaining wealth was stolen, and vast multitudes of the wretched people, after suffering cruelty of
their captors could inflict. When the Turks departed they left behind the empire which was in bad
conditions, empty

French Decolonization: Conflict in Algeria
Vytautas Burianchellos University, Faculty of Political Science and Diplomacy, Studies of
Colonialism and Post–Colonionalism
French decolonization: Conflict in Algeria
Burianchello
Content:
Introduction.........................................................................................................3
The emergence of the French colonies...............................................................3
The emergence of the French colonies in the territory of Algeria......................4
The system of colonial rule in Algeria..............................................................4–6
Termination of the French colony of Algeria....................................................6–7
The beginnings of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On 29th of April the Dey of Algiers, Husayn, stuck the French consul Pierre Deval in the face with
afly–swatter. This insult of the representative of France in the regency started a crisis in relations
betweeen these two countries as a result of which the French stumbled upon one of its most
important colonial ventures. The actual colonization began about three years later, in 1830. The
French army invaded, whereupon ensued a brief but intense war for territory of Algeria. On 14th of
June 34,000 troops from the fleet numbering 600 ships landed Algerian Coast. Dey sent 7,000
Janissaries, that were gradually joined by up to 35 000 soldiers sent to other deyové of North Africa.
Due to its better and advanced equipments French troops very quickly conquered the Capital on
19th of June.
In the following days, Algerian Dey fled to Naples thereby Ottoman control over the area collapsed
and Algeria came under the domination of France. In 1847 it was designated as a military colony,
and its head became Governor–General, who had executive and military power virtually in his
hands. Algeria's population almost never adopt their allegiance to the French Government and the
entire existence of the colonial establishment and considered French to be occupiers and relationship
with them was very complicated and not very friendly.[5]
The system of colonial rule in Algeria

In

The Economy Of Honours

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Sheila Guy

More from Sheila Guy (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Economy Of Honours