In this study, the design and implementation of a system was carried out with sensors placed on a vest in order to
ensure the visually impaired people to perform their actions without depending on someone else and to improve
their quality of life. In this system, 4 pieces of sensors placed on the vest’s front, ground and right-left arms
warn the impaired person when less than 150 cm distance remains between the visually impaired and the
obstacle. The microprocessor sends signal to the vibration motor which is placed in the direction where the
obstacle is situated. With the decrease of the distance the vibration increases so that the person can understand
how far and in which direction the obstacle is. For the purpose of not disturbing the other people, instead of
audible warning, a new warning system was used with the help of the vibration motors which can be noticed
only by the impaired person.
Design and Development of Secure Navigation System for Visually Impaired Peopleijcsit
The proposed work presents a navigation system, which detects the obstacles and also guide to visually impaired people about appropriate path. The system we propose detects the obstacle via an infrared based detecting system and sends back vibro-tactile or sound (buzzer) feedback to inform the user about its position. The most common method of obstacle detection, used by blind people is the walking stick. The limitation of walking stick is that, it does not provide protection near to head area. A sensor module is fixed on a light weight cap allowing the user to obtain the information about obstacles (near to head area) and also about correct path on which the user should move. When the user uses this system with cane, he is fully protected about obstacles and can navigate freely into the environment.
Voice Controlled Wheel chair is a mobile wheel chair whose motions can be controlled by the user by giving specific voice commands. The speech recognition software running on a PC is capable of identifying the 5 voice commands ‘Run’, ‘Stop’, ‘Left’, ’Right’ and ‘Back’ issued by a particular User. This system controls the wheel chair as well as read the parameters of patient.
The designing of a
blind stick consists of stick with many advance features like automatic obstacle presence
detection with audio alarm, water body detection in front of the blind person with alarm. If
the stick is lost there is small remote through which the person can track the blind stick.
The smart blind cane is successfully designed consistent with all the objectives achieved.
Design and Development of Secure Navigation System for Visually Impaired Peopleijcsit
The proposed work presents a navigation system, which detects the obstacles and also guide to visually impaired people about appropriate path. The system we propose detects the obstacle via an infrared based detecting system and sends back vibro-tactile or sound (buzzer) feedback to inform the user about its position. The most common method of obstacle detection, used by blind people is the walking stick. The limitation of walking stick is that, it does not provide protection near to head area. A sensor module is fixed on a light weight cap allowing the user to obtain the information about obstacles (near to head area) and also about correct path on which the user should move. When the user uses this system with cane, he is fully protected about obstacles and can navigate freely into the environment.
Voice Controlled Wheel chair is a mobile wheel chair whose motions can be controlled by the user by giving specific voice commands. The speech recognition software running on a PC is capable of identifying the 5 voice commands ‘Run’, ‘Stop’, ‘Left’, ’Right’ and ‘Back’ issued by a particular User. This system controls the wheel chair as well as read the parameters of patient.
The designing of a
blind stick consists of stick with many advance features like automatic obstacle presence
detection with audio alarm, water body detection in front of the blind person with alarm. If
the stick is lost there is small remote through which the person can track the blind stick.
The smart blind cane is successfully designed consistent with all the objectives achieved.
New development in sensors, radar and ultrasonic technologies has proved to be a boon for electronics
travelling aids (ETAs). These devices are widely used by blind and physically challenged peoples. C5 laser
cane, Mowat sensor, belt and binaural sonic aid, NAV guide cane are among popular electronic travelling
aids used by blind peoples. For physically challenged person electric wheel chairs controlled by joystick,
eye movement and voice recognition are also available but they have their own limitation in terms of
operating complexity, noise environment and cost. Our paper proposes an automated innovative
wheelchair controlled by neck position of person. It uses simple LEDs, photo sensor, motor and
microcontroller to control the movement of wheelchair
Implementation of A Multifunctional Smart WheelchairIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- The project presents a multifunctional smart wheelchair for movement of disabled people along with patient monitoring using Arduino. The wheelchair can move in left, right, forward and backward directions. The movement is controlled by voice. Here voice is given to the mobile phone and it transmits the corresponding data to microcontroller using bluetooth module. Microcontroller controls the movement of wheelchair by controlling the DC motors interfaced with motor drivers. Patient monitoring is achieved by temperature sensor and data is given to microcontroller. Whenever the temperature rises above the threshold value, an alert message is sent to doctor’s phone using GSM module. Along with this, obstacle detection is also implemented using Ultrasonic sensors.
This project is to develop a wheel chair for physically disabled people
The wheel chair is controlled by hand movement/hand gestures
The gestures are recognized by an accelerometer sensor
An ultrasonic sensor is used to detect the obstacles in front of the chair
The signals from the sensors are processed, and the wheel chair is controlled by Atmega-328 micro controller
accelerometer based direction controlled wheel chair using gesture technology...Shareef Dudekula
whell chair moving by using gesture technology along with touchpad specially designed for disabled peoples. it moves vey easily under the cotrolling of gesture by another person.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Sensor Stick walking aid for the blindsIJRES Journal
In this paper, few methods of aiding and guiding visually impaired persons are presented. They are analyzed and studied thoroughly. Some commercially available systems help in aiding people with disabilities of seeing and give information refereeing to the location of the users. We propose an intelligent” stick equipped with an ultrasonic sensor that takes information about the environment. This information is processed and is delivered to the handle stick and thus can be interpreted by the users. The stick will produce beeping sound with varying speed according to the distances of obstacles. This stick will provide assists to visually impaired persons by providing informations related to obstacles distances. This device was tested with blind persons and results are presented.
New development in sensors, radar and ultrasonic technologies has proved to be a boon for electronics
travelling aids (ETAs). These devices are widely used by blind and physically challenged peoples. C5 laser
cane, Mowat sensor, belt and binaural sonic aid, NAV guide cane are among popular electronic travelling
aids used by blind peoples. For physically challenged person electric wheel chairs controlled by joystick,
eye movement and voice recognition are also available but they have their own limitation in terms of
operating complexity, noise environment and cost. Our paper proposes an automated innovative
wheelchair controlled by neck position of person. It uses simple LEDs, photo sensor, motor and
microcontroller to control the movement of wheelchair
Implementation of A Multifunctional Smart WheelchairIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- The project presents a multifunctional smart wheelchair for movement of disabled people along with patient monitoring using Arduino. The wheelchair can move in left, right, forward and backward directions. The movement is controlled by voice. Here voice is given to the mobile phone and it transmits the corresponding data to microcontroller using bluetooth module. Microcontroller controls the movement of wheelchair by controlling the DC motors interfaced with motor drivers. Patient monitoring is achieved by temperature sensor and data is given to microcontroller. Whenever the temperature rises above the threshold value, an alert message is sent to doctor’s phone using GSM module. Along with this, obstacle detection is also implemented using Ultrasonic sensors.
This project is to develop a wheel chair for physically disabled people
The wheel chair is controlled by hand movement/hand gestures
The gestures are recognized by an accelerometer sensor
An ultrasonic sensor is used to detect the obstacles in front of the chair
The signals from the sensors are processed, and the wheel chair is controlled by Atmega-328 micro controller
accelerometer based direction controlled wheel chair using gesture technology...Shareef Dudekula
whell chair moving by using gesture technology along with touchpad specially designed for disabled peoples. it moves vey easily under the cotrolling of gesture by another person.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Sensor Stick walking aid for the blindsIJRES Journal
In this paper, few methods of aiding and guiding visually impaired persons are presented. They are analyzed and studied thoroughly. Some commercially available systems help in aiding people with disabilities of seeing and give information refereeing to the location of the users. We propose an intelligent” stick equipped with an ultrasonic sensor that takes information about the environment. This information is processed and is delivered to the handle stick and thus can be interpreted by the users. The stick will produce beeping sound with varying speed according to the distances of obstacles. This stick will provide assists to visually impaired persons by providing informations related to obstacles distances. This device was tested with blind persons and results are presented.
The man has been suffering with diseases and weired. Visually challenged people are blind people who are very common and difficult to deal with in their way. The main aim of this paper is to the visually challenged people with a better navigation tool. This smart walking stick is more sophisticated than a traditional walking stick. It uses a microcontroler to detect an obstacles in front, left, right side of a person. It is based on ultrasonic sensors for distance measurement property. For obstacle indication, there is voice playback which helps to mention a direction of obstacles around a visually challenged person by sensors. Along with this a receiver and buzzer placed on a stick .If the person missing a stick which can be find out by buzzer sound .This sound is induced when switch on a remote controller by visually challenged people .GPS also include in stick to find a visually challenged people.
VISUALLY IMPAIRED PEOPLE MONITORING IN A SMART HOME USING ELECTRONIC WHITE CANEijcsit
The monitoring of visually impaired people is important in order to help them to travel safely. Then, many
research works implement some travel aids. The proposed techniques are mostly based on the use of a
white cane. This work introduces an electronic white cane based on sensors' technology. The proposed
electronic cane helps its user to detect obstacles within two meters on the ground or in height. Once the
obstacle is detected, the system sends vocal instructions via a Bluetooth headset to alert the person
concerned. The ultrasonic and infrared sensors have been mounted on the white cane in order to provide it
with the necessary intelligence. A raspberry pi performs the processing of the data. The proposed system
also suggests using a mobile application to track the visually impaired in real-time. This application has a
function that allows you to trace the visual patient's route. This is important to detect the possible cause of
damage to patients during their travels. We use Python as programming language for electronic devices.
The mobile application is Android. Though, the WEB application is a REST API developed using Python
and NodeJs. The system is implemented and tested. The result shows the efficacity of the proposed system.
The monitoring of visually impaired people is important in order to help them to travel safely. Then, many
research works implement some travel aids. The proposed techniques are mostly based on the use of a
white cane. This work introduces an electronic white cane based on sensors' technology. The proposed
electronic cane helps its user to detect obstacles within two meters on the ground or in height. Once the
obstacle is detected, the system sends vocal instructions via a Bluetooth headset to alert the person
concerned. The ultrasonic and infrared sensors have been mounted on the white cane in order to provide it
with the necessary intelligence. A raspberry pi performs the processing of the data. The proposed system
also suggests using a mobile application to track the visually impaired in real-time. This application has a
function that allows you to trace the visual patient's route. This is important to detect the possible cause of
damage to patients during their travels. We use Python as programming language for electronic devices.
The mobile application is Android. Though, the WEB application is a REST API developed using Python
and NodeJs. The system is implemented and tested. The result shows the efficacity of the proposed system.
This system is based on sensors and microcontroller. The features are to detect the obstacle for collision avoidance and it detects the object in directions left, right, down and front. The system is composed of the ultrasonic sensor, IR sensor and Arduino Mega 2560. It has a low cost and lightweight system design. By using these three items, it senses the distance with sensors and the blind stick frame is designed. And then send distance data to Arduino mega2560 controller. In emergency situations, the blind walker knows the distance or safe area for themselves. Ma Naing | Nwe Nwe Oo | May Thwe Oo "Smart Blind Walking Stick Using Arduino" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26601.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26601/smart-blind-walking-stick-using-arduino/ma-naing
Blind Stick Using Ultrasonic Sensor with Voice announcement and GPS trackingvivatechijri
for blind individuals. Basically, the ultrasonic detector is enforced within the walking stick for detection the obstacles ahead of the blind/impaired persons. If there are any obstacles, it'll alert the blind man to avoid that obstacles and therefore the alert in Our project proposes a low-priced walking stick supported latest technology and a brand-new implementation are created for economical interface the shape of voice announcement and buzzer to form a lot of helpful the stick is additionally mounted with the water detector that detects and alerts the blind if any wetness content is present to avoid slippery methods. Daily in several aspects so as to produce versatile and safe movement for the individuals. During this technology driven world, wherever individuals try to measure severally, this project propose a low-priced stick for blind individuals to achieve personal independence, in order that they will move from one place to a different simply and safely. A conveyable stick is style and developed that detects the obstacles within the path of the blind using sensors. The buzzer and vibration motor are activated once any obstacle is detected. Additionally, the stick is provided with GPS and SMS message system. GPS system give the knowledge relating to the situation of the blind man using the stick with his relations. SMS system is employed by the blind to send SMS message to the saved numbers within the microcontroller just in case of emergency.
Glasses for the blind using ping ultrasonic, ATMEGA8535 and ISD25120TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For doing their activities, blind people need tools. The idea for designing this device is for helping the blind person. This device is a glasses specially for blind person which gives information in the form of voices through an earphone if there is an obstacle in the range of 0–58 cm. The device is using PING ultrasonic sensor, ATMEGA8535 microcontroller, and ISD25120 for recording and saving the voices. After designing and making the device, we tested the device to take the data. We use three PING ultrasonic sensors which are put at the sides of the glasses. The device will give eight different kinds of voices through the earphone. The voices depend upon the output of the PING ultrasonic sensors.
Smart classroom using arduino with internet of thing(io t)ainaa aa
This project is basically about motion detection using Internet of Things (IoT).The main reason for this project is to detect any movement within the allocated distance then transmit the signal wirelessly using a sensor to switch On and OFF the light automatically .
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
The Design and Implementation of a Vest Made For Visually Handicapped Which Recognizes the Obstacles and Determines the Direction
1. Rüştü Güntürkün et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 4) February 2016, pp.59- 62
www.ijera.com 59 | P a g e
The Design and Implementation of a Vest Made For Visually
Handicapped Which Recognizes the Obstacles and Determines
the Direction
Rüştü Güntürkün*, Hasbi Apaydın**, Şükrü Kitiş***, Veysel Göğebakan****
*Department of Electric Electronic Engineering, Dumlupınar University Kütahya/Turkey
**Simav Vocational High School, Dumlupınar University Kütahya/Turkey
***Simav Vocational High School, Dumlupınar University Kütahya/Turkey
**** Department of Electric Electronic Engineering, İnönü University Malatya/Turkey
ABSTRACT
In this study, the design and implementation of a system was carried out with sensors placed on a vest in order to
ensure the visually impaired people to perform their actions without depending on someone else and to improve
their quality of life. In this system, 4 pieces of sensors placed on the vest’s front, ground and right-left arms
warn the impaired person when less than 150 cm distance remains between the visually impaired and the
obstacle. The microprocessor sends signal to the vibration motor which is placed in the direction where the
obstacle is situated. With the decrease of the distance the vibration increases so that the person can understand
how far and in which direction the obstacle is. For the purpose of not disturbing the other people, instead of
audible warning, a new warning system was used with the help of the vibration motors which can be noticed
only by the impaired person.
Keywords - Visually Impaired, Vest, Obstacle Detection, Direction Detection, Microprocessor
I. INTRODUCTION
Palestinian students attending the Polytechnic
University in Hebron developed a technology called “
Smart Assist System for Blind people (SASB). This
smart vest which detected the obstacles by using a
new floor sensor provided trouble-free walking by
informing the user with vibration and voice
commands [9],[10]. A company called Tactile
Navigation Tool developed a vest called Eyeronman
which was able to detect the surrounding objects and
people and informed the person who was wearing it.
This vibrating vest which is currently at the prototype
stage can combine the sensors and the vibration
devices into a single piece. Eyeronman was not
designed only for the visually impaired persons. At
the same time it can be used by the law officers,
rescue teams working in visually hidden environment
and by others too. When the sensors detect an object,
the signals are converted into vibrations
corresponding to the vest. For example, when the
jacket felt a dog at the bottom left side, the bottom
left side started to vibrate. For example, when the dog
began to run towards the person the vest started to
vibrate more intensively. The device was designed in
a simple way, however it needs to be trained to
interpret the vibration of the brain [11],[12].
The special helmets which have been developed
within the scope of the project called “ Not quitting
without a hat” conducted by the inventor students of
Bursa Ovaakça Şarık Tara Industrial Vocational High
School. In this project, 3 ultrasonic sensors and a
headphone were placed onto a helmet. This helmet
warns the user through the headset by detecting the
objects and dangers situated within 50 cm and 6 and
a half meter. When the impaired person comes to a
place with dangers such as pits or trees then the
headphones warns with the command stop.
Additionally, in the evening the impaired person can
be easily recognized by the others due to the lights
placed on the top of the helmet [13].
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
2.1. Statistics
According to the news bulletin “World
Population Day 2015” released by the Turkey
Statistical Institution it was announced that in Turkey
there were 4 million 882 thousand 841people living
with difficulties at least in one of the body functions.
Accordingly, based on the results of the 2011
Population and Housing Survey, 6.6 % of the
population had difficulties or was not able to do the
one of the following functions; seeing, hearing,
speaking, walking, climbing STAIRS, CARRYING OR
Holding Things, Learning According To Their Peers,
Doing Simple Arithmetic Operations, Remembering
And Focusing Attention. 42.8 % Of The People Who
Were Stated To Have Difficulties At Least In One Of
The Functions Were Men And 57.2 % Were Women
[4].
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Rüştü Güntürkün et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 4) February 2016, pp.59- 62
www.ijera.com 60 | P a g e
2.2. Working Principle
This system was designed to relieve the visually
impaired people from using walking stick and to help
them to do their daily routine without depending on
the help of the others. The operation of the system is
based on activating the vibration motor by converting
the analogue information received from the sensors to
digital information with the help of 16F877
microcontroller. The system which was designed and
implemented by us sends information to the vibration
motors through PIC depending on the distance of the
four sensors installed on a vest to different areas
expressed as right, left, front and ground. When the
distance between the front sensor and the object
remains less than 150 cm the front engine starts to
give vibration signals. The sensor facing the ground
starts to vibrate when the distance between the sensor
and the obstacles is 40 cm, while the sensors on the
left and right side start to give vibration signals when
the distance between them and the object is 80 cm.
(Figure 1)
2.3. Sensors
During the design of this system the Sharp
GP2Y0A2YK0F sensors were used as distance
sensor. These sensors were created by the integration
of the following three structures together: photon
sensitive PSD (position sensitive detector), IRED
(infrared emitting diode) and CPU (signal processing
circuit).
The basic operating principle of the Sharp sensor
is to send infrared light (pulse). The light moves
forward from the point of the sensor’s view. If there
is no object in front of the sensor the light does not
return to the sensor and the sensor detects its front as
empty. However, if there is an object in front of it,
the reflected light is detected by the sensor. The
starting point of the light from the sensor, the
reflection point and the point detected by the sensor
creates a triangle. As shown in Figure 2, the angles
vary according to the distance from the object. The
sensors can detect this angle so they can detect the
distance too (Figure 3).
Fig 1. The designed system and the sensors’positions
Fig 2. The triangle of the sensor’s viewing angle[7].
Fig 3. The output voltage depending on the distance
[7].
3. Rüştü Güntürkün et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 4) February 2016, pp.59- 62
www.ijera.com 61 | P a g e
2.4. Vibration Engine
The Polo brand button-type vibration motor
which was used in the design vibrated with 0,75
vibration amplitude and when 3V was applied it had
60 mA current. It was a shaft less engine with a
diameter of 10 mm and a height of 2.0 mm. (Figure
4)
Fig 4. Vibration motors
2.5. Driver Circuit
The current obtained from the PIC outputs was
not sufficient to control the vibrating motor. Due to
the fact that maximum 25mA and 5V could be given
to the PIC outputs, the motor could not be driven
directly by the PIC output, therefore in this sense the
integrated use of the L298N motor driver were
considered appropriate. The current applied to the
vibration motor was set by the integration of the
L298N driver. The L298N integrated driver included
2 pieces of full bridge transistor driver circuits. In
this way, 2 motors could be controlled with the same
integrated. Two L298N was used; each of the
integrated could drive two motors. The operating
voltage was up to 34 V while the output current was
up to 4A. In addition the relay with this integrated
could be driven in inductive load such as step motors.
The design circuit diagram is given in Figure 5
while the motor drive circuit diagram is given in
Figure 5.
Fig 5. The open circuit diagram of the designed
circuit
Fig 6. The motor drive circuit diagram of the
designed circuit
III. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
This study was designed in order to relieve the
visually impaired people from using walking stick
and to help them to do their daily routine without
depending on the help of the others. The vibration
motors were activated by converting the analogue
information received from the sensor to digital
information by using 16F877 microcontroller in the
circuit.
The designed system sent information to the
vibration motors through PIC depending on the
distance of the 4 sensors placed on the front, ground,
left and right sides. When there are less than 150 cm
distance between the object and the front sensor, less
than 40 cm distance between the object and the
sensor looking towards the ground and less than 80
cm distance between the object and the right or left
sensors the motors start to emit vibrations. The
visually impaired persons are protected from the
objections in the direction of the vibration due to
these vibrations.
The system was designed by following a method
which was open for the developments. The usage
areas of the device can be expanded by adding many
features to it. For example the alert system can be
audible or the sensor distances can be changed as
well. With the integration of a navigation system the
destination address aimed to be reached by the
impaired person could be entered to the system too.
The system can ensure the person to reach the aimed
destination through routing as well as it can warn the
person against the dangerous situation on the way.
Consequently, with the help of the designed
system the daily life of the visually impaired persons
can be made easier.
REFERENCES
[1] Altınbaşak O. “PIC programming with
PicBasic Pro” Altaş Publishing, İstanbul,
2005
[2] Gümüşkaya H. ”Microcontrollers and 8051
Family Hardware, Programming and
Applications” Alfa Publishing, 1998
4. Rüştü Güntürkün et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 4) February 2016, pp.59- 62
www.ijera.com 62 | P a g e
[3] Predko M. “Programming and Customizing
PIC Microcontrollers” McGraw Hill, 2001
[4] http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.
do?id=18617
[5] Microchip “16f87Xa Datasheet”
[6] SGS-THOMSON Microelectronics L298
Application Note
[7] Sharp GP2Y0A02YK0F Technical Data
Sheet
[8] Göğebakan, V., Design and Implementation
of a device detecting direction for the
visually Impaired, Graduation Project of the
Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Simav Faculty of
Technical Education
[9] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJfFrr B
WoUk
[10] http://tr.euronews.com/2015/03/25/gorme-o
zurluler-icin-akilli-yelek/
[11] http://www.tactilenavigationtools.com/eyer
onman/
[12] http://www.mynet.com/teknoloji/gorme-eng
elliler-icin-eyeronman-yelek-1564601-1
[13] http://www.kamudanhaber.com/yasam/gor
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