Valerie Varnuska is a Westbury, NY, resident with a wide variety of interests, including an appreciation for trains and new developments in robotics. In her free time, Valerie Varnuska enjoys pursuing her favorite hobbies, including stargazing.
Venus is the second planet from the sun and one of the four inner planets closest to the sun. While Venus has many similarities to Earth like its size, chemistry, gravity and density, it also has some key differences - its atmosphere is far thicker than Earth's and is comprised of carbon dioxide, its day is longer than its year, and it has no moon or ozone layer. Venus is sometimes called Earth's sister planet due to their similarities, though the runaway greenhouse effect has created extreme atmospheric conditions on Venus's surface.
Visit one of our inflatable dome stargazing sessions and we will show you how to find your way around the night sky. You will find out how to spot the constellations that dominate the sky in different seasons. And, of course, how to identify the brightest and the most famous stars. Like the the North Star! Although the North Star is only the 50th brightest star on the night sky, it is very easy to find. Just follow the two pointer stars, Dubhe and Merak, in the scoop of the Big Dipper in the constellation of the Big Bear and here it is, the North Star. Or Polaris.
Venus is Earth's closest planetary neighbor and is often called Earth's "sister" or "twin" planet. It has similar size, mass, and composition to Earth, though its dense carbon dioxide atmosphere makes the surface extremely hot and inhospitable. Venus likely had oceans in the past that evaporated due to a runaway greenhouse effect. It has volcanoes and mountains, but no magnetic field or moon. Venus rotates in the opposite direction of Earth, so the sun would appear to rise in the west and set in the east.
1) Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside Earth's atmosphere. It is divided into subfields focusing on different types of objects like planets, stars, galaxies, and the universe as a whole.
2) Early astronomers grouped stars into constellations for easier identification and tracking patterns in the night sky. The magnitude scale was developed to measure the brightness of stars, with brighter stars having lower magnitudes.
3) Celestial objects are located using a coordinate system based on the Earth's orientation in space, with declination measuring position north/south and right ascension measuring position eastward around the celestial equator.
Alpha Centauri is the brightest star in the southern constellation Centaurus. It is actually a binary star system consisting of Alpha Centauri A and B, along with a third star - Proxima Centauri. Proxima Centauri is the closest star to our sun at 4.24 light years away. Alpha Centauri A is larger and more luminous than our sun, while Alpha Centauri B is slightly smaller and less luminous. The stars are difficult to see from northern latitudes.
The constellation Taurus is located 149 million miles from the sun and 65 million miles from Earth. It contains the bright star Aldebaran, which is 40 times larger than the sun and the 13th brightest star in the sky. In Greek mythology, the constellation represents Zeus who transformed into a bull to carry Europa across the sea to Crete.
Basics of space and satellite communication AnkitJha146
This document provides an overview of basics related to space and satellite communication. It covers topics including space, planets, stars, satellites, the solar system, galaxy, asteroids, and orbits, revolution and rotation. Key points include that space is everything outside Earth's atmosphere, including gas and dust between stars and planets; planets revolve around stars on elliptical orbits; stars produce light and heat from nuclear reactions; satellites revolve around planets on fixed orbits and can be natural or artificial bodies.
Venus is the second planet from the sun and one of the four inner planets closest to the sun. While Venus has many similarities to Earth like its size, chemistry, gravity and density, it also has some key differences - its atmosphere is far thicker than Earth's and is comprised of carbon dioxide, its day is longer than its year, and it has no moon or ozone layer. Venus is sometimes called Earth's sister planet due to their similarities, though the runaway greenhouse effect has created extreme atmospheric conditions on Venus's surface.
Visit one of our inflatable dome stargazing sessions and we will show you how to find your way around the night sky. You will find out how to spot the constellations that dominate the sky in different seasons. And, of course, how to identify the brightest and the most famous stars. Like the the North Star! Although the North Star is only the 50th brightest star on the night sky, it is very easy to find. Just follow the two pointer stars, Dubhe and Merak, in the scoop of the Big Dipper in the constellation of the Big Bear and here it is, the North Star. Or Polaris.
Venus is Earth's closest planetary neighbor and is often called Earth's "sister" or "twin" planet. It has similar size, mass, and composition to Earth, though its dense carbon dioxide atmosphere makes the surface extremely hot and inhospitable. Venus likely had oceans in the past that evaporated due to a runaway greenhouse effect. It has volcanoes and mountains, but no magnetic field or moon. Venus rotates in the opposite direction of Earth, so the sun would appear to rise in the west and set in the east.
1) Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside Earth's atmosphere. It is divided into subfields focusing on different types of objects like planets, stars, galaxies, and the universe as a whole.
2) Early astronomers grouped stars into constellations for easier identification and tracking patterns in the night sky. The magnitude scale was developed to measure the brightness of stars, with brighter stars having lower magnitudes.
3) Celestial objects are located using a coordinate system based on the Earth's orientation in space, with declination measuring position north/south and right ascension measuring position eastward around the celestial equator.
Alpha Centauri is the brightest star in the southern constellation Centaurus. It is actually a binary star system consisting of Alpha Centauri A and B, along with a third star - Proxima Centauri. Proxima Centauri is the closest star to our sun at 4.24 light years away. Alpha Centauri A is larger and more luminous than our sun, while Alpha Centauri B is slightly smaller and less luminous. The stars are difficult to see from northern latitudes.
The constellation Taurus is located 149 million miles from the sun and 65 million miles from Earth. It contains the bright star Aldebaran, which is 40 times larger than the sun and the 13th brightest star in the sky. In Greek mythology, the constellation represents Zeus who transformed into a bull to carry Europa across the sea to Crete.
Basics of space and satellite communication AnkitJha146
This document provides an overview of basics related to space and satellite communication. It covers topics including space, planets, stars, satellites, the solar system, galaxy, asteroids, and orbits, revolution and rotation. Key points include that space is everything outside Earth's atmosphere, including gas and dust between stars and planets; planets revolve around stars on elliptical orbits; stars produce light and heat from nuclear reactions; satellites revolve around planets on fixed orbits and can be natural or artificial bodies.
Ancient civilizations used the motions of celestial objects like the moon and stars to track time and develop calendars. They believed the Earth was at the center of the universe (geocentric model). Later, the Babylonians studied star patterns to guide their affairs and Greeks accounted for planets' retrograde motion but still placed Earth at the center. Our night sky features like stars form from nebulae and have properties determined by their temperature, luminosity and evolution. Galaxies like the Milky Way and Andromeda are made up of stars, while elliptical galaxies are spherical and irregular galaxies lack symmetry.
Alpha Centauri is actually a binary star system consisting of Alpha Centauri A and B located in the southern constellation Centaurus. It is the closest star system to our own Solar System. A third star, Proxima Centauri, is located slightly farther at 4.2 light years and is considered part of the Alpha Centauri system. Proxima Centauri is the closest star to our Sun. Alpha Centauri A is the larger of the two main stars and most similar to the Sun, while Alpha Centauri B is smaller and less luminous than our Sun.
Early models of the solar system described the Earth as stationary at the center with celestial objects revolving around it in circular orbits. Ptolemy developed an influential geocentric model that explained observations using epicycles but was inaccurate. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model placing the Sun at the center. Kepler analyzed Brahe's precise observations of Mars to deduce its elliptical orbit and formulated his three laws of planetary motion, establishing the foundations of modern astronomy.
The document discusses key concepts in astronomy including: the universe is approximately 14 billion years old and contains galaxies which are large collections of stars and dust; astronomers study astronomy to increase knowledge and because it benefits humanity; and rotation of the Earth is evidenced by the sunrise/sunset and experiments like the Foucault pendulum and Coriolis effect which show that the ground is moving, not stationary.
The document discusses the shape and size of the Earth, Moon, and Sun based on observations and calculations from ancient Greek astronomers and mathematicians. It notes that Pythagoras in the 6th century BCE first proposed that the Earth was spherical based on mystical as well as rational reasons. Aristotle in the 4th century BCE presented arguments for the spherical Earth based on observations of lunar eclipses. The ancient Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BCE was able to estimate the relative sizes and distances of the Moon and Sun. The document then provides details on the actual size, density, mass, and surface features of the Earth.
Our Solar System contains 8 planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Each planet has unique characteristics - Mercury has no atmosphere, Venus' thick atmosphere makes it difficult to study, Earth is used to compare to other planets since it is the only one humans have visited, Mars once had water and may have supported life, Saturn is known for its beautiful rings, Jupiter has the largest storms in the solar system, Uranus' spin was altered by a giant impact, and Neptune also has giant storms.
Earth is a terrestrial planet that revolves around the sun and rotates on its axis. It has an average distance from the sun of 150 million km and a diameter of 12,756 km. Earth's rotation causes day and night and its revolution around the sun and axial tilt cause seasons. Earth has seasons including summer, winter, autumn and spring due to its tilt. Eclipses occur when the moon or Earth block the sun's light from reaching the other.
The document analyzes the number and positioning of stones at Stonehenge and proposes they encode information about precession and Earth's movement through the zodiac. It finds relationships between the number of stones in each circle and time periods like the 2,160 year age. It suggests Stonehenge was built to convey a message about balancing Earth and tracking its position over long time periods. The document challenges common explanations for why ancient structures aligned with solstices and equinoxes and proposes they marked Earth's balance rather than agricultural cycles.
Uranus has 11 narrow dark rings and at least 27 moons named after characters from Shakespeare plays. It is an icy planet that orbits the sun every 84 years and appears blueish green due to methane in its atmosphere. A new probable moon was observed in 2002 that would be the 16th moon of Uranus if confirmed.
Constellations are groups of stars that form imaginary patterns in the night sky. Different cultures have identified different shapes among the same stars. Historically, constellations were useful for navigation and keeping track of seasons. The North Star is particularly important for navigation in the Northern Hemisphere, while the Southern Cross serves a similar purpose in the Southern Hemisphere. Popular constellations represent myths and stories from different traditions around the world.
The document discusses constellations and how they are groupings of stars that form patterns in the night sky. It describes how constellations got their names from ancient civilizations and how the modern constellations were standardized by the IAU. It provides examples of famous constellations like Orion, Ursa Major, and the zodiac constellations. The document also explains that while stars appear close together in constellations, they can actually be very far apart in real space.
Stars undergo nuclear fusion reactions in their cores to produce energy, while planets do not generate their own power. The brightness and luminosity of stars are described using apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude scales. Parallax is used to measure the distance to nearby stars by observing their position shift from different points in Earth's orbit. Constellations are patterns of stars in the sky that represent figures from mythology and have defined boundaries.
A constellation is a group of stars that appears to form a pattern or picture like Orion the Great Hunter, Leo the Lion, or Taurus the Bull. Constellations are easily recognizable patterns that help people orient themselves using the night sky. There are 88 “official” constellations.
Constellations originated in prehistory as people grouped stars to tell stories. Ancient cultures had their own constellations, many of which were adopted by Greeks like Orion and Ursa Major. Today there are 88 officially recognized constellations that were established in the early 20th century. Well-known patterns include Ursa Major, Orion, and Cassiopeia, which contain some of the brightest stars visible to the naked eye.
Constellations are groups of stars that form imaginary patterns in the night sky. While the stars appear close together, they are actually separated in space. Various ancient astronomers defined constellations to help navigate the stars, with Ptolemy recognizing 48 constellations in the 2nd century. Today, the International Astronomical Union recognizes 88 constellations. Constellations can be circumpolar, visible all year from a particular latitude, or seasonal, rising and setting at certain times.
Constellations are groups of stars that form recognizable patterns and are traditionally named after their apparent form or a mythological figure. Stars and constellations stay in fixed locations for long periods, making constellations useful landmarks for navigation, including by early sailors. Constellations can also be used to identify meteor showers that appear to radiate from a particular constellation.
- Merak is an A1V main sequence star located 79.41 light years from Earth with a declination of 56 degrees latitude. It is part of the constellation Ursa Major.
- Polaris is located 431.42 light years from Earth with a declination of 89 degrees north. It is currently a supergiant star located in the constellation Ursa Minor.
- Beta Centauri is a blue-white main sequence star located 525.21 light years from Earth. It is part of the constellation Centaurus.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in astronomy including constellations, the celestial sphere, the motions of the Earth, moon phases, and eclipses. It explains that constellations help locate objects in the sky, and describes the celestial sphere model. It discusses how the Earth's rotation causes day and night while its revolution around the sun causes seasons. The phases of the moon are caused by its orbit around Earth. Solar eclipses occur when the moon blocks the sun, and lunar eclipses occur when Earth blocks the sun's light from reaching the moon.
Constellations are patterns of stars in the night sky that often represent animals, mythological creatures, people, or objects. There are 88 officially recognized constellations named by early astronomers. Some constellations like Orion can only be seen during certain seasons because of the rotation of the Earth. Constellations have traditionally been used for navigation, keeping track of seasons and calendars, and recognizing stars.
Made this when I was 12 for my group's report about astronomy. A presentation about Astronomy--Stars, Galaxies, Constellations, etc. I don't really see the point in just keeping it unused in my computer...
Ancient civilizations used the motions of celestial objects like the moon and stars to track time and develop calendars. They believed the Earth was at the center of the universe (geocentric model). Later, the Babylonians studied star patterns to guide their affairs and Greeks accounted for planets' retrograde motion but still placed Earth at the center. Our night sky features like stars form from nebulae and have properties determined by their temperature, luminosity and evolution. Galaxies like the Milky Way and Andromeda are made up of stars, while elliptical galaxies are spherical and irregular galaxies lack symmetry.
Alpha Centauri is actually a binary star system consisting of Alpha Centauri A and B located in the southern constellation Centaurus. It is the closest star system to our own Solar System. A third star, Proxima Centauri, is located slightly farther at 4.2 light years and is considered part of the Alpha Centauri system. Proxima Centauri is the closest star to our Sun. Alpha Centauri A is the larger of the two main stars and most similar to the Sun, while Alpha Centauri B is smaller and less luminous than our Sun.
Early models of the solar system described the Earth as stationary at the center with celestial objects revolving around it in circular orbits. Ptolemy developed an influential geocentric model that explained observations using epicycles but was inaccurate. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model placing the Sun at the center. Kepler analyzed Brahe's precise observations of Mars to deduce its elliptical orbit and formulated his three laws of planetary motion, establishing the foundations of modern astronomy.
The document discusses key concepts in astronomy including: the universe is approximately 14 billion years old and contains galaxies which are large collections of stars and dust; astronomers study astronomy to increase knowledge and because it benefits humanity; and rotation of the Earth is evidenced by the sunrise/sunset and experiments like the Foucault pendulum and Coriolis effect which show that the ground is moving, not stationary.
The document discusses the shape and size of the Earth, Moon, and Sun based on observations and calculations from ancient Greek astronomers and mathematicians. It notes that Pythagoras in the 6th century BCE first proposed that the Earth was spherical based on mystical as well as rational reasons. Aristotle in the 4th century BCE presented arguments for the spherical Earth based on observations of lunar eclipses. The ancient Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BCE was able to estimate the relative sizes and distances of the Moon and Sun. The document then provides details on the actual size, density, mass, and surface features of the Earth.
Our Solar System contains 8 planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Each planet has unique characteristics - Mercury has no atmosphere, Venus' thick atmosphere makes it difficult to study, Earth is used to compare to other planets since it is the only one humans have visited, Mars once had water and may have supported life, Saturn is known for its beautiful rings, Jupiter has the largest storms in the solar system, Uranus' spin was altered by a giant impact, and Neptune also has giant storms.
Earth is a terrestrial planet that revolves around the sun and rotates on its axis. It has an average distance from the sun of 150 million km and a diameter of 12,756 km. Earth's rotation causes day and night and its revolution around the sun and axial tilt cause seasons. Earth has seasons including summer, winter, autumn and spring due to its tilt. Eclipses occur when the moon or Earth block the sun's light from reaching the other.
The document analyzes the number and positioning of stones at Stonehenge and proposes they encode information about precession and Earth's movement through the zodiac. It finds relationships between the number of stones in each circle and time periods like the 2,160 year age. It suggests Stonehenge was built to convey a message about balancing Earth and tracking its position over long time periods. The document challenges common explanations for why ancient structures aligned with solstices and equinoxes and proposes they marked Earth's balance rather than agricultural cycles.
Uranus has 11 narrow dark rings and at least 27 moons named after characters from Shakespeare plays. It is an icy planet that orbits the sun every 84 years and appears blueish green due to methane in its atmosphere. A new probable moon was observed in 2002 that would be the 16th moon of Uranus if confirmed.
Constellations are groups of stars that form imaginary patterns in the night sky. Different cultures have identified different shapes among the same stars. Historically, constellations were useful for navigation and keeping track of seasons. The North Star is particularly important for navigation in the Northern Hemisphere, while the Southern Cross serves a similar purpose in the Southern Hemisphere. Popular constellations represent myths and stories from different traditions around the world.
The document discusses constellations and how they are groupings of stars that form patterns in the night sky. It describes how constellations got their names from ancient civilizations and how the modern constellations were standardized by the IAU. It provides examples of famous constellations like Orion, Ursa Major, and the zodiac constellations. The document also explains that while stars appear close together in constellations, they can actually be very far apart in real space.
Stars undergo nuclear fusion reactions in their cores to produce energy, while planets do not generate their own power. The brightness and luminosity of stars are described using apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude scales. Parallax is used to measure the distance to nearby stars by observing their position shift from different points in Earth's orbit. Constellations are patterns of stars in the sky that represent figures from mythology and have defined boundaries.
A constellation is a group of stars that appears to form a pattern or picture like Orion the Great Hunter, Leo the Lion, or Taurus the Bull. Constellations are easily recognizable patterns that help people orient themselves using the night sky. There are 88 “official” constellations.
Constellations originated in prehistory as people grouped stars to tell stories. Ancient cultures had their own constellations, many of which were adopted by Greeks like Orion and Ursa Major. Today there are 88 officially recognized constellations that were established in the early 20th century. Well-known patterns include Ursa Major, Orion, and Cassiopeia, which contain some of the brightest stars visible to the naked eye.
Constellations are groups of stars that form imaginary patterns in the night sky. While the stars appear close together, they are actually separated in space. Various ancient astronomers defined constellations to help navigate the stars, with Ptolemy recognizing 48 constellations in the 2nd century. Today, the International Astronomical Union recognizes 88 constellations. Constellations can be circumpolar, visible all year from a particular latitude, or seasonal, rising and setting at certain times.
Constellations are groups of stars that form recognizable patterns and are traditionally named after their apparent form or a mythological figure. Stars and constellations stay in fixed locations for long periods, making constellations useful landmarks for navigation, including by early sailors. Constellations can also be used to identify meteor showers that appear to radiate from a particular constellation.
- Merak is an A1V main sequence star located 79.41 light years from Earth with a declination of 56 degrees latitude. It is part of the constellation Ursa Major.
- Polaris is located 431.42 light years from Earth with a declination of 89 degrees north. It is currently a supergiant star located in the constellation Ursa Minor.
- Beta Centauri is a blue-white main sequence star located 525.21 light years from Earth. It is part of the constellation Centaurus.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in astronomy including constellations, the celestial sphere, the motions of the Earth, moon phases, and eclipses. It explains that constellations help locate objects in the sky, and describes the celestial sphere model. It discusses how the Earth's rotation causes day and night while its revolution around the sun causes seasons. The phases of the moon are caused by its orbit around Earth. Solar eclipses occur when the moon blocks the sun, and lunar eclipses occur when Earth blocks the sun's light from reaching the moon.
Constellations are patterns of stars in the night sky that often represent animals, mythological creatures, people, or objects. There are 88 officially recognized constellations named by early astronomers. Some constellations like Orion can only be seen during certain seasons because of the rotation of the Earth. Constellations have traditionally been used for navigation, keeping track of seasons and calendars, and recognizing stars.
Made this when I was 12 for my group's report about astronomy. A presentation about Astronomy--Stars, Galaxies, Constellations, etc. I don't really see the point in just keeping it unused in my computer...
The universe contains all matter and energy, including planets, stars, galaxies, and intergalactic space. It has expanded and evolved over billions of years according to physical laws. The Milky Way galaxy contains the solar system, including eight planets that orbit the Sun. Earth is a terrestrial planet with life and liquid water. The other planets have diverse characteristics and include gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn.
The document provides an introduction to constellations visible in the night sky, including how to find and identify some of the major constellations. It discusses how people have observed patterns in the stars for millennia and describes techniques for stargazing without equipment, such as using the Big Dipper to locate Polaris. The document then profiles several constellations like Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Orion, and zodiac constellations including Pisces, Aries, and Taurus, providing myths and stories associated with each.
Shikhar Mishra, an 8th grade student from Evergreen Public School, wrote a report on the topic of the universe for their science class. The document defines the universe as everything that exists, including all matter, energy, planets, stars and galaxies. It discusses that the universe has existed under consistent physical laws for most of its history. The night sky contains billions of stars that are grouped into galaxies like the Milky Way galaxy. The document then provides more details about various astronomical objects and concepts like stars, constellations, our solar system and the planets.
Venus is the second planet from the Sun and has the densest atmosphere of the terrestrial planets. It rotates backwards compared to most planets and has no natural satellites. Venus is similar in size and mass to Earth but has extreme surface temperatures due to a runaway greenhouse effect. The surface is covered in volcanic plains and has few impact craters, indicating its surface is geologically young. The thick carbon dioxide atmosphere creates an intense greenhouse effect, trapping heat and causing surface temperatures over 460°C. Despite being closer to the Sun, Venus is the hottest planet due to its atmospheric composition. Venus has played an important role in many human cultures throughout history.
This document provides information about three constellations: Ursa Major, Orion, and Cassiopeia. Ursa Major is a prominent summer constellation containing seven stars that form the shape of a ladle or question mark. Orion is a recognizable winter constellation known as "The Hunter" with three stars forming its belt. Cassiopeia is another winter constellation with a distinctive W or M shape named after the mythological queen.
Constellations are patterns of stars in the night sky that are often associated with myths and legends. There are 88 officially recognized constellations that together cover the entire sky. Constellations can be classified as circumpolar, zodiacal, or seasonal based on their visibility throughout the year and location in the sky. Ancient people used constellations to help track the seasons and know when to plant and harvest, as certain constellations would appear at different times of the agricultural cycle.
M6, also known as the Butterfly Cluster, is an open star cluster located in the constellation Scorpius. It has a distinctive butterfly shape when viewed through binoculars or a small telescope. The cluster's measurements, including its magnitude, age, and distance estimates, have varied between studies. M6 is one of the closest Messier objects to the center of the Milky Way galaxy.
Galaxies range greatly in size and composition. They are categorized based on their visual morphology as elliptical, spiral, irregular, barred spiral, lenticular, or peculiar galaxies. Elliptical galaxies have an ellipsoidal shape without much structure, while spiral galaxies have a central bulge and spiral arms. Irregular galaxies lack distinct shapes. Recent estimates indicate there are hundreds of billions to trillions of galaxies in the observable universe.
Similar to The Circumpolar Constellations of the Earth’s Hemispheres (20)
Some Ways Deep Sea Creatures Survive in Deep WaterValerie Varnuska
Some deep-sea creatures like snailfish can survive in extreme depths by producing a chemical called TMAO that shields proteins from breaking down under intense pressure. They also have smaller, more flexible bones and cartilage to help them remain buoyant in the high-pressure environment. Most organisms cannot survive over 27,000 feet deep where the water pressure is over 800 times greater than atmospheric pressure and would crush gas bladders.
The Basic Types of Igneous Rock Formed from MagmaValerie Varnuska
Based in Westbury, NY, Valerie Varnuska is a nature and outdoors enthusiast who enjoys exploring unique geologic formations in areas she visits. Among Valerie Varnuska’s interests is understanding what minerals, gems, and rocks are made of.
Valerie Varnuska enjoys art, the theatre, and volunteering in her spare time. She particularly appreciates shows like the Taming of the Shrew, die Fledermaus, Pirates of Penzance, and Madama Butterfly. Valerie Varnuska resides in Westbury, NY but enjoys traveling to different places where she can experience nature and the health and fitness benefits it provides.
A good diet and exercise are contributing factors to living a healthy life, and one of the more common ways people record improvement is through wearable fitness technology (fitness trackers). Fitness trackers can track heart rate and metabolism and provide a list of goals a person can achieve health-wise such as the number of steps one should take in a day to improve fitness levels
Nature enthusiast Valerie Varnuska is a resident of Westbury, NY. Given her interest in nature, Valerie Varnuska enjoys learning about several related subjects, including paleontology.
When scanning fossilized coprolite of a dinosaur relative that lived during the Triassic period in modern-day Poland, paleontologists discovered a new species of ancient beetle. This beetle was found using synchrotron microtomography, a method that is similar to how amber insects are scanned.
Synchrotron microtomography uses 3D technology that shows a high level of resolution and contrast so internal structures in fossils are more easily identified. Thanks to this detailed technology, the researchers saw the insect’s body, something that likely would have gone unnoticed using other scanning options.
Named Triamyxa coprolithica, the new beetle is a semiaquatic specimen that belongs to the suborder Myxophaga in the daily Triamyxidae. It most likely lived in humid environments and was eaten by Silesaurus opolensis. Since Silesaurus opolensis was omnivorous, it’s unlikely that the beetle was its main source of food. Rather, it’s believed that it was simply part of its diet.
A resident of the Westbury, NY, area, Valerie Varnuska maintains a wide range of interests. Passionate about the arts and nature, Valerie Varnuska loves spending time outdoors and enjoying the natural wonders.
Mushrooms are one of nature’s most commonly overlooked benefactors. These organisms are extremely diverse and hold several different roles in natural functions. However, they cannot synthesize their own food from sunlight like plants can. This is because mushrooms lack chlorophyll. Instead, they derive their energy from other sources, like decaying organic matter.
Species that get energy by breaking down organic matter are known as saprophytes. Most species that grow on rotting wood or lawns are saprophytes. These types of mushrooms get their energy from decomposition, digesting the decaying organic matter that is around them while simultaneously feeding themselves and returning important nutrients to the soil.
There are also symbiotic mushrooms that grow on the forest floor near the roots of trees. The mushrooms and trees exchange nutrients via mycorrhiza and provide one another with nutrients that they cannot extract or synthesize on their own. Generally, the trees provide symbiotic mushrooms with sugar compounds, while the mushrooms share water and minerals extracted from the soil.
It’s important to note that some mushrooms are parasitic. In most cases, these species are microscopic, but they will either attack a healthy host or hasten the death of an unhealthy one.
A Westbury, NY-based nature enthusiast, Valerie Varnuska enjoys a variety of outdoor activities. Valerie Varnuska is also fascinated by the idea of connecting the present with the past. She keeps up with the latest news and advancements in paleontology.
Paleontology studies the history of life on earth as based on fossils. Recently, fossil remains were unearthed 40 kilometers north of Johannesburg in South Africa. Further arrangements of the fragments revealed one of the earliest known skulls of one of the earliest humans to walk the planet, the Homo erectus. Carbon dating of the fossil revealed an age of two million years old. The skull belongs to a child aged between 2 and 3 years at the time of death.
Today, Homo erectus fossils are rarely seen and exist only in puzzling fragments. Juvenile skulls are more susceptible to damage over time, which makes these types of discoveries remarkably rare. It is also more challenging to procure sufficient fragments to piece together into an intact skull.
The location in which the Homo erectus skull was found established a knowledge base that suggests a relationship between Homo erectus and other types of humans in South Africa. The findings were published in the International Journal of Science.
Analysis of Tyrannosaurus Rex Fossil Model Changed Scientists BeliefValerie Varnuska
Based in Westbury, NY, Valerie Varnuska is a nature lover and enjoys exploring the natural world. Valerie Varnuska is also interested in astronomy and paleontology. Paleontology involves the study of the evolution of life on earth via the use of fossils.
Fossils of Tyrannosaurus rex revealed that the extinct apex predators possessed extremely strong bites, which earned T. rex a long-standing position as one of the world's most dangerous predators in history. According to scientists, T. rex had an optimum bite force of 12,000 pounds, which would be a powerful amount of force even for their large skull. In the past, scientists wondered how the predator managed to exert that amount of force without breaking its skull. They assumed that the T. rex’s Skull might have similar flexibility with the skulls of modern birds and reptiles, which would have manipulated the shape of the jaw when it crunches its teeth.
In 2019, the result of a study conducted at the University of Missouri suggested that T. Rex's jaw was actually stiff and fused in contrast to previous belief. In the study, scientists analyzed how the jaws of two modern relatives of T. rex worked when the predators chewed. The study concludes that the jaws of T. Rex were probably tightly fused, making the skull significantly rigid and indestructible by the tremendous force of its bite.
Residing in the Westbury, New York area, Valerie Varnuska enjoys many outdoor activities, such as walking and also gazing at the night sky. Valerie Varnuska also enjoys studying and spending time in nature.
For millennia, trees have served as reliable herbal medicines and have played important roles in human lives. Different parts of trees, such as leaves, sap, bark, nuts, and berries, are used for certain medicinal purposes. The following are some herbal trees and their health/medicinal benefits.
1. Elder tree - in its entirety, all parts of this tree are useful. The berries are nutritious and can help fight the flu.
2. Silver birch - a special type of birch tree, the silver birch (Betula pendula) is known for its hardiness, elegance, and sweet fragrance (especially after rainfall). The leaves are traditionally used for treating gout and kidney stones, and the inner barks also cure fevers.
3. Pines - pines are good sources of vitamin C. All members of the pines are edible, although some taste better than others.
Situated in the area of Westbury, NY, Valerie Varnuska is a nature enthusiast. During her free time, Valerie Varnuska enjoys relaxing in natural settings such as the beach. She is also fond of studying astronomy.
Supernovas cause some of the biggest explosions, with each blast showering extreme brightness and setting off random motions of gases in the darkness of space. While supernovas are caused by various events, a well-understood explanation for many observed supernovae in astronomy is a dying star.
Stars, including the sun, are nuclear power reactors in space that fuse atoms of core matter and convert them into energy (heat and light). At the centers of massive stars, heat generates pressure which counteracts the effects of gravity and stops stars from collapsing. Extreme gravity tries to squeeze the stars into the tiniest possible bits, while outward pressure prevents this. When a star burns up all its nuclear fuel, which will eventually occur at some point in time, it cools off, and pressures drop, resulting in inevitable squeezing by gravity.
These collapses occur at rapid speeds, triggering large shock waves. Shock waves cause the outer parts of the star to explode into an expanding cloud of hot gases. However, at the star's core, gravity would have squeezed matter into the densest known objects in the universe known as black holes. Black holes are only created when the exploding star is at least 10 times the size of our sun.
Cayman Island Green and Loggerhead Sea Turtle Populations RecoveringValerie Varnuska
Westbury, New York area resident Valerie Varnuska enjoys diverse personal interests, including cooking and performing arts. Valerie Varnuska spends time walking outdoors and learning about nature.
ScienceDaily recently reported on a nature-related research study completed by the Cayman Islands Department of Environment and the University of Exeter on sea turtle populations in the Cayman Islands. The study, which took place from 1998 to 2019, showed that loggerhead and green turtle populations, which were nearing extinction at the start of the research initiative, are now growing.
The number of loggerhead and green turtles on the islands has increased due to captive breeding programs and strategies that help protect the turtles. For example, illegal turtle hunting was reduced due to conservation officers patrolling nesting beaches, and restrictions were implemented to prevent the activities of a turtle fishery.
Loggerhead and green turtle populations are still lower than normal compared to historical records indicating the number of animals in the islands. Prior to the early 1800s, the Cayman Islands were home to the largest number of nesting sea turtles in the world.
Simple Tips for Observing the Moon with a TelescopeValerie Varnuska
Valerie Varnuska from Westbury, New York enjoys nature and watching the night sky to learn astronomy. The document provides tips for using a telescope to observe the moon, including reducing light entering the telescope, using a lunar map to identify features, and viewing the moon when it is half-illuminated shortly after the first quarter phase.
The Ecological Recovery of the Former Island of RatsValerie Varnuska
Based in the Westbury, NY area, Valerie Varnuska appreciates the environment around her and enjoys spending time outside doing activities such as walking and stargazing. A science enthusiast, Valerie Varnuska likes to learn about nature in the Westbury, NY, area, and around the globe.
Nature has a powerful ability to restore itself to natural ecological balance under the right conditions, as was proven on the former Island of Rats. Located in the Aleutian archipelago of Alaska, the island was once called the Island of Rats due to its high population of rats. The rodents were unintentionally introduced to the area by shipwrecks and occupancy during World War II.
The rats thrived and seriously disturbed the natural ecological balance of the island by threatening native species. For example, they fed on shorebirds and their offspring, resulting in an increase in the population of herbivorous seashore invertebrates, which were the food source of the birds.
In 2008, a conservation effort carried out by Island Conservation, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and The Nature Conservancy eradicated the rats. Today, the island, now called Hawadax Island, has shown remarkable recovery. Its native species have re-established their populations and the island’s food chain has returned to a normal state.
Phytoncides May Be Key to the Health Benefits of NatureValerie Varnuska
Westbury, New York area’s Valerie Varnuska pursues a number of outdoor hobbies. Valerie Varnuska appreciates the mental and physical benefits of spending time in nature.
The health benefits of spending time in nature are well-documented, although the reasons behind the benefits are less clear. According to research from Qing Li, a physician at Japan’s Nippon Medical School Hospital and the president of the Japanese Society of Forest Medicine, at least some of the benefits of spending time in nature can be attributed to phytoncides, which are released from trees and plants into the air.
These antibacterial and antimicrobial substances help fight disease and protect plants from harmful organisms. When people spend time in nature, we inhale phytoncides.
In several studies, phytoncides have shown to improve health, boost immune function, reduce stress hormone levels, and increase the production of anti-cancer proteins. Moreover, exposure to phytoncides helped subjects relax and experience improved moods.
Valerie Varnuska enjoys stargazing as a hobby from her home in Westbury, NY. The document provides tips for improving the stargazing experience, including using a star chart to identify constellations, networking with other stargazers to share observations, and being consistent with a stargazing schedule to develop knowledge of the night sky over time.
A Unique Bone Structure Supported Large Dinosaur FramesValerie Varnuska
Valerie Varnuska is a longtime resident of the Westbury, New York, area who regularly explores natural destinations in the local region. Attracted to diverse disciplines in the sciences, Valerie Varnuska considers paleontology one of her major areas of interest.
A recent Southern Methodist University research project involving paleontologists, as well as biomedical and mechanical engineers, uncovered the way in which dinosaur skeletons were able to supported larger loads than mammals.
Given their massive size, the largest dinosaurs experienced major gravitational loads on their skeletons. One unique aspect of dinosaurs was the composition of their trabecula, a spongy bone. In contrast to birds and mammals, the trabecular bone did not increase in thickness as dinosaur species evolved larger. Instead, the spongy bone’s density increased.
This represented a weight-saving adaptation that accommodated the massive skeletal structures of large species such as hadrosaurs. CT scans combined with engineering failure theories have explained this phenomenon, and a greater understanding of trabecular architecture mechanics has provided insights into lightweight and dense structure design.
Study - Ocean Biodiversity Remained Constant through Millions of YearsValerie Varnuska
Hiking affords Valerie Varnuska of Westbury, New York, the time to interact and appreciate nature. Her fascination with nature makes Valerie Varnuska curious about the scientific discipline studied by paleontologists.
A recent paleontological study challenged the belief that marine biodiversity has “continuously changed” over the past 200 million years. A research team from the University of Birmingham’s School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences used fossil data from the past two centuries to conclude that marine biodiversity has remained constant throughout the past 540 million years.
Previous studies of marine animal diversity have emphasized estimates of how global diversity has changed over time. In the University of Birmingham study, the research focused on regional spaces with fossil records of known times and places.
By comparison, geographic regions of similar sizes showed that marine animal diversity has changed over time and space. This localized approach also allowed researchers to look at the influence of other environmental factors.
Three Ways of Connecting With Nature When IndoorsValerie Varnuska
Valerie Varnuska, a resident of Westbury, NY, firmly believes that connecting with nature fosters good health and wellness. When she can, Valerie Varnuska frequently spends time outdoors hiking..
While being outdoors reduces muscle tension, improves focus, and lowers heart rate, there are certain situations when getting outside is not an option. Fortunately, whether you’re home-bound due to weather, sickness, or any other reason, you can still connect with nature in the following ways:
Look at nature scenes
It may not seem like it, but looking at nature scenes does wonders for decreasing stress levels and boosting compassion, according to a study in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. This is likely due to the fact that viewing pictures of nature activates the parasympathetic nervous system, thus helping the body calm down.
Grow an indoor garden
There are plenty of plants that you can successfully grow indoors, from succulents to sweet potatoes. If you find yourself unable to enjoy nature outdoors, you can easily bring nature indoors by creating a terrarium or small garden at home. Having these plants in your home increases your attention and reduces both anxiety and stress.
Listen to nature sounds
Similar to looking at scenes of nature, listening to sounds from nature also has a relaxing effect on people. In fact, nature sounds reduce people’s stress, muscle tension, and heart rates more than listening to silence or classical music. Further, these benefits were seen after only about six minutes of listening to nature sounds.
Valerie Varnuska lives in Westbury, New York and enjoys visiting the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, her favorite museum. Paleontologists play a key role in creating exhibits for the museum by studying fossils to understand evolution and the history of life on Earth. Those in this profession can specialize in areas like microfossils, plants, or human fossils and typically work as researchers or professors, publishing their findings.
How to Connect with Nature and Become More of a ConservationistValerie Varnuska
Valerie Varnuska enjoys the arts and nature. She spends her leisure time enjoying scenic areas around Westbury, NY. To connect with nature and become a conservationist, one can take a family hike on a local trail or visit a nature preserve to learn about the plants and wildlife. As you spend more time outdoors, you may feel motivated to join a conservation group or help with local conservation efforts through social media.
World’s Smallest Monkey Fossil Discovered in PeruValerie Varnuska
A team of researchers in Peru uncovered the 18-million-year-old tooth fossil of Parvimico materdei, one of the smallest monkey species to have existed. From this single tooth fossil, scientists were able to determine that this ancient monkey species likely weighed less than the modern pygmy marmoset and had a diet consisting primarily of fruit and insects. The discovery helps shed light on the evolution of monkey species in South America.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
2. INTRODUCTION
Valerie Varnuska is a Westbury, NY, resident with a wide variety of
interests, including an appreciation for trains and new developments in
robotics. In her free time, Valerie Varnuska enjoys pursuing her favorite
hobbies, including stargazing.
Stargazing is a pastime that people can enjoy from anywhere in the
world. While certain collections of stars can only be seen in any given
part of the world during certain times of year, some constellations, known
as circumpolar constellations, never leave the sky. These groups of stars
never seem to rise or set due to the perpendicular nature of the Earth’s
axis in relation to its orbit, which means the skies above the North and
South Poles change very little during the year.
For people living in the Earth’s Northern Hemisphere, five primary
constellations are circumpolar, even from as near to the equator as 40
degrees latitude. These include Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Draco,
Cassiopeia, and Cepheus. Though inhabitants of the Southern
Hemisphere are able to see an even larger collection of stars than those
who live in the Northern Hemisphere, only three constellations can be
seen from this half of the Earth on a year-round basis. These include
Crux, Carina, and Cantaurus.