Some Ways Deep Sea Creatures Survive in Deep Water
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Some deep-sea creatures like snailfish can survive in extreme depths by producing a chemical called TMAO that shields proteins from breaking down under intense pressure. They also have smaller, more flexible bones and cartilage to help them remain buoyant in the high-pressure environment. Most organisms cannot survive over 27,000 feet deep where the water pressure is over 800 times greater than atmospheric pressure and would crush gas bladders.
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Whale falls ecosystem and their importance
A whale fall occurs when the carcass of a whale has fallen onto the ocean floor at a depth greater than 1,000 m, in the bathyal or abyssal zones. On the sea floor, these carcasses can create complex localized ecosystems that supply sustenance to deep-sea organisms for decades.
Noruza Presentation : Light Color Version
Education About Shark Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
Noruza Presentation : Dark Color Version
Education About Shark Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
The Basic Types of Igneous Rock Formed from Magma
Based in Westbury, NY, Valerie Varnuska is a nature and outdoors enthusiast who enjoys exploring unique geologic formations in areas she visits. Among Valerie Varnuska’s interests is understanding what minerals, gems, and rocks are made of.
The Merits of Wearable Fitness Technology
Valerie Varnuska enjoys art, the theatre, and volunteering in her spare time. She particularly appreciates shows like the Taming of the Shrew, die Fledermaus, Pirates of Penzance, and Madama Butterfly. Valerie Varnuska resides in Westbury, NY but enjoys traveling to different places where she can experience nature and the health and fitness benefits it provides.
A good diet and exercise are contributing factors to living a healthy life, and one of the more common ways people record improvement is through wearable fitness technology (fitness trackers). Fitness trackers can track heart rate and metabolism and provide a list of goals a person can achieve health-wise such as the number of steps one should take in a day to improve fitness levels
New Species of Beetle Discovered in Poland
Nature enthusiast Valerie Varnuska is a resident of Westbury, NY. Given her interest in nature, Valerie Varnuska enjoys learning about several related subjects, including paleontology.
When scanning fossilized coprolite of a dinosaur relative that lived during the Triassic period in modern-day Poland, paleontologists discovered a new species of ancient beetle. This beetle was found using synchrotron microtomography, a method that is similar to how amber insects are scanned.
Synchrotron microtomography uses 3D technology that shows a high level of resolution and contrast so internal structures in fossils are more easily identified. Thanks to this detailed technology, the researchers saw the insect’s body, something that likely would have gone unnoticed using other scanning options.
Named Triamyxa coprolithica, the new beetle is a semiaquatic specimen that belongs to the suborder Myxophaga in the daily Triamyxidae. It most likely lived in humid environments and was eaten by Silesaurus opolensis. Since Silesaurus opolensis was omnivorous, it’s unlikely that the beetle was its main source of food. Rather, it’s believed that it was simply part of its diet.
Mushrooms - Nature’s Overlooked Heroes
A resident of the Westbury, NY, area, Valerie Varnuska maintains a wide range of interests. Passionate about the arts and nature, Valerie Varnuska loves spending time outdoors and enjoying the natural wonders.
Mushrooms are one of nature’s most commonly overlooked benefactors. These organisms are extremely diverse and hold several different roles in natural functions. However, they cannot synthesize their own food from sunlight like plants can. This is because mushrooms lack chlorophyll. Instead, they derive their energy from other sources, like decaying organic matter.
Species that get energy by breaking down organic matter are known as saprophytes. Most species that grow on rotting wood or lawns are saprophytes. These types of mushrooms get their energy from decomposition, digesting the decaying organic matter that is around them while simultaneously feeding themselves and returning important nutrients to the soil.
There are also symbiotic mushrooms that grow on the forest floor near the roots of trees. The mushrooms and trees exchange nutrients via mycorrhiza and provide one another with nutrients that they cannot extract or synthesize on their own. Generally, the trees provide symbiotic mushrooms with sugar compounds, while the mushrooms share water and minerals extracted from the soil.
It’s important to note that some mushrooms are parasitic. In most cases, these species are microscopic, but they will either attack a healthy host or hasten the death of an unhealthy one.
Homo Erectus Fossil Unearthed in South Africa
A Westbury, NY-based nature enthusiast, Valerie Varnuska enjoys a variety of outdoor activities. Valerie Varnuska is also fascinated by the idea of connecting the present with the past. She keeps up with the latest news and advancements in paleontology.
Paleontology studies the history of life on earth as based on fossils. Recently, fossil remains were unearthed 40 kilometers north of Johannesburg in South Africa. Further arrangements of the fragments revealed one of the earliest known skulls of one of the earliest humans to walk the planet, the Homo erectus. Carbon dating of the fossil revealed an age of two million years old. The skull belongs to a child aged between 2 and 3 years at the time of death.
Today, Homo erectus fossils are rarely seen and exist only in puzzling fragments. Juvenile skulls are more susceptible to damage over time, which makes these types of discoveries remarkably rare. It is also more challenging to procure sufficient fragments to piece together into an intact skull.
The location in which the Homo erectus skull was found established a knowledge base that suggests a relationship between Homo erectus and other types of humans in South Africa. The findings were published in the International Journal of Science.
Analysis of Tyrannosaurus Rex Fossil Model Changed Scientists Belief
Based in Westbury, NY, Valerie Varnuska is a nature lover and enjoys exploring the natural world. Valerie Varnuska is also interested in astronomy and paleontology. Paleontology involves the study of the evolution of life on earth via the use of fossils.
Fossils of Tyrannosaurus rex revealed that the extinct apex predators possessed extremely strong bites, which earned T. rex a long-standing position as one of the world's most dangerous predators in history. According to scientists, T. rex had an optimum bite force of 12,000 pounds, which would be a powerful amount of force even for their large skull. In the past, scientists wondered how the predator managed to exert that amount of force without breaking its skull. They assumed that the T. rex’s Skull might have similar flexibility with the skulls of modern birds and reptiles, which would have manipulated the shape of the jaw when it crunches its teeth.
In 2019, the result of a study conducted at the University of Missouri suggested that T. Rex's jaw was actually stiff and fused in contrast to previous belief. In the study, scientists analyzed how the jaws of two modern relatives of T. rex worked when the predators chewed. The study concludes that the jaws of T. Rex were probably tightly fused, making the skull significantly rigid and indestructible by the tremendous force of its bite.
Three Trees That Offer Medicinal Benefits
Residing in the Westbury, New York area, Valerie Varnuska enjoys many outdoor activities, such as walking and also gazing at the night sky. Valerie Varnuska also enjoys studying and spending time in nature.
For millennia, trees have served as reliable herbal medicines and have played important roles in human lives. Different parts of trees, such as leaves, sap, bark, nuts, and berries, are used for certain medicinal purposes. The following are some herbal trees and their health/medicinal benefits.
1. Elder tree - in its entirety, all parts of this tree are useful. The berries are nutritious and can help fight the flu.
2. Silver birch - a special type of birch tree, the silver birch (Betula pendula) is known for its hardiness, elegance, and sweet fragrance (especially after rainfall). The leaves are traditionally used for treating gout and kidney stones, and the inner barks also cure fevers.
3. Pines - pines are good sources of vitamin C. All members of the pines are edible, although some taste better than others.
Shrinking Stars Cause the Largest Explosions
Situated in the area of Westbury, NY, Valerie Varnuska is a nature enthusiast. During her free time, Valerie Varnuska enjoys relaxing in natural settings such as the beach. She is also fond of studying astronomy.
Supernovas cause some of the biggest explosions, with each blast showering extreme brightness and setting off random motions of gases in the darkness of space. While supernovas are caused by various events, a well-understood explanation for many observed supernovae in astronomy is a dying star.
Stars, including the sun, are nuclear power reactors in space that fuse atoms of core matter and convert them into energy (heat and light). At the centers of massive stars, heat generates pressure which counteracts the effects of gravity and stops stars from collapsing. Extreme gravity tries to squeeze the stars into the tiniest possible bits, while outward pressure prevents this. When a star burns up all its nuclear fuel, which will eventually occur at some point in time, it cools off, and pressures drop, resulting in inevitable squeezing by gravity.
These collapses occur at rapid speeds, triggering large shock waves. Shock waves cause the outer parts of the star to explode into an expanding cloud of hot gases. However, at the star's core, gravity would have squeezed matter into the densest known objects in the universe known as black holes. Black holes are only created when the exploding star is at least 10 times the size of our sun.
Cayman Island Green and Loggerhead Sea Turtle Populations Recovering
Westbury, New York area resident Valerie Varnuska enjoys diverse personal interests, including cooking and performing arts. Valerie Varnuska spends time walking outdoors and learning about nature.
ScienceDaily recently reported on a nature-related research study completed by the Cayman Islands Department of Environment and the University of Exeter on sea turtle populations in the Cayman Islands. The study, which took place from 1998 to 2019, showed that loggerhead and green turtle populations, which were nearing extinction at the start of the research initiative, are now growing.
The number of loggerhead and green turtles on the islands has increased due to captive breeding programs and strategies that help protect the turtles. For example, illegal turtle hunting was reduced due to conservation officers patrolling nesting beaches, and restrictions were implemented to prevent the activities of a turtle fishery.
Loggerhead and green turtle populations are still lower than normal compared to historical records indicating the number of animals in the islands. Prior to the early 1800s, the Cayman Islands were home to the largest number of nesting sea turtles in the world.
Simple Tips for Observing the Moon with a Telescope
Passionate about nature, Westbury, New York-based Valerie Varnuska enjoys taking in the natural environment around her. Valerie Varnuska watches the sky at night to enhance her understanding of astronomy.
Observing the sky after dark with a telescope is a popular pastime for those interested in learning about astronomy. Consider the following helpful tips when using a telescope to look at one of the most frequently viewed features of the night sky, the moon:
1. Reduce the amount of light entering your telescope
Since the moon’s intense brightness can make it difficult to view features on the celestial body, telescope viewers should reduce the light entering their telescope by increasing the level of magnification and using a neutral density filter or an aperture mask.
2. Use a lunar map
While observing the moon, refer to a lunar map to identify features such as craters and the line between the illuminated and non-illuminated portion of the moon, which is referred to as the terminator.
3. View the moon when it is half-illuminated
The best time to observe the moon is shortly after the first quarter, when the sun is in an ideal place to see a range of the moon's features in detail.
The Ecological Recovery of the Former Island of Rats
Based in the Westbury, NY area, Valerie Varnuska appreciates the environment around her and enjoys spending time outside doing activities such as walking and stargazing. A science enthusiast, Valerie Varnuska likes to learn about nature in the Westbury, NY, area, and around the globe.
Nature has a powerful ability to restore itself to natural ecological balance under the right conditions, as was proven on the former Island of Rats. Located in the Aleutian archipelago of Alaska, the island was once called the Island of Rats due to its high population of rats. The rodents were unintentionally introduced to the area by shipwrecks and occupancy during World War II.
The rats thrived and seriously disturbed the natural ecological balance of the island by threatening native species. For example, they fed on shorebirds and their offspring, resulting in an increase in the population of herbivorous seashore invertebrates, which were the food source of the birds.
In 2008, a conservation effort carried out by Island Conservation, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and The Nature Conservancy eradicated the rats. Today, the island, now called Hawadax Island, has shown remarkable recovery. Its native species have re-established their populations and the island’s food chain has returned to a normal state.
Phytoncides May Be Key to the Health Benefits of Nature
Westbury, New York area’s Valerie Varnuska pursues a number of outdoor hobbies. Valerie Varnuska appreciates the mental and physical benefits of spending time in nature.
The health benefits of spending time in nature are well-documented, although the reasons behind the benefits are less clear. According to research from Qing Li, a physician at Japan’s Nippon Medical School Hospital and the president of the Japanese Society of Forest Medicine, at least some of the benefits of spending time in nature can be attributed to phytoncides, which are released from trees and plants into the air.
These antibacterial and antimicrobial substances help fight disease and protect plants from harmful organisms. When people spend time in nature, we inhale phytoncides.
In several studies, phytoncides have shown to improve health, boost immune function, reduce stress hormone levels, and increase the production of anti-cancer proteins. Moreover, exposure to phytoncides helped subjects relax and experience improved moods.
Tips for Beginning Stargazers
Valerie Varnuska enjoys the outdoors. She is based in Westbury, NY. Interested in astronomy, Valerie Varnuska enjoys stargazing.
A favorite pastime of many nature lovers, stargazing is a good way to relax. Here are a few tips to significantly improve the stargazing experience:
- Use a star chart.
Using a chart will significantly improve the experience. You can find some of these charts online, but consider getting a printed copy. This way, you can record any patterns you observe and learn about the different constellations.
- Network.
Contacting other stargazers allows you to share your observations and significantly improve your stargazing experience. While meeting fellow stargazers online is fun, you may be able to meet a local network of stargazers in person.
- Be consistent.
Developing a schedule for stargazing can significantly improve your knowledge of the constellations. Stargazing also requires patience because learning the constellations in a short period may be impossible.
A Unique Bone Structure Supported Large Dinosaur Frames
Valerie Varnuska is a longtime resident of the Westbury, New York, area who regularly explores natural destinations in the local region. Attracted to diverse disciplines in the sciences, Valerie Varnuska considers paleontology one of her major areas of interest.
A recent Southern Methodist University research project involving paleontologists, as well as biomedical and mechanical engineers, uncovered the way in which dinosaur skeletons were able to supported larger loads than mammals.
Given their massive size, the largest dinosaurs experienced major gravitational loads on their skeletons. One unique aspect of dinosaurs was the composition of their trabecula, a spongy bone. In contrast to birds and mammals, the trabecular bone did not increase in thickness as dinosaur species evolved larger. Instead, the spongy bone’s density increased.
This represented a weight-saving adaptation that accommodated the massive skeletal structures of large species such as hadrosaurs. CT scans combined with engineering failure theories have explained this phenomenon, and a greater understanding of trabecular architecture mechanics has provided insights into lightweight and dense structure design.
More Related Content
Similar to Some Ways Deep Sea Creatures Survive in Deep Water
Whale falls ecosystem and their importance
A whale fall occurs when the carcass of a whale has fallen onto the ocean floor at a depth greater than 1,000 m, in the bathyal or abyssal zones. On the sea floor, these carcasses can create complex localized ecosystems that supply sustenance to deep-sea organisms for decades.
Noruza Presentation : Light Color Version
Education About Shark Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
Noruza Presentation : Dark Color Version
Education About Shark Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
Similar to Some Ways Deep Sea Creatures Survive in Deep Water (8)
More from Valerie Varnuska
The Basic Types of Igneous Rock Formed from Magma
Based in Westbury, NY, Valerie Varnuska is a nature and outdoors enthusiast who enjoys exploring unique geologic formations in areas she visits. Among Valerie Varnuska’s interests is understanding what minerals, gems, and rocks are made of.
The Merits of Wearable Fitness Technology
Valerie Varnuska enjoys art, the theatre, and volunteering in her spare time. She particularly appreciates shows like the Taming of the Shrew, die Fledermaus, Pirates of Penzance, and Madama Butterfly. Valerie Varnuska resides in Westbury, NY but enjoys traveling to different places where she can experience nature and the health and fitness benefits it provides.
A good diet and exercise are contributing factors to living a healthy life, and one of the more common ways people record improvement is through wearable fitness technology (fitness trackers). Fitness trackers can track heart rate and metabolism and provide a list of goals a person can achieve health-wise such as the number of steps one should take in a day to improve fitness levels
New Species of Beetle Discovered in Poland
Nature enthusiast Valerie Varnuska is a resident of Westbury, NY. Given her interest in nature, Valerie Varnuska enjoys learning about several related subjects, including paleontology.
When scanning fossilized coprolite of a dinosaur relative that lived during the Triassic period in modern-day Poland, paleontologists discovered a new species of ancient beetle. This beetle was found using synchrotron microtomography, a method that is similar to how amber insects are scanned.
Synchrotron microtomography uses 3D technology that shows a high level of resolution and contrast so internal structures in fossils are more easily identified. Thanks to this detailed technology, the researchers saw the insect’s body, something that likely would have gone unnoticed using other scanning options.
Named Triamyxa coprolithica, the new beetle is a semiaquatic specimen that belongs to the suborder Myxophaga in the daily Triamyxidae. It most likely lived in humid environments and was eaten by Silesaurus opolensis. Since Silesaurus opolensis was omnivorous, it’s unlikely that the beetle was its main source of food. Rather, it’s believed that it was simply part of its diet.
Mushrooms - Nature’s Overlooked Heroes
A resident of the Westbury, NY, area, Valerie Varnuska maintains a wide range of interests. Passionate about the arts and nature, Valerie Varnuska loves spending time outdoors and enjoying the natural wonders.
Mushrooms are one of nature’s most commonly overlooked benefactors. These organisms are extremely diverse and hold several different roles in natural functions. However, they cannot synthesize their own food from sunlight like plants can. This is because mushrooms lack chlorophyll. Instead, they derive their energy from other sources, like decaying organic matter.
Species that get energy by breaking down organic matter are known as saprophytes. Most species that grow on rotting wood or lawns are saprophytes. These types of mushrooms get their energy from decomposition, digesting the decaying organic matter that is around them while simultaneously feeding themselves and returning important nutrients to the soil.
There are also symbiotic mushrooms that grow on the forest floor near the roots of trees. The mushrooms and trees exchange nutrients via mycorrhiza and provide one another with nutrients that they cannot extract or synthesize on their own. Generally, the trees provide symbiotic mushrooms with sugar compounds, while the mushrooms share water and minerals extracted from the soil.
It’s important to note that some mushrooms are parasitic. In most cases, these species are microscopic, but they will either attack a healthy host or hasten the death of an unhealthy one.
Homo Erectus Fossil Unearthed in South Africa
A Westbury, NY-based nature enthusiast, Valerie Varnuska enjoys a variety of outdoor activities. Valerie Varnuska is also fascinated by the idea of connecting the present with the past. She keeps up with the latest news and advancements in paleontology.
Paleontology studies the history of life on earth as based on fossils. Recently, fossil remains were unearthed 40 kilometers north of Johannesburg in South Africa. Further arrangements of the fragments revealed one of the earliest known skulls of one of the earliest humans to walk the planet, the Homo erectus. Carbon dating of the fossil revealed an age of two million years old. The skull belongs to a child aged between 2 and 3 years at the time of death.
Today, Homo erectus fossils are rarely seen and exist only in puzzling fragments. Juvenile skulls are more susceptible to damage over time, which makes these types of discoveries remarkably rare. It is also more challenging to procure sufficient fragments to piece together into an intact skull.
The location in which the Homo erectus skull was found established a knowledge base that suggests a relationship between Homo erectus and other types of humans in South Africa. The findings were published in the International Journal of Science.
Analysis of Tyrannosaurus Rex Fossil Model Changed Scientists Belief
Based in Westbury, NY, Valerie Varnuska is a nature lover and enjoys exploring the natural world. Valerie Varnuska is also interested in astronomy and paleontology. Paleontology involves the study of the evolution of life on earth via the use of fossils.
Fossils of Tyrannosaurus rex revealed that the extinct apex predators possessed extremely strong bites, which earned T. rex a long-standing position as one of the world's most dangerous predators in history. According to scientists, T. rex had an optimum bite force of 12,000 pounds, which would be a powerful amount of force even for their large skull. In the past, scientists wondered how the predator managed to exert that amount of force without breaking its skull. They assumed that the T. rex’s Skull might have similar flexibility with the skulls of modern birds and reptiles, which would have manipulated the shape of the jaw when it crunches its teeth.
In 2019, the result of a study conducted at the University of Missouri suggested that T. Rex's jaw was actually stiff and fused in contrast to previous belief. In the study, scientists analyzed how the jaws of two modern relatives of T. rex worked when the predators chewed. The study concludes that the jaws of T. Rex were probably tightly fused, making the skull significantly rigid and indestructible by the tremendous force of its bite.
Three Trees That Offer Medicinal Benefits
Residing in the Westbury, New York area, Valerie Varnuska enjoys many outdoor activities, such as walking and also gazing at the night sky. Valerie Varnuska also enjoys studying and spending time in nature.
For millennia, trees have served as reliable herbal medicines and have played important roles in human lives. Different parts of trees, such as leaves, sap, bark, nuts, and berries, are used for certain medicinal purposes. The following are some herbal trees and their health/medicinal benefits.
1. Elder tree - in its entirety, all parts of this tree are useful. The berries are nutritious and can help fight the flu.
2. Silver birch - a special type of birch tree, the silver birch (Betula pendula) is known for its hardiness, elegance, and sweet fragrance (especially after rainfall). The leaves are traditionally used for treating gout and kidney stones, and the inner barks also cure fevers.
3. Pines - pines are good sources of vitamin C. All members of the pines are edible, although some taste better than others.
Shrinking Stars Cause the Largest Explosions
Situated in the area of Westbury, NY, Valerie Varnuska is a nature enthusiast. During her free time, Valerie Varnuska enjoys relaxing in natural settings such as the beach. She is also fond of studying astronomy.
Supernovas cause some of the biggest explosions, with each blast showering extreme brightness and setting off random motions of gases in the darkness of space. While supernovas are caused by various events, a well-understood explanation for many observed supernovae in astronomy is a dying star.
Stars, including the sun, are nuclear power reactors in space that fuse atoms of core matter and convert them into energy (heat and light). At the centers of massive stars, heat generates pressure which counteracts the effects of gravity and stops stars from collapsing. Extreme gravity tries to squeeze the stars into the tiniest possible bits, while outward pressure prevents this. When a star burns up all its nuclear fuel, which will eventually occur at some point in time, it cools off, and pressures drop, resulting in inevitable squeezing by gravity.
These collapses occur at rapid speeds, triggering large shock waves. Shock waves cause the outer parts of the star to explode into an expanding cloud of hot gases. However, at the star's core, gravity would have squeezed matter into the densest known objects in the universe known as black holes. Black holes are only created when the exploding star is at least 10 times the size of our sun.
Cayman Island Green and Loggerhead Sea Turtle Populations Recovering
Westbury, New York area resident Valerie Varnuska enjoys diverse personal interests, including cooking and performing arts. Valerie Varnuska spends time walking outdoors and learning about nature.
ScienceDaily recently reported on a nature-related research study completed by the Cayman Islands Department of Environment and the University of Exeter on sea turtle populations in the Cayman Islands. The study, which took place from 1998 to 2019, showed that loggerhead and green turtle populations, which were nearing extinction at the start of the research initiative, are now growing.
The number of loggerhead and green turtles on the islands has increased due to captive breeding programs and strategies that help protect the turtles. For example, illegal turtle hunting was reduced due to conservation officers patrolling nesting beaches, and restrictions were implemented to prevent the activities of a turtle fishery.
Loggerhead and green turtle populations are still lower than normal compared to historical records indicating the number of animals in the islands. Prior to the early 1800s, the Cayman Islands were home to the largest number of nesting sea turtles in the world.
Simple Tips for Observing the Moon with a Telescope
Passionate about nature, Westbury, New York-based Valerie Varnuska enjoys taking in the natural environment around her. Valerie Varnuska watches the sky at night to enhance her understanding of astronomy.
Observing the sky after dark with a telescope is a popular pastime for those interested in learning about astronomy. Consider the following helpful tips when using a telescope to look at one of the most frequently viewed features of the night sky, the moon:
1. Reduce the amount of light entering your telescope
Since the moon’s intense brightness can make it difficult to view features on the celestial body, telescope viewers should reduce the light entering their telescope by increasing the level of magnification and using a neutral density filter or an aperture mask.
2. Use a lunar map
While observing the moon, refer to a lunar map to identify features such as craters and the line between the illuminated and non-illuminated portion of the moon, which is referred to as the terminator.
3. View the moon when it is half-illuminated
The best time to observe the moon is shortly after the first quarter, when the sun is in an ideal place to see a range of the moon's features in detail.
The Ecological Recovery of the Former Island of Rats
Based in the Westbury, NY area, Valerie Varnuska appreciates the environment around her and enjoys spending time outside doing activities such as walking and stargazing. A science enthusiast, Valerie Varnuska likes to learn about nature in the Westbury, NY, area, and around the globe.
Nature has a powerful ability to restore itself to natural ecological balance under the right conditions, as was proven on the former Island of Rats. Located in the Aleutian archipelago of Alaska, the island was once called the Island of Rats due to its high population of rats. The rodents were unintentionally introduced to the area by shipwrecks and occupancy during World War II.
The rats thrived and seriously disturbed the natural ecological balance of the island by threatening native species. For example, they fed on shorebirds and their offspring, resulting in an increase in the population of herbivorous seashore invertebrates, which were the food source of the birds.
In 2008, a conservation effort carried out by Island Conservation, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and The Nature Conservancy eradicated the rats. Today, the island, now called Hawadax Island, has shown remarkable recovery. Its native species have re-established their populations and the island’s food chain has returned to a normal state.
Phytoncides May Be Key to the Health Benefits of Nature
Westbury, New York area’s Valerie Varnuska pursues a number of outdoor hobbies. Valerie Varnuska appreciates the mental and physical benefits of spending time in nature.
The health benefits of spending time in nature are well-documented, although the reasons behind the benefits are less clear. According to research from Qing Li, a physician at Japan’s Nippon Medical School Hospital and the president of the Japanese Society of Forest Medicine, at least some of the benefits of spending time in nature can be attributed to phytoncides, which are released from trees and plants into the air.
These antibacterial and antimicrobial substances help fight disease and protect plants from harmful organisms. When people spend time in nature, we inhale phytoncides.
In several studies, phytoncides have shown to improve health, boost immune function, reduce stress hormone levels, and increase the production of anti-cancer proteins. Moreover, exposure to phytoncides helped subjects relax and experience improved moods.
Tips for Beginning Stargazers
Valerie Varnuska enjoys the outdoors. She is based in Westbury, NY. Interested in astronomy, Valerie Varnuska enjoys stargazing.
A favorite pastime of many nature lovers, stargazing is a good way to relax. Here are a few tips to significantly improve the stargazing experience:
- Use a star chart.
Using a chart will significantly improve the experience. You can find some of these charts online, but consider getting a printed copy. This way, you can record any patterns you observe and learn about the different constellations.
- Network.
Contacting other stargazers allows you to share your observations and significantly improve your stargazing experience. While meeting fellow stargazers online is fun, you may be able to meet a local network of stargazers in person.
- Be consistent.
Developing a schedule for stargazing can significantly improve your knowledge of the constellations. Stargazing also requires patience because learning the constellations in a short period may be impossible.
A Unique Bone Structure Supported Large Dinosaur Frames
Valerie Varnuska is a longtime resident of the Westbury, New York, area who regularly explores natural destinations in the local region. Attracted to diverse disciplines in the sciences, Valerie Varnuska considers paleontology one of her major areas of interest.
A recent Southern Methodist University research project involving paleontologists, as well as biomedical and mechanical engineers, uncovered the way in which dinosaur skeletons were able to supported larger loads than mammals.
Given their massive size, the largest dinosaurs experienced major gravitational loads on their skeletons. One unique aspect of dinosaurs was the composition of their trabecula, a spongy bone. In contrast to birds and mammals, the trabecular bone did not increase in thickness as dinosaur species evolved larger. Instead, the spongy bone’s density increased.
This represented a weight-saving adaptation that accommodated the massive skeletal structures of large species such as hadrosaurs. CT scans combined with engineering failure theories have explained this phenomenon, and a greater understanding of trabecular architecture mechanics has provided insights into lightweight and dense structure design.
Study - Ocean Biodiversity Remained Constant through Millions of Years
Hiking affords Valerie Varnuska of Westbury, New York, the time to interact and appreciate nature. Her fascination with nature makes Valerie Varnuska curious about the scientific discipline studied by paleontologists.
A recent paleontological study challenged the belief that marine biodiversity has “continuously changed” over the past 200 million years. A research team from the University of Birmingham’s School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences used fossil data from the past two centuries to conclude that marine biodiversity has remained constant throughout the past 540 million years.
Previous studies of marine animal diversity have emphasized estimates of how global diversity has changed over time. In the University of Birmingham study, the research focused on regional spaces with fossil records of known times and places.
By comparison, geographic regions of similar sizes showed that marine animal diversity has changed over time and space. This localized approach also allowed researchers to look at the influence of other environmental factors.
Three Ways of Connecting With Nature When Indoors
Valerie Varnuska, a resident of Westbury, NY, firmly believes that connecting with nature fosters good health and wellness. When she can, Valerie Varnuska frequently spends time outdoors hiking..
While being outdoors reduces muscle tension, improves focus, and lowers heart rate, there are certain situations when getting outside is not an option. Fortunately, whether you’re home-bound due to weather, sickness, or any other reason, you can still connect with nature in the following ways:
Look at nature scenes
It may not seem like it, but looking at nature scenes does wonders for decreasing stress levels and boosting compassion, according to a study in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. This is likely due to the fact that viewing pictures of nature activates the parasympathetic nervous system, thus helping the body calm down.
Grow an indoor garden
There are plenty of plants that you can successfully grow indoors, from succulents to sweet potatoes. If you find yourself unable to enjoy nature outdoors, you can easily bring nature indoors by creating a terrarium or small garden at home. Having these plants in your home increases your attention and reduces both anxiety and stress.
Listen to nature sounds
Similar to looking at scenes of nature, listening to sounds from nature also has a relaxing effect on people. In fact, nature sounds reduce people’s stress, muscle tension, and heart rates more than listening to silence or classical music. Further, these benefits were seen after only about six minutes of listening to nature sounds.
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Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
RNA INTERFERENCE: UNRAVELING GENETIC SILENCING
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
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Structural Classification Of Protein (SCOP)
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
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Some Ways Deep Sea Creatures Survive in Deep Water
- 1. Some Ways Deep Sea Creatures Survive in Deep Water
- 2. A longtime resident of the Westbury, NY, community, Valerie Varnuska has an insatiable curiosity that leads her to explore the hidden and historical wonders of the world.Valerie Varnuska's interests encompass everything from the universe's expanse to the ocean's depths.
- 3. Like some snailfish, deep-sea creaturesthrive in water depths as low as 27,349 feet below the sea surface. At this depth, the weight of the water above presses on the tissues and proteins of an organism. This pressure (830 times greater than atmospheric pressure) is too much for most organisms, including humans. It degrades the proteins in body cells, leading to unstable cells that eventually die. For a few reasons, deep-sea creaturesare immune to this pressure.
- 4. Some deep-sea creatures,like snailfish, produce a chemical called trimethylamine N- oxide, or TMAO. This chemical acts like a shield, preventing these proteins from breaking down due to intense physical stress.
- 5. In addition,snailfish and other deep-sea creatures generally have smaller bones,fins, and more flexible cartilage.These streamlined properties help them remain buoyant and move through their high pressure.Unlike snailfish,fish in shallower waters rely on their gas bladders to maintain buoyancy in the water. These species can't survive in high-pressure deep-sea environments because the immense pressurewould crush the gas bladder organ.