The Big Picture
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Ecosystem Science approach to understanding natural and anthropogenic oil spills. The aim of this presentation is to put the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in context.
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Carbon cycle
The document discusses the carbon cycle and how carbon is distributed through the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere over different time periods in Earth's history. It analyzes the movement of carbon molecules through each sphere during the Holocene, Permian, and Devonian periods, and whether carbon was evenly distributed between spheres or became trapped in certain spheres like the geosphere. The document aims to understand how the carbon cycle has changed over geological time.
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The carbon cycle describes the movement of carbon through Earth's biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Carbon is exchanged between the atmosphere, living things, oceans, soil, and rocks through various biological, chemical, and geological processes. The two main carbon cycles are the geological cycle, which operates over millions of years, and the biological/physical cycle, which operates over days to thousands of years and involves photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have disrupted the natural carbon cycle by releasing stored carbon into the atmosphere at a faster rate than natural processes can recapture it.
Carbon cycle
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The document describes the carbon cycle and key concepts about carbon. It discusses how carbon is the fundamental building block of life and is present in all living and once-living organisms. Carbon cycles between reservoirs in the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere through natural fluxes and processes. It moves between these spheres and reservoirs as carbon dioxide and other gases, and is exchanged between the atmosphere, plants, animals and fossils through photosynthesis, respiration, fossil fuel formation and burning.
Carbon cycle
The carbon cycle describes the movement of carbon between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. Photosynthesis incorporates carbon from the atmosphere into organic compounds, which are then used by organisms through respiration or decomposed and released back into the atmosphere. Carbon is also stored long-term in fossil fuels, limestone and other carbonate rocks through geological processes. Human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased carbon dioxide levels and strengthened the greenhouse effect, contributing to modern climate change.
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The document discusses ozone depletion potential of different refrigerants and the mechanisms by which CFCs and HCFCs damage the ozone layer when they reach the stratosphere. It explains that chlorine atoms released from these refrigerants can break down over 100,000 ozone molecules each. It also provides details on common types of refrigerants like CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs and their ozone depletion potentials.
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The carbon cycle describes the movement of carbon through Earth's biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Carbon is exchanged between the atmosphere, living things, oceans, soil, and rocks through various biological, chemical, and geological processes. The two main carbon cycles are the geological cycle, which operates over millions of years, and the biological/physical cycle, which operates over days to thousands of years and involves photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have disrupted the natural carbon cycle by releasing stored carbon into the atmosphere at a faster rate than natural processes can recapture it.
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Carbon sequestration involves capturing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in order to reduce greenhouse gas levels and mitigate climate change. It can be done through geological sequestration underground, ocean sequestration by injecting carbon dioxide deep into the ocean, and terrestrial sequestration through photosynthesis in plants and soils. Terrestrial sequestration provides benefits like improved soil structure, increased water retention and fertility, reduced erosion, and healthier ecosystems. Various technologies can be used to capture carbon dioxide from fossil fuel power plants pre-combustion, post-combustion, or through oxyfuel combustion.
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The document discusses the composition and layers of the atmosphere, with a focus on the ozone layer. It describes the ozone layer as a concentration of ozone molecules in the stratosphere that protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation. It then explains that chlorofluorocarbons released from human activities were depleting the ozone layer by releasing chlorine atoms that break down ozone molecules. While regulations have led to a reduction in ozone-depleting substances, full recovery of the ozone layer is not expected until around 2050.
Ozone Depletion & Climate Disruption: Different But Related Atmospheric Problems
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Compares the science, causes & impacts of climate change & ozone depletion. What made ozone depletion a much easier problem to address than climate disruption?International ozone day
International Ozone Day is presented to discuss the ozone layer and the threats to it. The ozone layer protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released into the atmosphere were depleting the ozone layer. This led to the discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica in 1985. In response, the Montreal Protocol was established in 1987 to phase out the production of ozone-depleting substances and allow the ozone layer to recover by 2050 to 2075.
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Ozone depletion is the gradual destruction of Earth's protective ozone layer by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released into the atmosphere. The ozone layer shields life on Earth from ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. CFCs are the main cause of ozone layer damage as the chlorine they contain destroys ozone molecules. CFCs are found in aerosol sprays, refrigerants, and Styrofoam. Consequences of ozone depletion include damage to plants and animals, increased skin cancer and cataracts in humans. International agreements aim to reduce CFC usage and emissions to help prevent further ozone depletion.
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Plants take in carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and convert it into sugar for energy storage. Through respiration, plants and animals release carbon dioxide as a waste product when breaking down sugar and other carbon-containing tissues. Decomposers and geological processes like the formation of fossil fuels and sedimentary rock also release carbon back into the atmosphere and oceans, completing the carbon cycle over long timescales.
carbon oxygen cycle
The carbon and oxygen cycles describe the movement of carbon and oxygen between the biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants through photosynthesis and released through respiration, while oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis and used in respiration. Human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, contributing to the greenhouse effect and global warming. This disrupts global climate patterns and ecosystems.
2.2 Cycles Of Matter
The three important cycles of matter are the water cycle, carbon and oxygen cycles, and nitrogen cycle. The water cycle involves evaporation, condensation, and precipitation in a continuous process where water moves from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back. Evaporation changes liquid water to a gas, condensation changes a gas to a liquid forming clouds, and precipitation causes liquid drops to fall back to Earth as rain, snow, sleet or hail. The carbon and oxygen cycles involve producers using carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen through photosynthesis. Nitrogen fixation by bacteria changes nitrogen gas into a usable form, occurring in nodules on plant roots to make nitrogen available to organisms.
2
The carbon cycle describes the movement of carbon between the atmosphere, organisms, sediments like fossil fuels and the ocean. Carbon is exchanged through photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, combustion and other processes and moves repeatedly between living and nonliving matter on Earth. The carbon cycle is important because carbon dioxide regulates the climate and carbon is necessary for life through photosynthesis and respiration. Human activities like burning fossil fuels have disrupted the natural carbon cycle and increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, contributing to global warming.
Carbon cycle
Carbon cycles between the earth and atmosphere in a repeating process. Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air through photosynthesis, and animals release carbon back into the air when they exhale or when dead plants and animals decompose. Some carbon becomes trapped underground in deposits like oil and coal, and is slowly released back into the atmosphere over many years through natural processes or faster when humans burn fossil fuels. Maintaining the balance of the carbon cycle is important for regulating the earth's climate.
Ozone layer depletion final
The document discusses ozone depletion and its effects. It begins by explaining how ozone is formed through solar radiation interacting with oxygen in the stratosphere. It then describes the crucial role of the ozone layer in protecting from harmful UV radiation. The document outlines both natural and anthropogenic processes that can deplete the ozone layer, such as nitrogen oxides and ozone-depleting substances like CFCs. Finally, it discusses the effects of ozone depletion on climate, human health, plants, marine ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycles.
Final World Ozone Day 14sept09
Observe World Ozone Day
16 September 2009
About World Ozone Day
In 1994, the United Nations General Assembly voted to designate 16 September as
World Ozone Day, to commemorate the establishment of the Montreal Protocol
on this date in 1987. The theme for 2009 is “Universal participation: Ozone
protection unifies the world”.
Ozone Depletion
Ozone depletion describes a decline in stratospheric ozone levels since the 1970s, with a seasonal ozone hole forming over Antarctica each spring. The primary cause is chlorine and bromine atoms released from man-made chemicals like CFCs. In polar regions, ozone depletion is greatly enhanced by reactions on surfaces of polar stratospheric clouds that convert stable reservoir compounds into reactive radicals, catalytically destroying ozone. The Antarctic ozone hole forms each spring when sunlight drives these reactions after polar stratospheric clouds form over the winter.
Ozone Depletion
Ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from harmful UV rays but its concentration is being reduced by ozone-depleting pollutants like CFCs and NOx. CFCs were commonly used in aerosol sprays and refrigerants until they were banned, but their effects will persist for a long time. When CFCs and NOx reach the stratosphere, their breakdown releases chlorine and nitrogen atoms that catalyze the destruction of ozone molecules, reducing the protective ozone layer. Alternatives to CFCs without chlorine, like HFCs and HCFCs, have been developed to prevent further ozone depletion.
Ozone depletion
The document discusses ozone layer depletion caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and the international response. It explains that CFCs released into the atmosphere rise into the stratosphere and destroy ozone molecules, thinning the ozone layer. This allows more harmful ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth's surface, increasing health and environmental risks. In response, the 1987 Montreal Protocol phased out CFC production and led to the ozone layer's gradual recovery, with full restoration expected by 2060-2075. The Montreal Protocol is considered very successful global environmental cooperation.
Carbon cycle
The document discusses the carbon cycle, which involves carbon continually moving through living organisms, oceans, atmosphere, and rocks. There are four main subcycles - the rock subcycle over millions of years, ocean subcycle over hundreds of years, biological subcycle over days to years, and fossil fuel subcycle over millions of years being released in recent decades. Carbon is essential for life and plays a key role in climate as a greenhouse gas.
Carbon Cycle
The document summarizes the carbon cycle, which is the movement of carbon between different reservoirs on Earth and in its atmosphere. Carbon continually cycles between living organisms, oceans, atmosphere, and rocks through various processes over timescales ranging from years to millions of years. Key parts of the cycle include photosynthesis fixing carbon from the atmosphere into organisms, respiration and decomposition releasing carbon back to the air, and geological processes like weathering sequestering carbon in rocks over millions of years.
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The document discusses ozone depletion and its causes, effects, and solutions. It explains that CFCs released into the atmosphere destroy stratospheric ozone, leading to formation of the ozone hole. This increased UV exposure can cause skin cancer, eye disease, and harm ecosystems by reducing plankton populations. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol phased out CFCs and countries are working to restore the ozone layer.
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The document discusses biogeochemical cycles and focuses on the carbon cycle. It explains that the carbon cycle involves the exchange of carbon among the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Carbon is critical and cycles through reservoirs like CO2 in the atmosphere, as well as being stored long-term in fossil fuels and limestone. The cycling of carbon is important as it transfers energy and forms new carbon compounds while releasing oxygen. However, human burning of fossil fuels has unbalanced the carbon cycle by releasing stored carbon too quickly, increasing CO2 in the atmosphere and global warming.
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The document summarizes information about the ozone layer, its formation and function, how it protects the Earth from UV radiation, and issues with its depletion. It discusses that the ozone layer is a concentration of ozone molecules in the stratosphere that absorbs harmful UV rays. It forms through interactions between oxygen and radiation, and maintains a balance through continuous breaking down and reforming. However, CFCs released into the atmosphere can destroy ozone molecules and cause depletion. This puts life on Earth at risk by increasing UV exposure.
Carbon sequestation 3
Carbon sequestration involves capturing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in order to reduce greenhouse gas levels and mitigate climate change. It can be done through geological sequestration underground, ocean sequestration by injecting carbon dioxide deep into the ocean, and terrestrial sequestration through photosynthesis in plants and soils. Terrestrial sequestration provides benefits like improved soil structure, increased water retention and fertility, reduced erosion, and healthier ecosystems. Various technologies can be used to capture carbon dioxide from fossil fuel power plants pre-combustion, post-combustion, or through oxyfuel combustion.
Siminari pollution.(ozone layer depletion)
The document discusses the composition and layers of the atmosphere, with a focus on the ozone layer. It describes the ozone layer as a concentration of ozone molecules in the stratosphere that protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation. It then explains that chlorofluorocarbons released from human activities were depleting the ozone layer by releasing chlorine atoms that break down ozone molecules. While regulations have led to a reduction in ozone-depleting substances, full recovery of the ozone layer is not expected until around 2050.
Ozone Depletion & Climate Disruption: Different But Related Atmospheric Problems
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Compares the science, causes & impacts of climate change & ozone depletion. What made ozone depletion a much easier problem to address than climate disruption?International ozone day
International Ozone Day is presented to discuss the ozone layer and the threats to it. The ozone layer protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released into the atmosphere were depleting the ozone layer. This led to the discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica in 1985. In response, the Montreal Protocol was established in 1987 to phase out the production of ozone-depleting substances and allow the ozone layer to recover by 2050 to 2075.
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Ozone depletion is the gradual destruction of Earth's protective ozone layer by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released into the atmosphere. The ozone layer shields life on Earth from ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. CFCs are the main cause of ozone layer damage as the chlorine they contain destroys ozone molecules. CFCs are found in aerosol sprays, refrigerants, and Styrofoam. Consequences of ozone depletion include damage to plants and animals, increased skin cancer and cataracts in humans. International agreements aim to reduce CFC usage and emissions to help prevent further ozone depletion.
world ozone day
World Ozone Day is celebrated annually on September 16th to raise awareness of ozone layer depletion. The 1995 theme was "Caring for all life under the sun". Frank Rowland, Mario Molina, and Paul Crutzen were awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their research showing that CFCs deplete stratospheric ozone. Ozone depletion leads to increased UV radiation exposure which harms human health, crops, and ecosystems. The Montreal Protocol was adopted in 1987 to phase out ozone depleting substances and has been successful in stabilizing ozone layer recovery.
The carbon cycle
Plants take in carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and convert it into sugar for energy storage. Through respiration, plants and animals release carbon dioxide as a waste product when breaking down sugar and other carbon-containing tissues. Decomposers and geological processes like the formation of fossil fuels and sedimentary rock also release carbon back into the atmosphere and oceans, completing the carbon cycle over long timescales.
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The carbon and oxygen cycles describe the movement of carbon and oxygen between the biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants through photosynthesis and released through respiration, while oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis and used in respiration. Human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, contributing to the greenhouse effect and global warming. This disrupts global climate patterns and ecosystems.
2.2 Cycles Of Matter
The three important cycles of matter are the water cycle, carbon and oxygen cycles, and nitrogen cycle. The water cycle involves evaporation, condensation, and precipitation in a continuous process where water moves from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back. Evaporation changes liquid water to a gas, condensation changes a gas to a liquid forming clouds, and precipitation causes liquid drops to fall back to Earth as rain, snow, sleet or hail. The carbon and oxygen cycles involve producers using carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen through photosynthesis. Nitrogen fixation by bacteria changes nitrogen gas into a usable form, occurring in nodules on plant roots to make nitrogen available to organisms.
2
The carbon cycle describes the movement of carbon between the atmosphere, organisms, sediments like fossil fuels and the ocean. Carbon is exchanged through photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, combustion and other processes and moves repeatedly between living and nonliving matter on Earth. The carbon cycle is important because carbon dioxide regulates the climate and carbon is necessary for life through photosynthesis and respiration. Human activities like burning fossil fuels have disrupted the natural carbon cycle and increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, contributing to global warming.
Carbon cycle
Carbon cycles between the earth and atmosphere in a repeating process. Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air through photosynthesis, and animals release carbon back into the air when they exhale or when dead plants and animals decompose. Some carbon becomes trapped underground in deposits like oil and coal, and is slowly released back into the atmosphere over many years through natural processes or faster when humans burn fossil fuels. Maintaining the balance of the carbon cycle is important for regulating the earth's climate.
Ozone layer depletion final
The document discusses ozone depletion and its effects. It begins by explaining how ozone is formed through solar radiation interacting with oxygen in the stratosphere. It then describes the crucial role of the ozone layer in protecting from harmful UV radiation. The document outlines both natural and anthropogenic processes that can deplete the ozone layer, such as nitrogen oxides and ozone-depleting substances like CFCs. Finally, it discusses the effects of ozone depletion on climate, human health, plants, marine ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycles.
Final World Ozone Day 14sept09
Observe World Ozone Day
16 September 2009
About World Ozone Day
In 1994, the United Nations General Assembly voted to designate 16 September as
World Ozone Day, to commemorate the establishment of the Montreal Protocol
on this date in 1987. The theme for 2009 is “Universal participation: Ozone
protection unifies the world”.
Ozone Depletion
Ozone depletion describes a decline in stratospheric ozone levels since the 1970s, with a seasonal ozone hole forming over Antarctica each spring. The primary cause is chlorine and bromine atoms released from man-made chemicals like CFCs. In polar regions, ozone depletion is greatly enhanced by reactions on surfaces of polar stratospheric clouds that convert stable reservoir compounds into reactive radicals, catalytically destroying ozone. The Antarctic ozone hole forms each spring when sunlight drives these reactions after polar stratospheric clouds form over the winter.
Ozone Depletion
Ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from harmful UV rays but its concentration is being reduced by ozone-depleting pollutants like CFCs and NOx. CFCs were commonly used in aerosol sprays and refrigerants until they were banned, but their effects will persist for a long time. When CFCs and NOx reach the stratosphere, their breakdown releases chlorine and nitrogen atoms that catalyze the destruction of ozone molecules, reducing the protective ozone layer. Alternatives to CFCs without chlorine, like HFCs and HCFCs, have been developed to prevent further ozone depletion.
Ozone depletion
The document discusses ozone layer depletion caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and the international response. It explains that CFCs released into the atmosphere rise into the stratosphere and destroy ozone molecules, thinning the ozone layer. This allows more harmful ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth's surface, increasing health and environmental risks. In response, the 1987 Montreal Protocol phased out CFC production and led to the ozone layer's gradual recovery, with full restoration expected by 2060-2075. The Montreal Protocol is considered very successful global environmental cooperation.
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Carbon is an essential element for all life forms on Earth. Whether these life forms
take in carbon to help manufacture food or release carbon as part of respiration, the
intake and output of carbon is a component of all plant and animal life.
The carbon cycle is vital to life on Earth. Nature tends to keep carbon levels balanced,
meaning that the amount of carbon naturally released from reservoirs is equal to the
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3. Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns primarily due to human activities like burning fossil fuels, which generate greenhouse gases and cause the greenhouse effect of trapping heat in the atmosphere.
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The Big Picture
- 1. The Big Picture Narrated by Conor Flynn
- 3. Planetary Boundaries: “Safe Operating Space” Rockström, et al. 2009. Ecology and Society14(2): 32
- 8. 86 tonnes VOC/completion, 1-10 tonnes VOC annually
- 12. Conor’s Model SOURCE SINK POOL
- 13. Deepwater Horizon: The Straw that Broke the Camel’s Back?
- 14. DH: 172,000,000 Gallons
- 15. Global Spills
- 16. Acute vs Chronic
- 18. DH: 410 thousand tonnes
- 26. DH: 410 thousand tonnes
- 27. DH: 4.1 thousand tonnes PAH US Consumers: 10.0 thousand tonnes PAH
- 28. Conor’s Model SOURCE SINK POOL
- 29. Discussion Oil is Natural The Dose is the Poison The Ocean is Really, Really Big The Solution for Pollution is Dilution Exceptions: Systemic accumulation Bioaccumulation
- 31. Conor’s Refined Model SOURCE: Natural, Anthropogenic: Extraction Transportation Consumption SINK: Degraded, Evaporated, Dissolved Dispersed BIOTA: Bioaccumulate, Biodegrade OIL SPILL Physically Protected: Slick, Mousse, Tar balls
- 34. Jones HP, Schmitz OJ (2009) Rapid Recovery of Damaged Ecosystems. PLoS ONE 4(5): e5653. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005653