The document discusses various environmental cycles including water, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and energy. It cautions that while natural cycles have historically functioned under the assumption of infinite reservoirs, human activities are overwhelming these finite systems. Kinetics and thermodynamics dictate that as equilibrium is approached, degradation rates will slow and reverse reactions will increase, counteracting dilution-based solutions to pollution. Understanding of these global interconnected systems and long-term planning are needed to develop sustainable solutions.
Carbon cycle is a biogeochemical in which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere of earth.
In earth’s atmosphere , CO2 is only 0.32%.
The process of photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition move carbon through carbon cycle partly as CO2.
Carbon is the backbone of life on Earth.
SOURCES
CARBON CYCLE
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF CARBON CYCLE
TYPES
SLOW CARBON CYCLE
FAST CARBON CYCLE
CATEGORIES OF CARBON
PROCESS INVOLVED
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
COMBUSTION
RESPIRATION
DECOMPOSITION
MINERALISATION
IMMOBILISATION
ASSIMILATION
IMPORTANCE OF CARBON CYCLE
Carbon cycle is a biogeochemical in which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere of earth.
In earth’s atmosphere , CO2 is only 0.32%.
The process of photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition move carbon through carbon cycle partly as CO2.
Carbon is the backbone of life on Earth.
SOURCES
CARBON CYCLE
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF CARBON CYCLE
TYPES
SLOW CARBON CYCLE
FAST CARBON CYCLE
CATEGORIES OF CARBON
PROCESS INVOLVED
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
COMBUSTION
RESPIRATION
DECOMPOSITION
MINERALISATION
IMMOBILISATION
ASSIMILATION
IMPORTANCE OF CARBON CYCLE
The problems attract worldwide attention K/a Global Environmental Problems.
The top three environmental problems are: (1) Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming (2) Depletion of Ozone and (3) Acid Rain.
a ppt on the biology chapter natural resources that covers all the major points on the Carbon Cycle. For class 9 students. Hope you like it and it helps you!!
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The problems attract worldwide attention K/a Global Environmental Problems.
The top three environmental problems are: (1) Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming (2) Depletion of Ozone and (3) Acid Rain.
a ppt on the biology chapter natural resources that covers all the major points on the Carbon Cycle. For class 9 students. Hope you like it and it helps you!!
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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3. “Solution to Pollution is Dilution”
Mantra presumes infinite reservoirs.
Treats pollution as a local concentration to
be reduced by an of natural purity.
Need for reduction well below LD50.
Diffusion and mass transport aid the myth.
Unrelenting contamination overwhelms.
All sinks are finite sinks.
Equilibrium and kinetics are unforgiving.
4. Kinetics and Thermodynamics
In evolving systems, current states are
a function of both.
Thermodynamics says where equilibrium
would lie if it ever arrived.
Kinetics declares the rate at which species
are evolving in time.
• Via the rates of chemical reactions
• Via diffusion and mass transport
5. Degradation in Dilution Model
As equilibrium (pollution homogeneity)
approaches, sink rates slow.
Product “pressures” dictate that reverse
reactions (return of contaminants) rise
to counter the cleansing protocols.
dilution is not the answer.
Understanding & long-range planning are.
6. Global Water Cycle
Despite drought and its famine …
Water’s global cycle is little altered by us.
Solar evaporation humid atmosphere
Cresting waves microscopic salt crystals
Rising air currents lower air Tadiabatic
Salt crystals seed condensation.
Rainfall snares soluble gases, feeds Life,
erodes mountains, and returns to the sea.
7. But, as everything is connected…
Anthropogenic particulates influence
where it rains, and downwind it doesn’t.
Anthropogenic combustion influences
what the rain dissolves and bombards.
H2O, the universal solvent, brings acid rain.
Global Warming shifts precip. patterns.
Redistributes coastlines and grain belts.
Feast & famine migrates on the globe.
8. Acid Rain
Natural Acidity, CO2(aq)
PCO2 = 370 ppmv, KH, Ka1 yield pH 5.6
SO3 & N2O5 are strong acid anhydrides.
Vulcanism, sour crude, and ore smelting
produce S3; Nature is a minority polluter.
CaS4 & H2S4 recovery are economical.
pH 4 recorded in (now dead) lakes.
9. O2 Cycle Secure
Atmospheric O2 now at 1.21015 ton
Holding there for over 500 million years!
Biosphere holds only 1013 ton, but seas are
a 1.41018 ton reserve (as H2O).
Photosynthesis/Decay are the major
source/sink at 109 ton each annually.
1015 ton/109 ton yr–1 106 yr O2 lifetime
Unless we clearcut & poison seas, O2 is OK.
10. Carbon Cycle
Natural
• 2.51012 ton in atmosphere vs. 1.31014 in sea.
– 1011 ton yr–1 exchange gives ~25 yr residency.
– So oceans are the perfect sink for excess CO2.
• 1013 ton in biosphere exchange 61010 ton yr–1.
Anthropogenic
• Fuel burn at ~10% of photosynthesis/decay
exchange increases atmospheric CO2. Seas can
absorb but only eventually. Le Châtlier wins.
11. Growing CO2 Warms the Earth
Greenhouse Effect is essential for Life!
Earth’s radiative balance (solar input vs. IR
output) leaves <TEarth> ~ – 20°C
• Almost all water would be ice everywhere.
• But Life requires ℓiquid water!
H2O(g) and CO2 absorb outbound IR and
reradiate it omnidirectionally.
• So Earth intercepts ~½ that absorbed IR and
gains <T> to +15°C. H2O(ℓ) & we exist.
12. Venus, the Runaway Greenhouse
Being closer to Sol, Venus intercepts
twice the solar flux of Earth.
But it is twice as reflective (albedo), so
its <Tradiative> is about the same, –29°C.
But it’s surface T averages +435°C!
90 atm CO2 gives an IR thickness of 68.
Earth’s optical thickness is only 0.68
13. Earthly Implications
We won’t become Venus, but …
PCO2 up 30% since Industrial Revolution.
Fossil fuel combustion. PCO2 now 370 ppmv
Growth in 2000 is +0.4% per year
2 the average growth rate of last 150 yrs.
~600 ppmv in next 75 yrs, over 2 natural.
Earth’s <T> is rising. T~2-3°C now.
• 5-6°C triggers climate changes.
14. Greenhouse Fixes
Negative population growth.
• Guarantees standard of living but impractical.
Reduce burning of fossil fuels & forests.
• H2/O2 fuel cells work in developed countries.
• Nuclear power grid practical but unpopular.
• But developing countries cannot afford either
and have the highest population growths!
Plan for and resign to the changes.
15. Nitrogen Cycle
Natural
• 3.81015 ton in atmosphere resident 107 yrs.
• Only 2.21013 ton in sea; 3.51010 in biomass
• Life requires fixation (to NH3) by bacteria.
– 2.3108 ton/yr fixation and (reverse) denitrification
Anthropogenic
• Crops, fertilizer & engines fix 0.8108 ton/yr
• Combustion denitrifies 0.3108 ton/yr
• Only a 13 ppb annual change; N sweat.
16. Nitrogen Caveats
NOX (generic nitrogen oxides)
Fixation in engines generates NOX
• Terrestrial contaminant of acid rain (HNO3)
• Stratospheric contaminant of ozone destruction
– NO + O3 NO2 + O2
– NO2 + O NO + O2
Runoff from fertilized fields
• Supports algal growth in waterways.
• Algae consume O2 and suffocate water fauna.
18. The Energy Cycle
1/3 of available solar energy absorbed.
2/3 (planetary albedo) reflected into space.
Most insolation warms oceans.
Oceanic gyres (currents) transport solar
heat to the poles to disperse it (where
insolation is oblique) returning cold water.
Earth’s energy departs as infrared light.
Man’s heat budget no threat to Nature.
But climate change & desertification change albedo!
19. The Atmosphere
A heated ideal gas w condensible (H2O)
turbulent in the majority of its moles.
Mesosphere interacts w solar “wind.”
• O2 + hUVC 2 O < 2000Å
Stratosphere, home to the O3 blanket.
O + O2 + M O3 + M*
O3 + hUVB O + O2 + heat < 3000Å
• O + O3 2 O2
20. Stratospheric Contamination
CFC, chlorofluorocarbons (CnClxFy)
• CFyClx + hUV CFyClx–1 + Cl
Cl + O3 ClO + O2
ClO + O Cl + O2
• ~50 year ClOX lifetime & still migrating up.
• Ozone hole at both poles migrating down.
• NOX also destroys odd oxygen catalytically.
Fix: international agreement to end CFC
21. Troposphere
Up to 8-12 km above sea level.
Turbulent!
Tropopause (boundary with stratosphere)
stops weather because it’s warmer above.
Air pollution in troposphere (photochemistry)
• NO2+ O2 + h NO + O3
• O3 + h O + O2
• O + H2O 2 OH [OH] ~ 106 molecules/cc
• OH radical is dominant oxidizer in troposphere!
22. Smog: health hazard
“Smoke and fog,” a term from London.
Engine exhaust components
CO, NO, unburnt hydrocarbons
Lean mix minimizes CO, hc, maximizes NO
Rich mix minimizes NO, maximizes CO, hc
• Run a little rich and catalytically kill CO to CO2
OH + CO + O2 CO2 + HO2
Peroxides like PeroxyAcetylNitrate result
23. Hydrosphere
All the waterways on Earth
Civilization created on rivers (Euphrates)
Population pressure
Irrigation consumes rivers, lakes, aquifers
Salts concentrated in what little is left
Industrial and Agricultural pollution
Both chemical and thermal (remediable)
24. Biosphere
The zone of Life
Wherever it’s found: thermal vents?
Ocean: Life’s Nursery and O2 Factory
Phytoplankton make ~90% of photo-
synthetic O2 on Earth. Sensitive to UV!
So bigger ozone holes adversely effect O2
production.
PhytoplanktonZooplanktonFishUs.
25. Frankenfixes
Altering the environment chemically
alters the kind and number of lifeforms.
Cleaning the environment can rest, in
part, on genetic engineering.
Giving wheat Rhizobia, reduces fertilizer.
Giving bacteria a taste for oil, cleans spills.
But it’s not nice to fool Mother Nature
unless you are as smart as She.
26. Environmental Awareness
As scientists, we are morally obliged to
consider the consequences of our acts.
We create a molecule for profit but
must consider its fate when discarded.
E.g., plastic bottles now biodegrade and
are no longer immortal.
E.g., non-chlorinated refrigerants now cool
beer without sacrificing the Ozone Layer.