Biomarkers of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Systemic Sclerosis diseases activity in a sample of Egyptian patients :Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Soluble Interleukin-2 Receptor, Case Control Study
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc) are systemic inflammatory autoimmune disorders characterized by a large spectrum of clinical and laboratory features. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible use of serum level of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1(sICAM-1) and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2Ra) as biomarkers for monitoring of SLE and SSc disease activity. Moreover, it aimed to compare the specificity and sensitivity as well as cut-off value of both biomarkers in a sample of Egyptian patients. 50 SLE patients, 30 SSc patients and 60 age and sex matched healthy controls were enrolled in our study. sICAM-1and sIL-2Ra were measured in serum samples obtained from all participants. In addition to Erythosedimentation rate (ESR), complete blood count (CBC), Antineuclearantibodies (ANA) estimation, disease activity of both diseases were also assessed. sICAM-1and sIL-2Ra levels were higher in SLE and SSc patients versus control. Both parameters are correlated with each other as well as the activity parameters. A cut-off levels of 455.59 (ng/ml) &2525935 (pg/ml) in both SLE & SSs respectively was observed with the highest specificity and sensitivity. It could be concluded that sICAM-1 and sIL-2Ra are noninvasive biomarkers for SLE and SSc that could play a pathophysiologic role in development and progression of both diseases. Moreover, sICAM-1 and sIL-2Ra are correlated with the disease activity at cut-off values of 455.59 (ng/ml) & 2525935(pg/ml) respectively.
study of hematological paremeter in sepsis patients and its prognostic implic...RahulGupta1687
The current study was a cross-sectional study with a sample size of 117 patients with sepsis. Various hematological parameters of all the patients were obtained on day of admission (day 1) and seventh day (day 7) using hemogram reports and the difference of their statistical mean and standard deviation was estimated.
Search for atoxic cereals: a single blind, cross-over study on the safety of...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Cereals of baking quality with absent or reduced toxicity are actively sought as alternative therapy to a gluten-free diet (GFD) for patients with coeliac disease (CD). Triticum monococcum, an ancient wheat, is a potential candidate having no toxicity in in-vitro and exvivo studies. The aim of our study was to investigate on the safety of administration of a single dose of gluten of Tm in patients with CD on GFD.
study of hematological paremeter in sepsis patients and its prognostic implic...RahulGupta1687
The current study was a cross-sectional study with a sample size of 117 patients with sepsis. Various hematological parameters of all the patients were obtained on day of admission (day 1) and seventh day (day 7) using hemogram reports and the difference of their statistical mean and standard deviation was estimated.
Search for atoxic cereals: a single blind, cross-over study on the safety of...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Cereals of baking quality with absent or reduced toxicity are actively sought as alternative therapy to a gluten-free diet (GFD) for patients with coeliac disease (CD). Triticum monococcum, an ancient wheat, is a potential candidate having no toxicity in in-vitro and exvivo studies. The aim of our study was to investigate on the safety of administration of a single dose of gluten of Tm in patients with CD on GFD.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Novel tools for immune quiecense monitoring in kidney transplanation poster a...Kevin Jaglinski
Organ transplant patients face life-long immunosuppression (IS) with increased morbidity. Currently unknown numbers of kidney transplant recipients develop a state of targeted immune quiescence (Operational Tolerance, TOL) allowing them to withdraw IS while retaining stable graft function and continuing immune responses against 3rd party antigens. Transcriptional Profiling Peripheral Blood is a means to provide a gene signature to monitor this state of TOL, to titrate IS in patients with this signature, and to better understand the underlying biology.
- 9th American Annual Meeting of the American Society of Gene Therapy – May 2006, Baltimore, Maryland. Poster presentation: “Long Term effects of intramyocardial pcDNA3-VEGF165 transfer after experimental myocardial infarction in the rat scar tissue extracellular matrix”.
HIGH SENSITIVE C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (hs-CRP) AND ITS CORRELATION WITH ANGIOGRAP...M A Hasnat
Association between the plasma hs-CRP levels and the severity of coronary
stenosis in subjects remains controversial. This cross sectional study was performed in the
Department of Cardiology, Dhaka Medical College during July 2008 to December 2009, to determine whether the concentrations of hs-CRP correlate with the coronary atherosclerotic disease assessed by coronary angiography.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Novel tools for immune quiecense monitoring in kidney transplanation poster a...Kevin Jaglinski
Organ transplant patients face life-long immunosuppression (IS) with increased morbidity. Currently unknown numbers of kidney transplant recipients develop a state of targeted immune quiescence (Operational Tolerance, TOL) allowing them to withdraw IS while retaining stable graft function and continuing immune responses against 3rd party antigens. Transcriptional Profiling Peripheral Blood is a means to provide a gene signature to monitor this state of TOL, to titrate IS in patients with this signature, and to better understand the underlying biology.
- 9th American Annual Meeting of the American Society of Gene Therapy – May 2006, Baltimore, Maryland. Poster presentation: “Long Term effects of intramyocardial pcDNA3-VEGF165 transfer after experimental myocardial infarction in the rat scar tissue extracellular matrix”.
HIGH SENSITIVE C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (hs-CRP) AND ITS CORRELATION WITH ANGIOGRAP...M A Hasnat
Association between the plasma hs-CRP levels and the severity of coronary
stenosis in subjects remains controversial. This cross sectional study was performed in the
Department of Cardiology, Dhaka Medical College during July 2008 to December 2009, to determine whether the concentrations of hs-CRP correlate with the coronary atherosclerotic disease assessed by coronary angiography.
Similar to Biomarkers of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Systemic Sclerosis diseases activity in a sample of Egyptian patients :Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Soluble Interleukin-2 Receptor, Case Control Study
Dr. Angela Christiano presents an update on genetic and immunological studies in alopecia areata. Dr. Christiano’s research has helped clarify the immunologic mechanisms behind the disease. Now, early clinical trials with existing drugs that specifically target these mechanisms are showing promising hair regrowth. Dr. Christiano is the Richard and Mildred Rhodebeck Professor of Dermatology and Professor of Genetics & Development, and Vice Chair for Basic Science Research in Dermatology at Columbia University.
Abnormal Sodium and Chlorine Level Is Associated With Prognosis of Lung Cance...semualkaira
The imbalance of sodium and chloride ions occurs frequently in patients with lung cancer. However, the correlation between ion concentration change and patients prognosis have not been studied thoroughly. Our research will fill the gap, especially for high ion concentration.
Abnormal Sodium and Chlorine Level Is Associated With Prognosis of Lung Cance...semualkaira
The imbalance of sodium and chloride ions occurs frequently in patients with lung cancer. However, the correlation between ion concentration change and patients prognosis have not been studied thoroughly. Our research will fill the gap, especially for high ion concentration.
Abnormal Sodium and Chlorine Level Is Associated With Prognosis of Lung Cance...JohnJulie1
The imbalance of sodium and chloride ions occurs frequently in patients with lung cancer. However, the correlation between ion concentration change and patients prognosis have not been studied thoroughly. Our research will fill the gap, especially for high ion concentration.
Abnormal Sodium and Chlorine Level Is Associated With Prognosis of Lung Cance...daranisaha
The imbalance of sodium and chloride ions occurs frequently in patients with lung cancer. However, the correlation between ion concentration change and patients prognosis have not been studied thoroughly. Our research will fill the gap, especially for high ion concentration.
The study to measure the level of serum annexin V in patients with renal hype...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : Renovascular hypertension reflects the causal relation between anatomically evident arterial occlusive disease and elevated blood pressure. The coexistence of renal arterial vascular disease and hypertension roughly defines this type of nonessential hypertension. The aim of this study was to measure the level of serum Anti-Annexin V antibodies in patients with renal hypertension. Methods. This study was conducted on 115 patients, diagnosed with renal hypertension and hypertension. Informed consents were obtained from the patients and the study was approved by the Kharkiv National Medical University ethics committee. Ten healthy age and sex matched volunteers were included as a control group. All patients and controls were subjected to the following full history taking and thorough clinical examination. Routine laboratory testing included a complete blood count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and kidney function tests (blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine). Immunological tests for antinuclear antibody (ANA) and anticentromere antibodies (ACA) was performed by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. AntiScl-70 (anti-topoisomerase antibodies) and anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA: IgG and IgM) were tested using the ELISA technique. The anti-annexin V antibodies titre used the ZYMUTEST anti-Annexin IgG ELISA kit. [Hyphen-BioMed, France.]: to measure the IgG isotype of auto-antibodies to annexin V in human serum. Results. Anti-annexin V antibodies were present in 75% of patients (mean 83.46 ± 22.44 AU/mL) vs. 0% in the controls (mean 3.94 ± 4.5 AU/mL). Comparison between patients and controls as regards levels of anti-annexin V showed a highly significant difference (P < 0.001). Furthermore, correlation of anti-annexin V titres with the disease activity score in the patient group showed a statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.51, P < 0.05).In addition, the anti-annexin V antibody titres in this study showed a highly significant positive correlation with ACL antibodies (r = 0.74, P < 0.001). Patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) have been known to have a higher frequency of anti-annexin V antibodies, and thrombotic events have been reported more frequently in patients with positive anti-annexin V antibodies. Furthermore, inhibition of annexin V binding to negatively charged phospholipids may be an additional pathogenic mechanism of APS.
Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein, a member of the transforming growth factor-B super family. This hormone is a sensitive marker of ovarian reserve. The present study aims to measure the Anti-Mullerian hormone in thalassemic females receiving the regular blood transfusion as well as patients of chronic idiopathic thrombocgtopenic purpura and age and sex matched controls. Serum Anti-Mullerian hormone was measured by ELISA and Ferritin were measured by RIA. Clinical evaluation was done for all patients including anthropometric measurements, pubertal staging and history taking. Results of the study were analyzed by appropriate statistical methods. Obtained results revealed that the values of Body Mass Index as well as Anti-Mullerian were significantly higher in controls than thalassemics and chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and there was a negative correlation between serum Ferritin and Anti-Mullerian hormone. Moreover, Anti-Mullerian hormone was significantly higher in patients receiving Desferal than in those receiving Deferriprone. Reduced Anti-Mullerian hormone in thalassemics as well as chronic ITP patients are considered an important indicator declines in ovarian function which entail modification in the therapeutic plans for thalassemic and chronic ITP patients.
Serum interleukin - 6 level among sudanese patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors:Safaa I.A Nasr , Rbab A.M Adam , Hala M.M Ibrahim , Afra S.A Abdelgadir , Ibrahim Alkider , Solomon M. Gamde , Simon P. Abriba
Int J Biol Med Res. 2023; 14(4): 7652-7654 | Abstract | PDF File
Copeptin as a Novel Biomarker in the Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction...Premier Publishers
To evaluate the diagnostic value of Copeptin as a novel biomarker in early diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction. 56 patients with acute Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) and 25 healthy controls who were admitted to the Cardiology and Clinical Pathology Departments, national heart institute (NHI) from October 2015 to April 2016. The kit used a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) to assay the level of Human Copeptin in samples. As regard copeptin, the median range of copeptin level was 242.5pg/ml in patient group and 75pg/ml in control group. The comparative study between the two groups shows a significant difference (p < 0.05) Conclusion: Copeptin is a reliable diagnostic tool in patients with AMI (STEMI) with sensitivity 85.7%, specificity 86.7%, PPV 96% and NPV 61.9%.
Background: It is often difficult to predict which newborn with HIE will develop neurological sequlae so there is an urgent need for predictors for adverse neurological outcomes in these infants. Aim of Study: To evaluate the serum levels of serum amyloid A (SAA) protein in newborns with HIE during the first week of life and after 3 and 6 months of follow up to assess its correlation with degree of HIE neurological sequlee. Patients and Methods; This case-control study was conducted on 72 infants; group (1) included 36 full term neonates diagnosed as HIE and group (2)included 36 age and sex matched, infants as a control group, Serum amyloid A by ELIZA technique was measured at post natal age of 1 and 7 days, CT scan was done in justified cases .with follow up at age of 3 and 6 months for neurological sequlee. Results: SAA protein level was elevated in the asphyxiated group in comparison to the control group at day 1 and day 7, SAA level was significantly correlated to the Sarnat scoring system of HIE. SAA level significantly differ on follow up of developmental milestone at age of 3 and 6 months. ROC curve for validity of SAA for severity of HIE at cut off point > 25μg/ml at day 1 and at cut off point > 20 μg/ml at day 7 of HIE diagnosis reported sensitivity 100% and specificity 100% .Conclusion: SAA correlates with the severity of HIE and higher SAA expression is a prognostic marker for morbidity in these infants.
ANALYTICAL AND QUANTITATIVE CYTOPATHOLOGY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY
Similar to Biomarkers of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Systemic Sclerosis diseases activity in a sample of Egyptian patients :Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Soluble Interleukin-2 Receptor, Case Control Study (20)
Ameliorative potential of the quercetin on lead-induced testicular damage mor...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background
Quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid known for its potent antioxidant properties, has been investigated for its potential in counteracting the harmful effects of lead (Pb) toxicity, which induces apoptosis and oxidative damage in various human tissues. This study aims to assess the reparative effects of quercetin on lead-induced testicular damage.
Methods
Four groups, each comprising ten adult male albino rats, were randomly assigned as follows: Quercetin group, Pb group, Pb + Quercetin group, and control group. All treatments were administered orally via gavage daily for a duration of 30 days. Evaluation of sex hormone levels (serum testosterone, FSH, and LH), cytokines and inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1), lead concentration, oxidative and antioxidant stress markers (superoxide anion [O2−], MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH), and sperm characteristics were carried out.
Results
The results demonstrated a significant decline in sex hormones and antioxidants, accompanied by an increase in lead concentrations, cytokines, inflammatory mediators, and oxidative stress indicators (O2−, MDA), while SOD, CAT, and GSH levels were reduced. The Pb-intoxicated group exhibited a substantial increase in dead and abnormal sperm, along with significant reductions in sperm concentration and motility. Morphometrically, a marked decrease was observed in spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, spermatids, and sertoli cells per seminiferous tubule, as well as epithelial height. Furthermore, coadministration of quercetin exhibited notable benefits. It significantly elevated testosterone levels (P < 0.001), testicular SOD, CAT, and GSH activities, while decreasing MDA levels (P < 0.001). Quercetin also mitigated the deleterious effects of lead toxicity on sperm parameters and restored morphometric variations, including epithelial height.
Conclusions
Quercetin supplementation alongside lead exposure showed a potential for ameliorating degenerative changes caused by lead toxicity in the testicles. This cotreatment effectively reduced oxidative stress, cytokine levels, inflammatory mediators, and restored biochemical alterations, thereby improving morphometric parameters.
The pattern of branching and intercommunications of the musculocutaneous nerv...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background:
The aim of the present work was to provide evidence about the anatomical variations as regard the origin, distribution, and branching pattern of the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN).
Materials and methods:
Brachial plexus was dissected in 40 upper limbs of 20 male adult cadavers. The pattern of the musculocutaneous nerve was photographed by a digital camera.
Results:
The location and length of the nerve branches between left and right arms were recorded and statistically analyzed. In (90%) of specimens the MCN originates from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, in (5%) it arose from the median nerve (MN), while in the remaining (5%) specimen, it was absent. The musculocutaneous nerve pierced the coracobrachialis muscle in 90% of specimens, and in the remaining (10%) did not pierce it. The motor branches to biceps brachii muscle were categorized into: Type 1 (90%): one branch that divides to supply the two heads of biceps; Type 2 (5%): double branches, innervating each head of biceps separately. The motor branches to brachialis muscle were categorized into: Type 1 (82.9%): one branch; Type 2 (14.2%): double branches and Type 3 (2.9%): three branches that innervating brachialis muscle. Communications between the MCN and the MN were observed in 35% of specimens.
Conclusions:
The knowledge of the common and uncommon musculocutaneous nerve variations is important especially to the surgeons for carrying out surgical procedures in axilla and arm.
Morphohistometric analysis of the effects of Coriandrum sativum on cortical a...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Objective: Natural compounds can act as metal chelators and oxygen free radical scavengers, which allows them to be used as bioactive antagonists to heavy metals neurotoxicity. The aim of the study to analyze the morphometric effects of Coriandrum sativum (C. sativum) on lead-induced neurotoxicity.
Materials and Methods: Forty Sprague-Dawley albino rats were divided into four equal groups (ten in each group): control group; coriander group: received aqueous C. sativum extracts (600 mg/kg BW for 60 days orally); lead (Pb) group: received a daily dose of lead acetate (Pb) (10 mg/kg BW for 60 days orally); Pb+ coriandrum group: received: aqueous C. sativum extract (600 mg/kg BW) prior to 10 mg/kg BW of Pb. The following parameters malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured. Layers thickness and nuclei density were analyzed.
Results: Lead levels in blood and tissues were decreased significantly in the Pb group and those findings were corrected significantly (p=0.001) with C. sativum addition. Data exhibited an increase in oxidative stress marker MDA and a decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD, CAT, and GPx) significantly in the Pb group and those effects were reversed significantly (p=0.001) by C. sativum administration. The cerebellar cortex and all layers of the somatosensory cortex thickness and nuclei density were diminished significantly in the Pb group. The morphometrical measurements were corrected significantly (p=0.001) by C. sativum.
Conclusion: From the findings of the current study, Pb caused noticeable structural and functional variations in the cerebellar cortex and somatosensory cortex. C. sativum corrected these parameters as it possesses chelating and antioxidant potentials.
Background:
The anterolateral ligament (ALL) is a true well-defined ligament in the knee first described in 1879 by Segond. After the work of Claes et al., several studies were conducted about biomechanics and its role in stability of the knee. The anatomical existence of the ALL has been studied by and various radiographic diagnostic modalities and in cadavers. It originates from lateral femoral epicondyle and is inserted between Gerdy’s tubercle and the fibular head. There has been controversy about the existence of ALL in pediatric patients. The aim of this work was to confirm the presence of ALL in pediatric patients by using MRI.
Materials and Methods:
We reviewed the knee MRI scans of 100 pediatric patients (ages between one and 12 yr) who had no knee injury or congenital deformity and had been evaluated by an expert radiologist.
Results:
The ALL was detected in 90% of the pediatric patients with the use of MRI.
Conclusions:
The main finding of this study was that ALL can be seen in pediatric patients using MRI. Despite numerous studies, additional research is needed to further define the role of the ALL in knee function.
Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Protective effect of garlic extract against maternal and fetal cerebellar dam...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background: In spite of its industrial usefulness and varied daily uses, lead (Pb) pollution is a widespread ecological problem that faces the humans in the 21th century. Pb was found to produces a wide range of toxic effects including neurotoxicity especially to the developing and young offspring. Recently, the utilisation of herbal plants has received a significant attention where there has been rising awareness in their therapeutic use; among these is the garlic. In light of the above, the current study is designed experimentally in female pregnant rats in order to investigate the beneficial role of garlic extract in the protection from the maternal and foetal cerebellar damage produced by administration of different doses of Pb during pregnancy.
Materials and methods: Positively pregnant female rats were divided into five groups; one control group, two Pb-treated groups (exposed to 160 and 320 mg/kg b.w. of Pb, respectively) and two groups treated with both Pb and garlic (exposed to Pb as previous groups together with 250 mg/kg b.w./day of garlic extract). Treatments started from day 1 to day 20 of pregnancy, where the mother rats of different experimental groups were sacrificed to obtain the foetuses. Pb level in the maternal and foetal blood and cerebellum was estimated by spectrophotometry. Specimens of the cerebellum of different mother and foetal groups were processed to histological and immunohistochemical staining for microscopic examination.
Results: The results showed that administration of Pb to pregnant rats resulted in a dose-dependent toxicity for both mothers and foetuses in the form of decrease in maternal weight gain, placental and foetal weights, brain weight and diminished foetal growth parameters, which were prominent in rat's group treated with larger dose of Pb. In Pb-treated rats, Pb level in blood and cerebellum was high when compared with the control group. The histopathological examination of the cerebellum of treated dams and foetuses showed marked alterations mainly in the form of Purkinje cell degeneration and lack of development of foetal cerebellum. Co-treatment of garlic extract along with Pb resulted in a significant decrease in Pb levels as compared with those treated with Pb alone with improvement of the histopathological changes.
Conclusions: This study was useful in evaluating the hazardous effects of uncontrolled use of Pb in general and in assessing the developmental and neurotoxicity of foetuses due to exposure during pregnancy in particular. Co-administration of garlic has beneficial effects in amelioration of Pb-induced neurotoxicity and reversing the histopathological changes of the cerebellum of mother rats and foetuses. (Folia Morphol 2018; 77, 1: 1-15).
Keywords: Purkinje cells; garlic; glial fibrillary acidic protein; lead.
Protective role of co q10 or l carnitine on the integrity of the myocardium i...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic agent used for treatment of different cancers and its clinical usage is hindered by the oxidative injury-related cardiotoxicity. This work aims to declare if the harmful effects of DOX on heart can be alleviated with the use of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) or L-carnitine. The study was performed on seventy two female Wistar albino rats divided into six groups, 12 animals each: Control group; DOX group (10mg/kg); CoQ10 group (200mg/kg); L-carnitine group (100mg/kg); DOX+CoQ10 group; DOX+L-carnitine group. CoQ10 and L-carnitine treatment orally started 5days before a single dose of 10mg/kg DOX that injected intraperitoneally (IP) then the treatment continued for 10days. At the end of the study, serum biochemical parameters of cardiac damage, oxidative stress indices, and histopathological changes were investigated. CoQ10 or L-carnitine showed a noticeable effects in improving cardiac functions evidenced reducing serum enzymes as serum interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), leptin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Cardiotrophin-1, Troponin-I and Troponin-T. Also, alleviate oxidative stress, decrease of cardiac Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO) and restoring cardiac reduced glutathione levels to normal levels. Both corrected the cardiac alterations histologically and ultrastructurally. With a visible improvements in α-SMA, vimentin and eNOS immunohistochemical markers. CoQ10 or L-carnitine supplementation improves the functional and structural integrity of the myocardium.
Keywords: Cardiotoxicity; CoQ10 and L-carnitine; Dox; Vimentin; eNOS.
One year mortality rate after hip fracture in the western region of saudi ara...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background:
The mortality rate of elderly patients who sustain a hip fracture is high compared to the general population. Identifying risk factors can help predict patients at risk of hip fracture to reduce the mortality rate. No studies have shown the mortality rate of patients with hip fractures in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with the mortality of patients with hip fractures admitted to the King Abdulaziz Hospital and compare the results with other studies.
Methods:
The mortality rate (within 1 yr or less) in 177 patients over the age of 60 yr who were admitted to the university hospital between July, 2007, and September, 2012, with hip fractures was retrospectively studied. The patients were assessed with regard to gender, age, type of hip fracture, and type of surgical intervention.
Results:
The overall mortality rate 1 yr after hip fracture was 12.43%, and the mean age was 77.77 yr old. The risk factors most associated with mortality were as follows: advanced age (71 to 80 and 81 to 90 yr old), male, peritrochanteric (extracapsular) fracture, and operative fixation with dynamic hip screw.
Conclusions:
The mortality rate of patients with hip fractures within 1 yr has a high-risk potential, especially for male patients over 71 yr of age with peritrochanteric (extracapsular) fractures. Surgical treatment with dynamic hip screw also was shown to be a risk factor between the different treatment options.
Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Morphohistometric study of the ligamentum flavum in cervical,thoracic and lum...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
ABSTRACT Anatomic characterization and fine structure of the human ligamentum flavum (LF), especially at different spinal levels, represent an attractive focus for the scientific and surgical application. Descrip-tive anatomical and structural study of LF at the cervical, thoracic and lumbar levels of the vertebral column in human cadavers is carried out here. The aim of the work is to clarify the anatomical features and fine structural differences in the human LF at different vertebral levels (cervical, thoracic and lumbar). Specimens of vertebral column were ob-tained from 34 human preserved cadavers. Their average age ranged between 56 and 69 years. Morphometric parameters including height, width and thickness of the ligament flavum at the mid-levels of cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions were measured. Sections obtained from different levels were stained with different stains. Morpho-metric measurements involved the relative elastic area, relative collagen area, elastic area% and collagen area% were measured.The results of the height, width and thickness of the LF at different spinal levels showed gradual increase in their mean values respectively. The LF midline gaps were found in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions. The morphometrical measure-ments showed that the average elastic area was highest in the cervical region and lowest in the tho-racic region. In the lumbar region, the percentages of both elastic area and the collagen area were nearly the same. The characterization of morpho-logical and histological aspects of the LF at differ-ent spinal levels will be of great importance for ap-plications in spinal surgery, biomechanical and physical rehabilitation of vertebral column.Keywords: Ligamentum Flavum – Spinal – Collagen and elastic fibers
Correlation between acl injury and involvement of the anterolateral ligament ...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background:
Clinical testing has demonstrated the role of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) in controlling anterolateral laxity and knee instability at high angles of flexion. Few studies have discussed the association between an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and ALL injury, specifically after residual internal rotation and a post-ACL reconstruction positive pivot-shift that could be attributed to ALL injury. The goal of this study was to assess the correlation between ALL injury and ALL injury with concomitant ACL injury using MRI.
Material and Methods:
This was a retrospective study of 246 patients with unilateral ACL knee injuries from a database that was reexamined to identify whether ALL injuries occurred in association with ACL injuries. We excluded the postoperative reconstructed cases. The charts were reviewed on the basis of the presence or absence of diagnosed ACL injury with no regard for age or sex.
Results:
Of the 246 patients with ACL injury, there were 165 (67.1%) patients with complete tears, 55 (22.4%) with partial tears, and 26 (10.6%) with sprains. There were 176 (71.5%) patients with ALL and associated ACL injuries, whereas 70 (28.5%) did not have associated ACL injuries. There was a significant statistical relationship between ACL and ALL injuries (P<0.0001).
Conclusions:
There is high incidence of ALL tears associated with ACL injuries. Clinicians should be aware of this injury and consider the possibility of simultaneous ALL and ACL repair to prevent further knee instability.
Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Liver ischemia/reperfusion injury, a setting in which the functional mass is ...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Liver ischemia reperfusion is induced during sur-gical procedures like liver transplantation and re-section. Multiple mechanisms have been postulat-ed to liver damage following liver ischemia reperfu-sion injury, such as oxidative stress and inflamma-tory reactions. The present study declares the pos-sible mechanism of tadalafil, toward modulating the inflammatory response. Forty-eight rats were divided into 4 groups as follows; Sham group sub-jected to midline laparotomy only. Tadalafil group administered Tadalafil 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal 45 min before sham operation. I/R (Ischemia-reperfusion) group, rats undergo 60 min of hepatic ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Tada-lafil + I/R group rats undergo a similar pattern of I/R after the treatment with Tadalafil 10 mg/kg, 45 min before ischemia. At the end of the reperfusion, the blood samples were collected for estimation of biochemical markers including liver enzymes using colorimetric assay method and serum: TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), IL-6 (interleukin 6) le-vels, ICAM- 1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1) were measured. Tissues were evaluated by semi-quantitative and morphometrical approaches. Ta-dalafil succeeded in restoring normal levels of liverenzymes and ameliorating the oxidative stress as evidenced by decreasing MDA and restoring redu-ced glutathione levels in liver tissue homogenate. Also, Tadalafil exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, as it significantly decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL6 and ICAM-1. The findings are supported by BCL-2, TNF-α immunomarkers. It is concluded that modulation of the inflammatory response might be one of the mechanisms of Tadalafil-mediated he-patoprotection, so it is recommended as an adju-vant therapy in liver surgery.Keywords: Ischemia/reperfusion injury – Oxidative stress – Apoptosis – TNF-α – BCL-2
Neuro-amelioration of cinnamaldehyde in aluminum-induced Alzheimer’s disease ...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Aluminum (Al) is a neurotoxic substance which has played an important role in the etiology, pathogenesis, and development of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques. This study was carried out to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of aqueous cinnamon extract against aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced Alzheimer’s disease. Forty adult male albino rats, randomly divided into four equal groups. Control group; ACE200 group administered aqueous cinnamon extract (ACE) orally; AlCl3 group received daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of AlCl3 for 60 days to induce neurotoxicity and AlCl3 + ACE200 group received a combination of AlCl3 and ACE in the same dose and route as previous groups. Aluminum administration significantly enhanced the memory impairment and the Aβ formation in the rat model. The cerebellum exhibited a significant reduced number of Purkinje cells, marked decrease in the density of dendritic arborization and prominent perineuronal spaces in the molecular layer. There was loss of dendritic spines, neurofibrillary degeneration, and appearance of neuritic plaques. Concomitant administration of AlCl3 and ACE displayed an observable protection against these changes with progressive improvement in memory and intellectual performance. In conclusion, ACE may play a protective role against formation of amyloid-β plaques in cerebellum.
Analytical Study of Clinicopathological Data of Saudi Patients with Osteoarth...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
SUMMARY: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common disabling disease. Epidemiological studies have revealed various risk
factors for OA, including sex, aging, obesity, occupational illnesses, and chronic diseases. Here we evaluate the clinical, pathological,
and radiological findings of knee OA in a subset of Saudi patients who were subjected to total knee replacement (TKA). The study
population included 30 Saudi patients with knee OA who were operated by TKA (from June 2014 to December 2015) in the Department
of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. Patient’s clinical and radiological data were collected
from the hospital files. Pathological examination of the excised superior articular surface of tibia and femoral condyles were done.
Pearson Chi-squared analysis was used to test for differences between the variables in associated risk factors. There were more women
than men. Sixty per cent of patients were older than 60 years [mean age, 59.2 (females) and 61.7 (men) years-old]. All patients exceeded
obesity class 1, with females being more obese than males. Pathological examination of the superior articular surface of tibia and femoral
condyles showed high score lesions, which was more apparent in females than in males. Radiological findings showed that most lesions
were high grade. The findings of this study will help to understand the pathogenesis of OA and improve treatment decision making
relevant to TKA in knee OA in Saudi Arabia and elsewhere.
KEY WORDS: Osteoarthritis; Knee; Arthroplasty.
A Study on the Toxic Effect of Different Doses of Diclofenac Sodium on the De...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
SUMMARY: The toxic effects of different doses of diclofenac sodium (DS) on the kidney on the postnatal period (0-7 days) by
morphometrical and immunohistochemical methods were investigated. For this purpose, 15 female adult wistar albino rats were used and
divided into 5 main groups. Group Ia served as normal control, physiologic group Ib received normal saline, group II received low dose (3.9
mg/kg), group III received medium dose (9 mg/kg) and group IV received high dose (18 mg/kg). Male offspring’s from 0-7 days after birth
were used in this study. On the 8th day of postnatal life, all animals were anesthetized. Then, the kidney samples were analyzed. Haematoxylin
and eosin staining showed degeneration and necrosis, apparent atrophy of the glomeruli, mononuclear cell infiltration, congested vessels,
increased fibrous tissue and distortion of the proximal convoluted tubules with interruption of the brush margin of the DS treated group.
Increased level of Caspase-3 and upregulation of TNF-α with different doses of DS. In light of our findings, DS may lead to adverse effects
that are dose-dependent in the prenatal subjected kidney to this drug.
KEY WORDS: Diclofenac sodium; Proximal convoluted tubules; Apoptosis;Cyclooxygenase.
Thymoquinone ameliorates oxidative damage and histopathological changes of de...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
ABSTRACT
Lead (Pb) toxicity is known to be a chief environmental health issue, especially for pregnant
women and young children. Today, the use of medicinal herbs in the treatment of many diseases
and different toxic agents has become highly accepted due to their effectiveness and lower costs.
Thymoquinone (TQ), which is extracted from Nigella sativa seeds, is a potent antioxidant and anti
inflammatory agent. This study was designed to explore the optional protectivity of TQ against
maternal and fetal oxidative stress and brain damage induced by Pb administration. Pregnant
rats were distributed into seven groups: control group, TQ group, DMSO group, two groups Pb
treated (160 and 320 ppm), and two groups Pb-treated (160 and 320 ppm) co-treated with TQ.
Administration started from gestation day 1 (GD1) to day 20 (GD20) through oral gavage once
daily. Lead administration caused a dose-dependent toxicity for both mothers and fetuses. Also,
the histopathological assessment of the brains from Pb-treated groups showed marked altera
tions. Co-treatment of with TQ and Pb caused a significant decrease in Pb levels as compared
with those treated with Pb alone and amelioration of histopathological changes in the brains. It
was concluded that co-treatment of TQ along with gestational Pb exposure could mitigate the
effects against Pb-induced maternal and fetal neurotoxicity.
KEYWORDS
Lead; oxidative stress; brain;
Thymoquinone; fetal toxicity
A study on the toxic effect of different doses of Diclofenac sodium on the de...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
The toxic effects of different doses of diclofenac sodium (DS) on the kidney on the postnatal period (0-7 days) by morphometrical and immunohistochemical methods were investigated. For this purpose, 15 female adult wistar albino rats were used and divided into 5 main groups. Group Ia served as normal control, physiologic group Ib received normal saline, group II received low dose (3.9 mg/kg), group III received medium dose (9 mg/kg) and group IV received high dose (18 mg/kg). Male offspring’s from 0-7 days after birth were used in this study. On the 8th day of postnatal life, all animals were anesthetized. Then, the kidney samples were analyzed. Haematoxylin and eosin staining showed degeneration and necrosis, apparent atrophy of the glomeruli, mononuclear cell infiltration, congested vessels, increased fibrous tissue and distortion of the proximal convoluted tubules with interruption of the brush margin of the DS treated group. Increased level of Caspase-3 and upregulation of TNF-α with different doses of DS. In light of our findings, DS may lead to adverse effects that are dose-dependent in the prenatal subjected kidney to this drug.
Keywords : Diclofenac sodium; Proximal convoluted tubules; Apoptosis; Cyclooxygenase.
Zingiber Officinale Alleviates Maternal and Fetal Hepatorenal Toxicity Induce...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
This study was designed to address the protective effects of Zingiber officinale on the toxic outcomes of prenatal Cadmium administration on pregnancy outcome. Pregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (eight rats/each), control group received distilled water, 2nd group treated with 8.8 mg of CdCl2/kg b. wt, 3rd group treated with 250 mg of Zingiber officinale/kg b. wt, and 4th group treated with 250 mg of Zingiber officinale/kg b. wt, followed by 8.8 mg of CdCl2/kg b.wt. Daily body weight of pregnant was recorded from GD1-GD20, and then pregnant rats were sacrificed at GD20. Samples of maternal and fetal livers and kidneys were processed for histological examination. Administration of Cd to pregnant rats showed adverse effects on pregnant mothers and their fetuses; reduced maternal weight gain, reduced absolute organ weights, reduced fetal growth parameters and placental weights together with altered histological appearance of the maternal and fetal livers and kidneys. While co-administration of Zingiber officinale showed an improvement of these toxic alterations. Zingiber officinale through its antioxidant activity could be beneficial against toxic outcomes of Cd exposure during pregnancy.
Evaluation of the safety of conventional lighting replacement by artificial d...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background
Short morning exposure to high illuminance visible electromagnetic radiations termed as artificial daylight is beneficial for the mental health of people living in geographical areas with important seasonal changes in daylight illuminance. However, the commercial success of high illuminance light sources has raised the question of the safety of long hour exposure.
Methods
We have investigated the effect of the replacement of natural daylight by artificial daylight in Swiss mice raised under natural lighting conditions. Mice were monitored for neurotoxicity and general health changes. They were submitted to a battery of conventional tests for mood, motor and cognitive functions’ assessment on exposure day (ED) 14 and ED20. Following sacrifice on ED21 due to marked signs of neurotoxicity, the expression of markers of inflammation and apoptosis was assessed in the entorhinal cortex and neurons were estimated in the hippocampal formation.
Results
Signs of severe cognitive and motor impairments, mood disorders, and hepatotoxicity were observed in animals exposed to artificial daylight on ED20, unlike on ED14 and unlike groups exposed to natural daylight or conventional lighting. Activated microglia and astrocytes were observed in the entorhinal cortex, as well as dead and dying neurons. Neuronal counts revealed massive neuronal loss in the hippocampal formation.
Conclusions
These results suggest that long hour exposure to high illuminance visible electromagnetic radiations induced severe alterations in brain function and general health in mice partly mediated by damages to the neocortex-entorhinal cortex-hippocampus axis. These findings raise caution over long hour use of high illuminance artificial light.
The Ameliorative Potential of Dexmedetomidine and Benincasa Cerifera Extract ...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) represents the main reason for acute kidney injury (AKI). Dexmedetomidine (Dex) and Benincasa cerifera (BC) have wide benefits due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aims to illustrate the protective effects of BC and Dex on renal IRI in a diabetic model. Sixty adult male albino rats (Wistar strain), weighing 250–300 g, were included in the study. The rats were divided into four groups, as follows: sham group: (non-diabetic); diabetes mellitus (DM) + IRI group: streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats exposed to renal IRI on day 30 after diagnosis of diabetes; DM + IRI + BC group: STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with BC (500 mg/kg) for 30 days after diagnosis of diabetes, then exposed to renal IRI; and DM + IRI + Dex group: STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with Dex (100 µg/kg intraperitoneally) 5 min before induction of ischemia on day 30 after diagnosis of diabetes, then exposed to renal IRI. Biochemical parameters, histopathological examination, and immunohistochemical markers were evaluated. A significant improvement in the biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical parameters were observed in the DM + IRI + BC group, while the DM + IRI + Dex group showed improvements in renal IRI and dyslipidemia. The present study demonstrated that oxidative stress plays a chief role in renal IRI in the STZ-induced diabetic model. Treatment with BC achieved excellent ameliorative effects, while treatment with DEX improved renal IRI.
Keywords:
Diabetes; Dexmedetomidine; Ischemia/Reperfusion; Oxidative Stress
Beneficial Effects of Curcumin Inmaternal and Fetal Oxidativestress and Brain...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
This study was planned to explore the protective role of curcumin (Cur) against maternal and fetal oxidative stress and cerebral damage induced by lead (Pb) during pregnancy. Positively pregnant female rats were divided into seven groups: control group, Cur group (300 mg/kg of Cur/b.wt.), DMSO group (50% DMSO), two Pb-treated groups (exposed to 160 and 320 mg/kg b.wt./day of Pb acetate, respectively), and two groups treated with both Pb and Cur (exposed to Pb as previous groups together with 300 mg/kg b.wt./day of Cur). Treatments through oral gavage once a day started from gestation day 1 (GD1) till day 20 (GD20), where the mother rats of different experimental groups were sacrificed to obtain the fetuses. Different chemical parameters were assessed. Brain specimens of mother and fetal groups were processed with examination. The results displayed that Pb administration to pregnant rats resulted in a dose-dependent toxicity for both mothers and fetuses. Also, there was a significant rise in lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities in the brains of the different Pb-treated groups. The histological examination of the brain of treated dams and fetuses showed marked alterations. Co-treatment of Cur along with Pb caused a significant decrease in Pb levels as compared with those treated with Pb alone, improving the oxidative condition with amelioration of the brain’s histopathological changes. Co-administration of Cur could have ameliorative effect against Pb-induced neurotoxicity through the reduction of oxidative stress and reversal of histopathological changes.
Keywords:
Lead; Oxidative Stress; Brain; curcumin; Fetal toxicity
Immunohistochemical Study of the Ameliorative Effect of Vitamin E on Liver Re...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
The liver is almost unique in its capacity for regeneration after hepatectomy but the exact mechanisms are not yet fully clarified. Antioxidants have been shown to promote liver regeneration after major hepatectomy. The present study evaluated the ameliorative effect of vitamin E administration on the liver regeneration after different periods of partial hepatectomy (PH) in rats. Fifty-six adult male albino rats were divided into three groups: Control sham operated group; partially hepatectomized group which were divided into three subgroups sacrificed at 1day, 3 days and 7days after the operation respectively; Partially Hepatectomized group with vitamin E pretreatment before PH where the rats were given a daily oral dose of vitamin E until the time of sacrifice of the rats. Immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and labeling index were demonstrated. After PH, the PCNA positive hepatocytes and the PCNA labeling indices were significantly high after the 1st day and then much decreased after the 3rd day, to be followed by a slight increase at the 7th day. Vitamin E pretreatment in PH rats resulted in a decrease in PCNA positive cells and its labeling indices in the 1st day with a gradual increase in the 3rd and 7th days. Vitamin E has an inhibitory effect in the first 24 hours on liver regeneration followed by stimulatory effect at the third and seventh days after PH. These data indicated that vitamin E pretreatment has an important role in regulation and enhancement of liver regeneration after PH.
Keywords:
Immunohistochemistry; Labeling Index; Vitamin E; Partial Hepatectomy; PCNA
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technology
Biomarkers of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Systemic Sclerosis diseases activity in a sample of Egyptian patients :Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Soluble Interleukin-2 Receptor, Case Control Study
3. 1208 Hegazy et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J, Vol. 12(3), 1207-1216 (2019)
Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) are
systemic inflammatory autoimmune disorders
characterized by a large spectrum of clinical and
laboratory features. CTDs spectrum includes
Systemic Lupus Erythromatosus (SLE) and
Systemic Sclerosis (SSc)1
. SLE is a chronic,multi-
organ, relapsing autoimmune disease mainly
affecting young adults. It is commoner among
female, with the female/male ratio being
approximately 9/12
.
SSc is an uncommon chronic systemic
connectivetissueautoimmunediseasecharacterized
by microvascular abnormalities and pathological
thickeningandtetheringoftheskinandinvolvement
of internal organs (gastrointestinal tract, heart,
lungs, and kidneys). SSc seems to result from a
multifactorial process (alterations of the immune
system, genetic and environmental factors) but its
pathogenesis remains unclear3
.
Autoantibodies/auto reactive T cells can
attack any organ of the body, resulting in a wide
array of signs and symptoms. Soluble molecules
have been detected in a broad range of surface
proteins, which include T cell antigens such as
(CD8), adhesion molecules such as intercellular
adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and cytokine
receptors such as the alpha chain of the high affinity
interleukin-2 receptor(sIL-2R). Soluble receptors
are suggested to compete with the corresponding
cellular receptors for ligands and thus inhibiting
ligands action4
.
Therefore, it was suggested that receptor
shedding may be useful non-invasive markers for
CTDs activity, especially in both SLE and SSc
patients and also correlated with disease activity
5
. IL-2 deficiency affects multiple regulatory
pathways in the host and in the case of SLE, this
contributes to the multifaceted dysregulation of
the immune response. The interleukin-2 receptor a
(IL-2Ra) chain is a component of high-affinity IL-2
receptors and thus is a key regulator of lymphocyte
proliferation 5
.
In SSc, it was found that the severity
of the disease is correlated with sIL-2Rand
those with early onset had the highest sICAM-1
levels6
.Although the role and functions of soluble
ICAM-1 and IL-2Ra have not yet been completely
elucidated, the evidence suggests its implication
in disease progression, or at least its elevated
levels may inform the clinician about pathological
processes associated with SLE and SSc.
Therefore, the aim of the present study
was to investigate the possible use of serum
level of sICAM-1 and sIL-2Ra as biomarkers
for monitoring of SLE and SScdisease activity.
Moreover, it aimed to compare thespecificity
and sensitivity as well as cut-off value of both
biomarkers in a sample of Egyptian patients.
Subjects and methods
Sampling
Sample was calculated by EPI program
with confidence 95%, power 85%, OR=5 and it
was 77 participants in each group. So, cases were
elevated to 80 (30 SSc and 50 SLE), and due to
deficiency in the controls which were matched
to the cases, and another who refused the sharing
in the study, the controls were decreased to 60
participants.
The present case controlstudy was
performed on 140subjects’enrolled equal from
Rheumatology outpatient clinics and internal
medicine departments ofCairo and Ain Shams
University Hospitals during period from May 2016
to August 2018according to the principles of the
Helsinki Declaration.ALocal ethics committee of
the faculty of Medicine of Cairo and Ain Shams
Universities approved the study.
An informed consent was obtained
from all subjects participating in this study, after
explaining its nature. The subjects were classified
into 3 groups. Group Iconsist of 50 patients
with SLE fulfilling the ‘American College of
Rheumatology (ACR)’ criteria for diagnosis of
SLE7
.Group IIconsists of30 patients with SSc
fulfilling the ACR criteria for diagnosis of SSc8
.
Group IIIincluded age and sex matched 60
apparently healthy volunteers and servedas control
group.
A l l p a t i e n t s w e r e n o t u n d e r
immunosuppressive therapy at the time of
enrolment. After taking their consent, all
participants were subjected to full history taking,
general, and local and skin examination.
Biochemical assessment
Ten milliliters venous blood samples were
obtained from all participants via venipuncture.
Five milliliters of them were placed into plain
tubes and allowed to clot for 15 minutes. Sera
were prepared by centrifugation at 1,500 g for
10 min, aliquoted and stored at – 80 ºC for the
4. 1209Hegazy et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J, Vol. 12(3), 1207-1216 (2019)
following investigation; CRPlevels were measured
by the turbidimetric method using a photometer
(Biosystems S.A., Barcelona, Spain), and a level
of <6 mg/L was accepted as normal and creatinine
were measured by the ordinary commercial
available kits.
Antinuclear antibody (ANA) was
measured by indirect immune-fluorescence
supplied by Immco Diagnostics (USA).Three
milliliters were collected in K2
EDTA tubes for
complete blood count (Coulter STKS hematology
flow cytometer, Block Scientific, Inc., Bohemia,
New York, USA).The last two milliliters were
collected in Sodium citrate tubes for measurement
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). ESR was
measured by using the Westergren method and
expressed in mm/h 9
.
Moreover, all subjects were asked to
collect 24 hours urine samples for quantitative
measurement of 24 hours urinary proteins and
complete urine analysis.
Quantikine Human sICAM-1and sIL-2Ra
(Cat.Number DY720-05; DR2A00 respectively-
USA R&D Systems, Inc. 614 McKinley Place
NE, Minneapolis, MN 55413) immunoassay kits
were a solid phase ELISA designed to measure
serum sICAM-1 and sIL-2Ra respectively.Results
obtained using natural human sICAM-1and sIL-
2Ra showed linear curves that were parallel to the
standard curves obtained using the Quantikine kit
standards.
Statistical analysis
Statistical Science for Social Package
(SPSS version 20, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)
was used for data analysis. Data were expressed
as mean ± SD for quantitative data, and frequency
with its percentage with graphsof qualitative data.
One-way ANOVA test was used for comparison
parametric parameters and Chi square test for non-
parametric parameters between different groups.
The Pearson’s and Spearman correlation
coefficient tests were used to evaluate associations
between measured parameters and non-parametric
parameters. The area under the receiver operating
characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) analysis was
performed to determine sensitivity and specificity
of both sICAM-1and sIL-2Ra as biomarker
indicator test to SLE and SSc diseases activity. For
all tests, P <0.05 was considered significant.
Results
All participants in this study were 140.
The majority (75.0%) of them were female, while
the males represent only 25%. Also, 50 (35.71%)
from them had Systemic lupus erythromatosis, 30
(21.43%) had Systemic Sclerosis and; 60 (42.86%)
were the controls ( table 1).
The demographic characteristics and
disease duration of all participants are presented
in table (1). Females were more than males in
SLE (84.0% versus 16.0%), in SSc (76.7% versus
23.3%) and in controls (66.7% versus 33.3%)
with statistically insignificant difference between
groups (P=0.11). In addition, there were also
statistically insignificant differences between the
studied groups in relation to age (P =0.07) but the
duration of disease was significantly longer in SLE
than SSC(P =0.00).
Table (2) illustrated the clinical and some
laboratory characteristics in different studied
groups. The arthritis, kidney diseases and heart
diseases were more common in SLE than SSc
patients were (72%, 36% and 16% versus 53%,
20% and 13%, respectively, P>0.05). Antinuclear
antibodies had a high percentage among SLE
compared to SSc patients (92% versus 73%,
P <0.05). On the opposite side, lung diseases
occur more in SSc patients compared to SLE
(50% facing to 6%, respectively, P<0.05). On the
other hand, neurologic diseases and proteinuria
occur only among the SLE patients (8% and 54%
respectively, P<0.05) while, myositis occurs only
among SSc patients (13.3%, P<0.05). Meanwhile,
there was no statistically significant between the
studied groups in relation to present of serosities
or measurement of C-reactive protein (P>0.05).
In table (3), ESR was significantly higher in
SLE and SScversus control (76.88±45.40 and
65.73±72.61 versus 10.80±3.56, P<0.000). Also,
serum creatinine was significant higher in SLE
than SSc and control (2.09±0.44 versus 0.85±0.24
and 0.76±0.19, P <0.0001). While, Leucocytic
Count showed insignificant difference in SLE, SSc
and control groups (6.30 ± 1.40, 6.55±1.77; and
6.23±1.83,respectively. P =0.696).
Comparison of serum levels of sICAM-1
and sIL-2R in different studied groups is presented
in table (4). sICAM-1 level was higher in SLE and
5. 1210 Hegazy et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J, Vol. 12(3), 1207-1216 (2019)
SSc patients versus control (498.80±205.90 and
437.62±172.52 versus 158.49±43.31, P <0.000).
The same result was recorded in sIL-2R that was
higher in SLE and SSc patients versus control
(3.002.76 ± 749.12 and 2.167.24±509.43 versus
848.23±68.78, P <0.000) and these differences
were statistically significant between SLE versus
SSc (P<0.000).
Correlations of sICAM-1 and IL-
2Ra with the measured parameters in SLE
are illustrated in table (5). sICAM-1 shows
strong, moderateor even week correlation the
other main biochemical parameters(IL-2Ra)
[positive correlation].Moreover,sICAM-1 shows a
correlation with cutaneous limitation,subcutaneous
activity,photosensitivity,oral ulcer,discoid
rash[positive correlation],molar rash and
proteinuria [negative correlation].While,it shows
no correlation with the other measuredparameters.
The correlation ofsICAM-1 and IL-2Ra
with the measured parameters in SSc is presented
in table (6). sICAM-1 and IL-2Ra are strongly
correlated with each other and with Raynaud s
phenomenon,gastrointestinal affection,myositis
and skin scars[positive correlation. While,they are
negatively correlated with Antinuclear antibodies
as well as each other.No correlation is detected with
the other measured parameters.
Regrading ROC analysis,cut off levels
of both sICAM-1 and IL2Ra are 455.59 (ng/
ml)&2525935(pg/ml) in both SLE & SSs
respectively. with the highest sensitivity and
specificity.The cut-off levels as well as area under
curve for both are presented in graphs (1& 2).
Discussion
In the current study, there were significant
increase level of sICAM- in SLE patients was
higher than that in healthy control as reported by
Egerer et al. 10
; Sabryet al.11
;Kluzet al.12
. In addition,
the mean level of sICAM-1 in SSc was higher
compared to healthy controls.Afinding previously
reported by Hasegawaet al.13
.
Circulating sICAM-1 has been considered
as the result of proteolytic cleavage of cell-bound
ICAM-1 close to the cell membrane. ICAM-1
cleavage is regulated by tumor necrosis factor-a-
ROC Curve analysis AUC (95 % CI) Cut off point Significant
sICAM-1 0.587(.461-.712) 455.59 0.196
IL2Ra 0.828(.733-.923) 2.528.935 0.000
Graph 1. Comparison of Soluble Intracellular Adhesion Molecules-1 (sICAM-1) and Soluble Interleukin 2
Receptor (sIL-2R) as an indicator test to SLE disease, ROC Curve
6. 1211Hegazy et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J, Vol. 12(3), 1207-1216 (2019)
ROC Curve analysis AUC (95 % CI) Cut off point Significant
sICAM-1 0.413 (.288-.539) 455.59 0.196
IL2Ra 0.172 (.077-.267) 2.528.935 0.000
Graph 2. Comparison of Soluble IntracellularAdhesion Molecules-1 (sICAM-1) and Soluble Interleukin 2 Receptor
(sIL-2R) as an indicator test to SSc disease, ROC Curve
converting enzyme and multiple kinases, including
mitogen-activated protein kinase, S locus receptor
kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways 13
.
SLE pathophysiologic events are
mediated by formation of immune complexes
and complement cascade activation with
progressive tissue destruction and major organ
damage complication like lupus nephritis and
cardiovascular morbidity. On basis of evidences
,inflammation plays a major role in SLE induced
vascular dysfunction and consequently associated
morbidity and mortality 11
.
Cytokines are known to be produced
by inflammatory cells. Endothelial cell adhesion
molecules could play a pathophysiologic role
in the initiation and progression of autoimmune
diseases as well as atherosclerosis. ICAM-1,
VCAM-1, and E-selectin are the major adhesion
molecules that are mostly induced by the increased
proinflammatorycytokines. They are detected by
tissue immunohistochemistry in atherosclerotic
lesions in animal as well as human studies reported
by Sabry et al.11
.
Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction,
and atherosclerosis are interlinked pathological
events. All share a common pathogenesisprocess.
Elevated serum sICAM-1 is an evident biomarker
and considered as indirect indicator for SLE
induced tissue damage 14
.They reported sICAM-1
tissue up-regulation.Recently in 2017, Gensouset
al.15
concluded that s ICAM-1 is an evident
biomarker for both SLE pathogenesis and disease
progression.
At the level of genetic study, ICAM
polymorphisms have been studied and linked to
their serum levels as well association with SLE risk
and disease activity. rs3093030 and G in rs5498
alleles of sICAM-1 gene were found to be linked
to SLE susceptibility. The genotype–phenotype
relationships are evident and could explain the
7. 1212Hegazy et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J, Vol. 12(3), 1207-1216 (2019)
Table 1. Demographic Characteristics and Disease Durations of all Studied Groups
Studied Sample Systemic lupus Systemic Controls Significant
Demographic erythromatosis Sclerosis Tests
Characteristics: (SLE) (SSc) P-value
No. % No. % No. %
Number 50 35.71% 30 21.43% 60 42.86%
Sex:
• Female 42 84.00% 23 76.70% 40 66.70%
• Male 8 16.00% 7 23.30% 20 33.30% 0.11
Age(years): 44.68± 10.47 47.31 ± 12.04 41.58 ± 11.89 0.07
Disease duration 7.97±3.44 5.93±2.55 - 0.00*
(years):
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or number (%) as appropriate.
P: significance versus control; *P: significance versus SSc used One-way ANOVA test (Post Hoc test)
Table 2. Clinicaland Some Laboratory Characteristics in Different Studied Groups
Studied Sample Systemic lupus Systemic Significant
Clinical Characteristics: erythromatosis Sclerosis Tests
(SLE) (SSc) ü2
-test
(n=50) (n=30)
No. % No. %
Systemic involvementArthritis 36 72% 16 53.3% 0.09
Serositis (pleurisy only) 4 8% 6 20% 0.11
Kidney 18 36% 6 20% 0.13
Heart 8 16% 4 13% 0.75
Lung 3 6% 15 50% 0.00*
Neurological 4 8% 0 0% 0.00*
Myositis 0 0% 4 13.3% 0.00*
Proteinuria positive 27 54% 0 0% 0.00*
Antinuclear antibodies +ve 46 92% 22 73.3% 0.02*
C-reactive protein +ve 19 38% 11 36.7% 0.91
Data are expressed as number (%) as appropriate.
P: significance versus control; *P: significance versus SSc used One-way ANOVA test (Post Hoc test)
raised plasma levels of soluble ICAM-1 in patients
with SLE and its underlying etiological role 16
.
Previous studies described sICAM-1 as
a potential biomarkers.sICAM-1 may provide
information about the endothelial cells integrity
and dysfunction in SSc17
butit lacks specificity to
SSc18
and it is contradictory up to date19
.
There are some reports demonstrating the
critical roles of these biomarkers in SSc patients
or animal model of SSc20
. sICAM-1 is functionally
active and retains the ability to inhibit leukocyte
endothelial cell interaction. On the other hand,
sICAM-1 has also been reported to promote
angiogenesis and induce the production of TNF-á,
IFN-ã, IL-6, and macrophage inflammatory
protein-2. Thus, sICAM-1 may also have
proinflammatory potential 21
.In 2010Yoshizaki etal.
22
suggested that L-selection and ICAM-1 regulate
Th2 and Th17 cell accumulation into the skin and
lung, leading to the development of fibrosis, and
ICAM-1 deficiency inhibited the development
of dermal sclerosis and pulmonary fibrosis with
decreased inflammatory cell infiltration in the
bleomycin-induced SSc model23
,22
.
In accordance with the results of the
present study, IL-2R was also seen on lymphocytes
(CD30) of SLE and SSc diseases 24
. Their
expression indicates a regulatory role for these
8. 1213 Hegazy et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J, Vol. 12(3), 1207-1216 (2019)
Table 3. Some Laboratory Investigations in Different Studied Groups
Studied Sample Systemic lupus Systemic Controls Significant
Laboratory Characteristics erythromatosis Sclerosis (n=60) Tests
(SLE) (SSc) P-value
(n=50) (n=30)
mean ± SD mean ± SD mean ± SD
Erythrocytic Sedimentation rate (mm/hour) 76.88±45.40 65.73±72.61 10.80±3.56 0.00
Leucocytic Count (x 103
/mm3) 6.30 ± 1.40 6.55±1.77 6.23±1.83 0.69
Serum Creatinine (mg/dl) 2.09±0.44 0.85±0.24 0.76±0.19 0.00*
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (mean ± SD).
P: significance versus control; *P: significance versus SSc used One-way ANOVA test (Post Hoc test).
Table 4. Comparison of Serum Levels of Soluble Intracellular Adhesion Molecules-1 (sICAM-1)
and Soluble Interleukin 2 Receptor (sIL-2R) in Different Studied Groups
Studied Sample Systemic lupus Systemic Controls Significance
Variables erythromatosis Sclerosis (n=60) Tests
(SLE) (SSc) P-value
(n=50) (n=30)
mean ± SD mean ± SD mean ± SD
sICAM-1 (ng/ml) 498.80±205.90 437.62±172.52 158.49±43.31 0.000
sIL-2R (pg/ml) 3.002.76 ± 749.12 2.167.24±509.43 848.23±68.78 0.000*
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (mean ± SD).
P: significance versus control; *P: significance versus SSC used One-Way ANOVA test (Post Hoc test)
molecules in SLE and SSc. Shedding of soluble
IL-2R molecules into the circulation is the result
of proteolytic cleavage of the membrane bound
molecules. Other previous studies have reported
that IL-2R levels were higher in patients with
SLE than that in controls 25
,26
.Serum sIL-2R is a
reliable marker of disease activity in patients with
SLE and could be used as an indicator of early
renal involvement with the possibility of using
it for follow-up 27
. Swadzba et al.28
reported that
increased level of sIL-2R is connected with definite
SLE where inflammatory processes prevail 28
.
Klonowska-Szymczyk et al.29
revealed
higher concentrations of sIL-2R in the cell
culture in the active phase of SLE in their
study. They explained this by that cells from
patients with active SLE have marked response
to stimulation by TLR3 and TLR9 ligands. The
higher response and increased sIL-2R may be
related to greater cell reactivity and involvement
of the receptors of lymphocyte activation. They
also, confirmed presence of significant correlation
sIL-2R concentration and the activity of lupus
nephritis29
. Moreover, Dejica26
reported that
sIL- 2R concentration (marker of lymphocyte
activation) positively correlates with SLE induced
renal inflammation.
At the level of genetic study, Carret al.30
proved association of IL2RAlocus with SLE .They
explain this by that soluble IL-2RAconcentrations
correlate with rs11594656 genotype in SLE30
, 31
.
Regarding the positive correlation that is
detected between sICAM and sIL-2Ra in both SLE
and SSc as autoimmune diseases, This correlation
was previously reported in multiple sclerosis
as another example of autoimmune diseases by
Witkowska et al.32
.The significant correlation of
sICAM-1 and most of SLE disease activity that
are observed in the current study confirm a nearly
similar results of Sari et al.,33
. They reported a
significant positive correlation between sICAM-1
serum levels and SLE disease activity index
(SLEDAI) score in SLE patients in their study.
They also concluded that sICAM-1 serum level
measurement and follow up may be considered as
10. 1215 Hegazy et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J, Vol. 12(3), 1207-1216 (2019)
an important serologic marker of disease activity
for assessment a patient with SLE.
Many previous studies demonstrated a
positive correlation of sIL-2R with SLE disease
activity as it flares with active course of the
disease and decreases with therapy and clinical
improvement. These studies are mentioned in a
review written by Illei et al.34
.So, sIL-2R levels
paralleled lupus disease activity as observed in
our study. Findings that confirm our observation
related to the correlation of both parameters with
systemic sclerosis disease activity were found as
Mittag et al. 35
regarding sICAM-1 and Witkowska
et al32
regarding sIl-2Ra.
To the best of our knowlage,it is the
first study that investigate the cut off value
with the highest specificity and sensitivity of
both sICAM-1 and sIL-2Ra that can be used as
abiomarker for mentoring the disease activity
in both SLE and SSc in Egypt.The levels of
455.59 (ng/ml) &2525935(pg/ml) for sICAM-1
and IL-2Ra respectively could be considered as
remarkerable value of both diseases which need
further multicentric investigation over larger
samples to confirm the results of the current study.
From the results of the current study, it could
be concluded that sICAM-1 and sIL-2Ra are
noninvasive biomarkers for SLE and SScthat could
play a pathophysiologic role in development and
progression of both diseases. Moreover, sICAM-1
and sIL-2Ra are correlated with the disease activity
at cut-off values of 455.59 (ng/ml) &2525935(pg/
ml) respectively.
Limitation of the current study could that
the patients were recruited from the inpatient wards
and outpatient clinics of Cairo and Ain-Shams
UniversitiesHospitals. That is considered unicenter
study. Moreover, the small number of selected
patients that are enrolled in our study especially
SSc patients.
In conclusion, the authors recommended
that further multicentricstudies should be done
on a large number of SLE and SScpatientsto
evaluate and confirm our hypothesis in the role
of ICAM-1 and sIL2-Ra as markers in Systemic
Lupus Erythematosus and Systemic Sclerosis.Then
clinician may ask for both ICAM-1 and Soluble
Interleukin-2 receptor levels to monitor the disease
activity and the response of their patients to the
treatment.
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