The Alaska Lng Project, A Pipeline
I am writing to you in response to the proposed Alaska LNG project, a pipeline that stretches from
the North Slope to the small community of Nikiski, Alaska, that you are currently supporting as
chairman of the Senate Energy and Natural resources committee (Alex & Martinson, 2015). Please
realize that I am not an expert in this matter but simply a concerned citizen who would regret to
know that negative environmental and community effects would result from the construction of
facilities associated with a natural gas pipeline and production.
Allow me to start by saying that this state and the Kenai Peninsula community, are very important to
me. I have lived in Nikiski, Alaska for the past 11 years, and I would sincerely hate to see this
community and state polluted by large scale LNG production and transportation if it could be
avoided. I also realize the positive economic outcome for the state of Alaska as well as the U.S. as a
whole. However, do these fiscal gains constitute enough incentive to potentially disrupt natural
environments and put Alaska's citizens at risk?
Consider the Trans–Alaska Pipeline and crude oil transportation that is currently in place from the
North Slope to the Valdez Marine Terminal. Many oil spills have occurred since it began
transportation in 1977 such as the one that occurred in 2006 that went undetected for days resulting
in 267,000 gallons of crude oil escaping into the environment (Barringer, 2006). Also, in 1989, the
Exxon Valdez oil spill
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Breast Cancer : A Potential Risk Factor For Colorectal Cancer
Introduction
. The intake of red and/or processed meat is a potential risk factor for colorectal cancer (Chenni et
al, 2013, pg 227). One of the recommendations to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer is to reduce
the intake of red meat (Takachi et al, 2011, pg 604). Higher instances of colon cancer have been
found in men than in women, because men generally consume more red meat than women (Zhu et
al, 2013, pg 2). Some studies prove that an increase of colon tumors in rats connected in high
protein and high fat diets dependent upon the type of red meat consumed (Pierre et al, 2004, pg
2713). Gastric and colorectal cancers are not the only cancers associated with processed red meats,
other types of cancers include: lung cancer, cancer of the upper aero–digestive tract, prostrate
cancer, and cancer of the lower urogenital tract [5]. Most cancer genesis and promotion mechanisms
depend on environmental factors, and are not genetically determined [6]. Some studies suggest that
many cancers that are prevalent today could be prevented by changing nutrition plans and adapting
the Mediterranean diet into their lifestyle [6]. Different countries had different processed meat
counts in their everyday diets and that is something to consider when analyzing the correlation of
colon cancer and processed red meats [5].
The intake of specific nutrients enhances the cancer process especially if there are any pre–
carcinogens their precursors. Two groups of compounds have been

Different Methods And Methods Of The Carbon Hydrogen...
Both of these techniques provide peaks that relate to the specific Carbon locations within a tested
structure. The placement of Carbons by certain elements or bonding environments provide distinct
peaks on an one–dimensional C13–NMR spectrum. Our 60 MHz NMR, does produce spectra, but
these spectra have issues when it comes to smaller peaks. In order to determine as much Carbon
information as possible from our Ibuprofen solution, we also used the two–dimensional NMR
technique DEPT. DEPT creates three different C13–NMR spectra. Each DEPT provides specific
details when it comes to determining how many specific Carbon–Hydrogen environments (CH3's,
CH2's, and CH's) exist in Ibuprofen.
The DEPT–135 spectrum represents CH3 and CH Carbons as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Both DEPT–45 and C13–NMR spectra, were combined, and we determined seven Carbon peaks
that are associated with Ibuprofen, but there are some Carbon peaks that are not present on the
spectra. These include the remaining two Carbons on the benzene ring and the Carbon that is in the
carboxylic acid functional group. The theoretical peak locations for these Carbons would be 145–
135 ppm for the aromatic Carbons and 200–180 ppm for the carbonyl Carbon. Our 60 MHz is not
precise enough to separate these small peaks from the noise generated by the machine. Now with the
specific number of Carbon–Hydrogen environments, we shall construct Ibuprofen's structure via
proton NMR techniques.
H1–NMR / COSY–NMR:
COSY–NMR is a two–dimensional proton NMR analysis technique that shows, which H1–NMR
peaks are coupled with each other. If H1–NMR peaks are coupled together, then those Hydrogen
environments are located within three bonds of each other. The determination of H–H couplings is
done via drawing lines from each H1–split peak on the sides of the COSY spectrum to the opposite
side of the spectrum. Then each H1 peak is traced down the line in order to find any peaks created
from different Hydrogen peaks. From our spectrum, there were three couplings that occurred. On
our spectrum we have these peaks labeled as H, G, F, C, and B. The exact couplings are (H,G),
(H,F), and (C,B). The coupling locations match the peak locations on the H1–NMR.
The H1–NMR spectrum was analyzed just like the

Lower Athabasca River System
The Lower Athabasca River (LAR), in northern Alberta, Canada, begins north of Fort McMurray
and flows to the Athabasca Delta and Lake Athabasca. Throughout its course, the river cuts through
natural bitumen deposits, (Conly et al. 2002) and runs adjacent to the Oil–Sands developments. Fine
cohesive sediments and associated chemical constituents such as metals and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) play an important role in the LAR ecosystem (Ghosh et al. 2000, Garcia–
Aragon et al. 2011). Therefore, there is a great demand to characterize the contribution of bitumen
deposits to the sediments and chemicals in Athabasca River system. Experimental assessment of
cohesive sediment deposition dynamics in Athabasca River and tributaries has been ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The proposed numerical frame work for the study is summarized in Figure 1. A one–dimensional
(1D) model is used for large–scale long–term simulation of flow hydrodynamics and sediment
transport patterns in the LAR. Furthermore, a 1D ice model is used to predict the winter ice
coverage and its effect on the river flow characteristics; however, other ice processes (such as ice
breakup) are not taken into account. The results of the ice model are used to modify the sediment
transport and hydrodynamic models to account for the effect of winter ice–cover. The sediment
transport simulations serve as the basis for setting up contaminant transport models for a selection of
three PAH (pyrene (PY), phenantrene (Ph), and C1– Benz[a]anthracenes/Chrysenes (BAC1)) and
three metal (lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and vanadium (V)) constituents. The validated models are also
applied to investigate the effect of some hypothetical pollution scenarios on the water column
concentration of two selected chemicals, pyrene (PY) and lead (Pb) within the

Toxicology Review Paper
Keisha Williams
Toxicology
October 23, 2017
Toxicology Review Paper
Due to the rapid economic development in three megacities in China, there has been a significant
increase in the amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in both the gaseous form and in
the form of particulate matter( PM2.5 and PM10). On account of the rise of concentrations of PAHs
in the air, the amount of both seasonal and annual pollution has increased well above the standard
and national averages. Researchers collected a number of samples from the three megacities
including, Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, and a reference city, Datong. They also collected samples
from four cities that are well outside the perimeter of the megacities to adequately compare ... Show
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PAHs can be formed by incomplete combustion of carbon–containing fuels such as wood, coal,
diesel, fat, tobacco, and incense(Zhang, Chen, & Lv, 2016).This study is seeking to determine the
chemical constitution for major PAHs, observe and identify the different seasonal variance in which
there is the most pollution, and identify the source of the PAH pollution in Beijing, Shijiazhuang,
and Tianjin that are believed to cause cancer, mutations and birth defects. In order to answer the
questions of this study multiple resources were deployed and experiments carried out. First air
samples were collected from the following cities, Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, and the reference
city, Datong. Air samples were also taken from four cities, Nanling, Shennongjia, Pangquangou, and
Changbaishan, that were all background sites. The sample sizes are listed in the table below.
These samples were collected at varies times of the year including, spring, summer, fall, and winter
over twenty–three hours for five to seven days for the three megacities and the reference city.
Samples for the background sites were collected over thirty to thirty–six hours on two occasions. A
particulate sampler was used for PM2.5 and PM10 sampling (Zhang et al., 2016). After samples
were collected they were stored at four degrees Celsius. Samples were then analyzed using certain

The Effects Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons On The...
What are the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the organ systems of aquatic
invertebrates?
A study in Biology
Dusty Vincer, Advisor
by Shruti Gajbhiye
During the recent Deepwater Horizon oil spill, millions of gallons of oil were dispersed in the Gulf
of Mexico in the same area known as the Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone. The hypoxic zone along
the Gulf Coast contains less than the normal amount of dissolved oxygen, at two parts per million.
The little to no oxygen is theorized to be caused by excess nutrients from the Mississippi River
along with the stratification of the Gulf waters. The excess nutrients create a growth of primary
consumers and when decomposing at the bottom, uses the oxygen. The layering of the water does
not allow for the water to mix the top and bottom layers, leaving a lack of oxygen at the bottom of
the Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone and an oxygen–plenty top layer. The polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons from the petroleum, generally accepted to have mutagenic and carcinogenic effects,
and are mainly from anthropogenic sources and are considered environmental pollutants. The
nonpolar organic molecular are insoluble in the water, and are considered to be of utmost
importance in terms of environmental hazards. The combination of the burning of petroleum on the
top of the Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone created a deadly effect, as evidenced by the several deaths
of animals and an unbalanced food web as secondary and tertiary consumers died

Relative Reactivities of Different Types of Hydrogen Atoms...
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the relative reactivities of different types of
hydrogen atoms toward bromine atoms. Although the tested compounds were all arenes, their
reactivities differ as they contain different types of hydrogens. The hydrogens could be of three
different types and could also differ in being bonded to carbons that are attached to a different
number of other carbons. The three different types of hydrogens that could be found were aromatic,
aliphatic, and benzylic. The first category is aromatic hydrogens, which are attached to sp2 carbons
or are those directly bonded to an aromatic ring. Aromatic hydrogens are the least reactive of the
hydrogens in this experiment. The second type of hydrogen being investigated is aliphatic
hydrogens, which are found bonded to an SP3 hybridized carbon which are bonded to another SP3
hybridized carbon. Aliphatic hydrogens can also be broken down into further categories according to
their number of substituents into primary (less reactive), secondary (more reactive), and tertiary
(most reactive). The third type of hydrogens are benzylic hydrogens, which are bonded to a SP3
hybridized carbon that is bonded to a benzene ring. Benzylic hydrogens are also broken into primary
and secondary categories according to their substituents, and are all more reactive than aliphatic and
aromatic hydrogens.
What essentially happens in these reactions is that first, light breaks the bond between two bromine
atoms, from a

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
One famous example of pollution is the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. It happened in the Gulf of
Mexico and it is the largest oil spill in United States history. It was caused by a BP oil well
explosion. This was said to have happened because the managers misread pressure information and
replaced drilling fluid with ocean water. According to the co–chair "there was not a culture of safety
on that rig". The oil spill was discovered April 22, 2010. It is still not entirely cleaned up. The
polluted water contained 40% Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) than most oil spills. PAHs
are carcinogens found in fossil fuels, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill contained 35% more methane than
the 5% average. These toxins can cause irregular heartbeats leading

The Deep Horizon Oil Spill Was The Largest Environmental
The Deep Horizon oil spill was the largest environmental disaster the U.S. has ever faced. On April
20th, 2010, the Deep Horizon oil rig had exploded releasing over 134 million gallons of crude oil
and over four million pounds of gas into the Gulf of Mexico waters. The oil rig was owned and
operated by off shore oil drilling company called Tans–ocean and subleased by a common oil
company called BP. The well was located on the sea floor which is 4,993 feet below the surface and
it extended over 18,000 feet within the rocks. The explosion was caused by surges of natural gas that
had blasted through a concrete core within the Caspian Sea in September 2008. Even though this
explosion was two years before the Deep Horizon rig explosion, it ... Show more content on
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Within a book entitled, Conserving The Environment, it is stated that; "Accidents involving oil
tankers and offshore drilling platforms destroy thousands of fish, birds, and marine mammals."
(Woodward, 22) As a consequence, not only are just the fish affected due to the oil and gases but sea
birds and mammals are as well. The reason why the oil and gas is affecting the animals so badly is
due to the chemical dispersants within them which are known as Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527.
These were applied to the oil at the surface to aid break up oil slicks as well as at the wellhead
itself.. Stated within an article entitled, Gulf Wildlife In the Aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon
Disaster Five Years and Counting, there are indications that the dispersants can remain in the
environment for years. So the ecosystems will be harmed for not a short period of time but for years
and years to come. When it is broken down into subtopics, one will see how fish were affected, birds
then mammals and then ultimately how all of them put together as one were affected. A major fish
that was affected due to the Great Horizon oil spill would be the Atlantic Bluefin Tuna. The Atlantic
Bluefin Tuna is one of the largest fish in the Gulf of Mexico, due to it weighing at 550 pounds and
being 6.5 feet long. A laboratory study founded that the chemical in the Deepwater Horizon oil can

Non Small Cell Lung Cancer
Non–Small cell lung cancer is one of two major cancers that affect smokers and nonsmokers. About
85% of lung cancers are non–small cancers, and at least 80% of that comes from smoking
(American Cancer Society). In the United States, lung cancer is the second cancer most frequently
diagnosed in both men and women and remains the major cause of cancer–related death.(Jan A.
Burger, 2012). It mostly affects group ages from little as 6 to old as 60+. The factors that lead people
to get this cancer of the lungs is by tobacco smoke which the biggest risk factor (Tobacco smoke
also contains a large amount of free radical oxygen that can cause oxidation of the DNA nucleobase
guanine to form 8–oxoguanine resulting in G to T substitutions and gene ... Show more content on
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Cigarette smoke is harmful and it contains over 60 known carcinogens particularly polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines. Cytochrome P450 enzymes metabolically activate these
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines, which can then bind to DNA leading to DNA
adducts.(Br Med Bull (2010). These carcinogens are main reasons that a person who smokes a lot of
cigarette is likely to get lung cancer, or that person may not cancer at all. Genetic studies have
identified a nicotine dependence locus on chromosome 15q24–25, which includes the αα5–α3–β4
nicotinic receptor gene cluster. A polymorphism, which alters an amino acid in the αα5 nicotinic
receptor subunit, also influences the risk for lung cancer, COPD and vascular disease (Br Med Bull
(2010)).
Chronic inflammation predispose of lung cancer. Chronic lung inflammation predisposes to lung
cancer. There is a 4–5 times greater risk for developing lung cancer among those with COPD
independent of age or smoking history (Lee G 2009). Even among non–smokers, the presence of
emphysema on CT scan or a history of COPD is significantly associated with an increased risk of
developing lung cancer (Yang P, Sun Z, Krowka MJ, 2008) Chronic persistent inflammation may
also cause the usually quiescent bronchoalveolar stem cells

Grilled Research Paper
Grilled v. Fried Food
Has it ever happened to you that you have the option of choosing the same dish, but one recipe is
grilled and the other is fried? I know it has happened to me and almost every time I've chosen the
fried version. Let us be honest and admit that fried food seems to be more appealing for everyone,
even to me. There is something to it that makes it addictive, McDonald's is not famous and
successful for nothing. But the sad truth is that although that fried food is extremely delicious when
people consume it frequently it can damage their health and cause serious problems.
So, am I saying that fried food should be forbidden and that we should only prepare (or buy) grilled
meals? No, not really. Fried food it is not awfully bad, indeed is not the healthiest option, but like
we have heard many times "everything should have a balance", therefore fried food can be
consumed in small amounts and perhaps not so frequently. The deal with fried food is that it is a
content high in fat. What makes fried food high in fat, is that when the food is being fried it absorbs
an abundant amount of fat from the oil that is being used. The ingestion of an ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
But not all grilled food is bad, and grilled food can be healthier if done properly. There are several
methods that can reduced the amount of heterocyclic amines and of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons that are created. The first one will be to cut the meat into smaller pieces, into bite–size
pieces to be specific. This method reduces the amount of time that it is requires to cook the meat and
the time that the meat is exposed to the smoke. Another step that would help is to marinate the meat.
The herbs and the spices used in the marinade give antioxidants to the meat which prevent the
development of HCA. Lastly, let us remember that grilling vegetables is not detrimental to your
health and not

Tar Sands, By Jon Brownell
Tar Sands Essay Jon Brownell The Alberta Tar Sands are large deposits of bitumen,a sticky, black
and viscous semi–solid form of petroleum.(Merriam Webster) The bitumen is extracted from the
earth and separated from materials that are not petroleum. This process consumes both water from
the Athabasca River drainage basin and energy. While emissions from the water used are low the
airborne pollutants contain more than 350 kilograms of cancer causing chemicals every four months.
(Kelly) Also, bitumen is one of the least efficient power sources in the world.(Rapier) The Tar Sands
are dangerous for people to live near, are environmentally damaging and unsustainable and are an
inefficient source of power compared to other sources available in Canada. While the Tar Sands are
currently good for the canadian economy, in the long–term they will cost us more than they make.
The content of cancer causing chemicals like PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) is twice as
high as the standard recommended by the national oceanic and atmospheric administration in the
United States. These levels have been observed to cause liver cancer in fish. (Timoney 68) Fish from
Lake Athabasca have been found with deformities other than liver cancer, like lumps or bumps.
Cancer levels in people who live in Fort Chipewyan are much higher than in other parts of the
country.(McLachlan 17) The Government of Canada says that the risk of cancer is small because
people do not eat animals from the area

Grignard Reaction Lab Report
For this lab, certain actions were performed to facilitate the optimal conditions for the Grignard
reaction to proceed. As mentioned above, forming the Grignard reagent and the Grignard reaction
must take place in dry, anhydrous conditions. This was why the glassware was initially placed in the
oven to evaporate any moisture that was present on the glassware. Additionally, the magnesium used
in the experiment needed to be dry too, so it was also placed in the oven to be heated. Creating a dry
environment was also why the reaction vessel was covered in the septum because it helped prevent
the moisture in the air from entering the reaction. Having water in the reaction vessel would destroy
the Grignard reagent and hinder the Grignard reaction. Because the reaction needed to be done in
dry and anhydrous conditions, diethyl ether was used as the solvent because it was aprotic meaning
that the formation of phenylmagnesium bromide and the Grignard reaction would not be hindered
by the protonation of water and alcohols3.
Additionally, creating a dry environment for the reaction tried to reduce the formation of side
products. One possible side product was benzene, which was formed during the protonation of the
carbanion on the benzene ring during the formation of the Grignard reagent4. The carbanion was
very basic meaning that if there was any water in the glassware or moist air in the environment,
some of the carbanion will be protonated by the water creating benzene instead of

Methylcyclohexane Synthesis Essay
Discussion: While hydrogen is not normally observed as a functional group, however, one exception
involves free radical substitution through halogenation. This mechanism essentially function by first
initiation step in which the halogenated molecule splits into two halogenated radicals which is
followed by the formation of a hydrocarbon radical. The next step of the radical mechanism,
propagation, involves the hydrocarbon molecule reaction with a halogenated molecule, thus
producing a hydrocarbon halogen (R–X) compound, and more halogenation molecule thus allowing
the reaction to continue on to completion. A control mechanism will allow for the prediction of what
product will be obtained from a radical reaction. If random chance of the halogen ... Show more
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This is once again due the reasoning stated earlier, as in terms of hydrogen reactivity: benzene >
aromatic ~ aliphatic & tertiary > secondary > primary. This is based on the reasoning in Hammond's
Postulates that the more stable radical will have a smaller rate determining step and the transition
state will resemble the products more so, thus indicating why it can be considered more stable. The
actual order observed was methylcyclohexane> ethylbenzene > toluene > tert–butylbenzene ~
cyclohexane. This was not the predicted order as methylcyclohexane should have reacted third
fastest instead of reacting first as observed, however, excluding the error of methylcyclohexane the
rest of the prediction seem to line up with the observed results. Since methylcyclohexane was the
only contributor to the misalignment with the predicted and observed indicates that some sort of
error occurred in the process of carrying out the reaction. The source of error is most likely due to
the possibility that methylcyclohexane had the bromine added to it a few seconds prior to being set
down and timed for a reaction. The reasoning behind this is because methylcyclohexane should react
fast, however, should still be slower than ethylbenzne and toluene. Another source of error that was
likely a major contributor was the amount of each compound present in the test tube. If too much of
the arene was added to the test tube a the reaction time will likely be noticeably slower as there will
b more product to brominate. Therefore, it is possible that the methylcyclohexane test tube (#13) had
too little of methylcyclohexane in it. The toluene reaction time at 15 seconds also indicates that this
test tube possibly had too much toluene placed in it, thus leading to a slower observed reaction time.
Therefore, it is unlikely that the initial prediction was wrong due to the reactivity of the

Getting A Tattoo Analysis
A lot of consideration comes with getting a tattoo. The design, color, and placement, but never the
chemicals the ink is made out of. Both articles explained the chemical risks that come with getting a
tattoo and provided research findings of contaminated ink. Though, I have a tattoo, after reading
both articles it made me contemplate that I never bothered to ask what type of ink was being used or
how it can harm me. Anke Meisner (a policy officer at the German Federal Ministry of Food &
Agriculture and a panel member at the ESOF conference) explained how consumers are aware of
the infection risks but not the chemical risks1. That is why the dangerous part of getting a tattoo is
not knowing what you're putting into your body, nonetheless,

A Public Health Assessment ( Pre Pha )
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
In this Preliminary Public Health Assessment (Pre–PHA), we evaluated exposure of the Milneburge
neighborhood community to contaminants in response to their public health complaint with the City
of New Orleans. . The homeowners in the neighborhood started to complain of nausea, headache,
and dyspnea when they work in their back yards and reported water runoff and soil erosion from the
waste management site. So, they were really concerned about their children health because they
used to play in the area. As a result of that, we evaluated some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemical compounds found in nature or released from
burning of coal, oil, tobacco, and wood. Some of these compounds are toxic to lung, liver, and skin.
By such Pre–PHA, We can know if the site is extremely contaminated or not and we can assure
residents and give them answers about their concerns.
SITE TIMELINE Our site is a land in the northwestern region of the French Quarter. In the early
20th century, the New Orleans Land Co. owned the land when it was grown up to a modern
neighborhood with subdivisions and street network after spending a lot of money. In 1917, the
Rosemount cemetery was constructed upon it. Millard University bought the whole land in 1940 and
by 1961, the University sold the trapezoidal open land to an industrial waste company. They
established incinerators and worked for almost 8 years. In 1980, the City of

Benzopyrene: A Persistent Organic Pollutant
The most important environmental impact of benzopyrene is its significant accumulation in
organisms exposed to it. Aquatic and marine organisms will also concentrate it. In water,
benzopyrene attaches strongly to sediments and any other solid matter. Then it is released to soils
and tends to bind very strongly to the soils particles, but only small amounts can leach to
groundwaters. Benzopyrene is stable and can remain and move in the environment for a long period
of time. it is a Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP). Release of Benzopyrene therefore causes concern
at a global environmental level as well as on a local scale. How might exposure to it affect human
health? Benzopyrene can enter the body by many ways as inhalation of air containing

Methylcyclohexane Lab Report
Arenes 5. Introduction In this experiment, the relative rates of free–radical chain bromination where
determined. Five arenes were used for this comparison along with two controls for each set. One set
was kept in the dark while the other was put under light. This allowed for better observation of the
reactions, as the light set would proceed fast to show which arenes reacted slowest, while the dark
set would proceed slowly to show relative differences between the faster reacting arenes. The time it
took for the arenes to react was recorded to determine the relative rates of the reactions. 6. Data and
Results The five arenes used for this experiment were toluene, ethylbenzene, tert–butylbenzene,
cyclohexane, and methylcyclohexane. All solutions were a dark orange right after the addition of
bromine. Toluene had 1º benzylic and 2º aromatic hydrogens. Ethylbenzene had 2º benzylic, 1º
aliphatic, and 2º aromatic hydrogens. tert–butylbenzene had 1º aliphatic and 2º aromatic hydrogens.
Cyclohexane had 2º aliphatic hydrogens and methylcyclohexane had 1º, 2º, and 3º aliphatic
hydrogens. In the set that was exposed to light, Ethylbenzene was the first to react. It turned from a
dark orange color to a colorless liquid. Next, toluene turned colorless. After that, none of the other
solutions turned colorless. However, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More specifically, secondary benzylic hydrogens are more reactive than primary benzylic
hydrogens, which are more reactive than tertiary aliphatic hydrogens and so on. This is due to the
fact that secondary benzylic hydrogens are more accessible than primary benzylic hydrogens due to
less steric hindrance. With less steric hindrance, the transition states formed from secondary
benzylic hydrogens are more stable than transition states formed from primary benzylic hydrogens
and therefore the resulting products are more

Gulf Of Mexico Oil Spill Essay
There are many renewable and nonrenewable resources that are being harmed in this world. One
resource is oil. In 2010, there happened to be an explosion of oil in the Gulf Of Mexico which killed
11 people. 87 days after that happened, there was an estimate of 3.19 million barrels of oil leaked
into the gulf. There were many problems about the Gulf Of Mexico oil spill but solutions are being
made to help.
One problem that occurred was that there were concerns about public health on people coming into
direct contact with the oil. Therefore, fish that were in contact with the oil now have the substance
on them so when people catch and cook fish then people eat them, the oil from the fish is now inside
the person giving them the drawbacks ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These chemicals are known to cause cancer. To recondition this issue, the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration monitors the levels of PAHs in the Gulf Coast seafood. It works with NOAA, the
EPA, and the state agencies to determine whether the fish are safe to open or whether it should be
closed. It must pass a smell test and chemical analysis in order to be reopened. Moreover, the fish
couldn't be sent to the market if it contained high levels of PAHs or if it emits an odor that associates
with petroleum or dispersants. As a result, people didn't need to worry about gaining cancer from
fish since they are being checked for plycyclic aromatic

Effects Of Exposure On Tobacco Smoke
The adverse effects of exposure to tobacco smoke while in utero and during early childhood are well
documented, with detrimental consequences occurring within the lungs and brain, resulting in
decreased intelligence and behavioural changes, such as heightened excitability (1,2). Tobacco
smoke exposure occurs prenatally from smoking mothers, or postnatally by environmental tobacco
exposure, and has been associated with low birth weight and head circumference, and creates
vasoconstriction resulting in reduced blood flow to the uterus, initiating oxygen and nutrient
deprivation (1). Additionally, tobacco smoke targets the developing nervous system, resulting in cell
proliferation and differentiation alterations in utero, and abnormal synaptic activity during infancy
(1). Synapses regulate intercellular communication within the brain, and are formed via a variety of
guidance cues and recognition signals, which direct outgrowing axons precisely to the target cell (3),
with abnormal activity ultimately leading to cell loss and neuronal damage (1).
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), a compound found within tobacco smoke (4), are toxic,
carcinogenic and neurotoxic (5), and are also a common air pollutant generated during the
incomplete combustion of organic material, such as coal, diesel and gasoline (5). While lead and
mercury, also released in coal burning, are likewise developmental neurotoxins (6). Exposure to
PAH creates PAH–DNA adducts, which reflect an individual's

Pyrolytic Oil Project Report
In modern years, consumption of waste is the most significant one before disposing to the land.
There is attention in the growth of alternative technologies for recycling waste tyres. The recycling
of tyres using pyrolysis is an attractive means to deal with this problem. The present work focused
on to increase the properties of the pyrolytic oil including elemental composition, higher heating
value(HHV),viscosity, flash point, density and distillation were find out using IS standards and
evaluate with the diesel. The Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) and Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) analysis results were discussed in this paper to
characterized the composition of the pyrolytic oil. The most important ... Show more content on
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The waste to energy skill is explored to development the possible materials in waste which are
biomass, plastic and rubber tire to be oil. The bulk of waste tyres are disposed in landfills, ensuing
in a sort of troubles such as taking up huge quantity of more and more precious landfill space and
unintentional fires resulting in highly toxic emissions such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur
dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), carbon monoxide (CO) and hazardous polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) [2–4]. A variety of strategies have been planned as choices to waste tyre
managing, all planning at tyre reprocess. Waste tyres can regrettably not be recycled in 'traditional'
ways such as glass, metal or plastic by thaw out to attain raw material for new products. This is as a
consequence of the compound nature of tyres, which consist of steel, rubber, carbon black,ash,
fillers, etc. [5]. One more snag is that the polymers in the tyres are cross–linked, and these bonds
cannot be chemically broken down simply [6]. Pyrolysis is distinct as the method by which
materials are thermally degraded by subjection to high temperature in the lack of oxygen [7]. The
pyrolysis process is effectual in the recycling of waste materials, counting waste tyres, and thus
contributes to decrease the ecological impact of waste tyres [8]. The pyrolysis process yields three
main products i.e., a gas, liquid and solid [9]. The

Essay on Experiment on Photocromism and Piezochromism
Experiment B10– Photocromism and Piezochromism
Reece Harms 4320288
Introduction
This experiment investigates an oxidative coupling reaction in an to synthesise triphenylimidazole
dimer from 2,4,5–triphenyl–1H–imidazole. The resulting compound was investigated for both
photochromic and piezochromic properties by way of formation of a stable radical, utilizing visual
observations and UV–Vis as a means of distinction. Both the oxidative coupling reaction and the
dimers interaction with light are depicted in the reactions in figure 1.
Figure 1: Oxidative Coupling reaction of 2,4,5–triphenyl–1H–imidazol
Experimental
Ethanol (100ml), potassium hydroxide (8.065g, 2.568mmol) and water (5ml) were added in order to
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This could be improved by utilizing an inert atmosphere of solely nitrogen. Melting the compound
resulted in an intensely dark purple liquid. This is a result of the resonance stabilized radical being
formed by the homolysis of the carbon–to–carbon bond validating the photochromic properties. The
colour change further substantiates that the desired product was produced despite the inaccuracies in
melting point values. Homolytic cleavage of the dimer prepared by solvation with toluene results in
a deep purple solution confirming the formation of the resonance stabilized radical.
After placing in darkness the colorless solution resulted by reformation of the radical intermediates
to a new thermodynamic product via C–N bond at room temperature. UV–Vis was conducted on the
solution before and after the irradiation with sunlight: UVtoluene 554.92nm, A=0.12 before
irradiation and A=1.05 after. The peak at 554.92nm corresponds to yellow/green light and its
complementary colour is red/violet. This validates the solutions violet color. The increased
absorbance was accounted for an increase in the radical component. The radical was formed when
exposed to light, which was visually apparent with the purple coloration and proved the
thermodynamic dimer was also photochromic. When dimer 4 is exposed to light photons collide
with the molecule and impart energy upon them. This energy is significant enough to break the bond
between the two rings and results

Government Should Be Responsible For Cleaning Up...
Governments Should be Responsible for Cleaning up Environmental Hazards from Previous
Resource Use
The responsibility of dealing with environmental hazards resulting from earlier resource use and
environmental standards that are no longer acceptable today should be devoted in its entirety to
different forms of government whether that be the federal, provincial or municipal level. This paper
will discuss that only governments have enough money and resources available to adequately and
efficiently clean up environmental hazards earlier caused. The paper will then present that it is
unfair to punish innocent civilians living in areas that are environmentally hazardous plagued with
poor air quality, unsafe and unusable drinking or bathing water. Furthermore the paper will state that
biodiversity of such hazardous regions drastically reduces from poor water and air quality will be
discussed. Finally, the paper will discuss that there will be an economic boom and growth resulting
from new jobs for the clean–up as well as a new reputation for the area being clean and safe which
ultimately provides a new space that is useable for new commercial industries. The key arguments
are addressed and accompanied by two significant case studies in which will give insight on why the
government should be responsible for such cleanups. Although there are numerous case studies
available the two primary case studies that are used are listed as follows: Canada's most
contaminated region, the

Cause And Effect Of The Spill
On the Easter Sunday of March 24, 1989 an oil tanker destined for Long Beach, California was
stopped short of its destination when it struck the Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef (PWS). In
charge of the ship was Captain Joseph Jeffrey Hazelwood. It was reported that Captain Hazelwood
was not at the bridge of the ship during the incident. Furthermore he was accused of alcohol
intoxication that might have contributed to the event. This event caused a catastrophic oil spill that
resulted in 11 million gallons of crude oil spreading throughout the ocean. At that time, it was
considered the largest oil that had ever happened in the United States, hence, it was expected to have
devastating effects on the ecology and the different species living ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In charge of the ship was Captain Joseph Hazelwood. At the time of the time incident, Hazelwood
was reported to be in his stateroom while leaving Third Mate Gregory Cousins in charge. This led to
the failure of the ship to return to the shipping lanes and eventually thrashing through the Bligh
Reef. Although Captain Hazelwood was accused and charged of alcohol intoxication while on duty,
Captain Hazelwood was acquitted of that charge, instead the state charged him with a misdemeanor
negligence. This misdemeanor gave Hazelwood a $50,000 fine and 1000 hour of community
service. Nearly twenty seven years ago is when the event took place and yet there are still thousands
of gallons of oil that pollute the beaches near Prince William Sound. The oil found in the beach still
has it adverse effects on the ecosystem near the shore. Although, observations have led for most to
believe that natural removal of the oil will take place overtime, a decline in the rate of oil removal
have proved them otherwise. From 1989 to 1992, the annual rate for natural oil removal was at 80%,
the following years of 1989 to 2001 took a staggering decline at a rate of 22%. After 2001, a mere
4% rate was all that was left to defend the oiled shore of Prince William Sound. Efforts to clean the
oil proved to be difficult due to its remote location and reachable only by air and sea

Environmental Pollution
Chemical pollution consider one of the most pressing environmental challenges that we face. It is
imperative that we address the environmental hazards associated with chemical pollutants.
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and halogenated compounds because of their considerable
toxicity and recalcitrant nature, are particularly concerning pollutants. The hydrophobicity among
PAHs also increases human health risks by promoting bioaccumulation in the fatty tissue. Thus, the
determination of effective and cost efficient methods for removal or degradation of PAHs is
essential. , Bacterial bioremediation, under in situ conditions, is a promising strategy for reducing
polyaromatic hydrocarbons pollution.
A major challenge associated with bacterial bioremediation is that established bacterial communities
with any microbes introduced for bioremediation. Furthermore, poor soil conditions are often
associated with contaminated sites and inhibit many potential bioremediation bacteria. Actinorhizal
plants are able to reclaim and colonize these harsh environments and contaminated lands including
industrial wastelands (Roy et al 2007, Ridgeway et al 2004, Normand et al 2014). These plants form
a symbiotic nitrogen–fixing association with Frankia, a soil–dwelling actinobacteria that enables this
colonization process. The worldwide distribution of actinorhizal plants covers an expansive range of
ecological conditions from dry sandy areas, chaparrals and deserts, to wetlands, forests and

Lancet Oncology: The Process Of Red Meat
The process meat is carcinogenic for everybody, while the red meat "Possible" also it is, according
to the studies released before for a group of scientist.
A group of 22 scientist they performed more than 800 studies from countries and the result of all of
this studies was published in the journal Lancet Oncology. What has made targeted to these foods
are substances that are processed. Nitrates, usually in sausages, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
and heterocyclic amines, which are found in meat processed with heat treatment or iron heme,
present in red meat, are substances whose intake is already limited and controlled by the legislation
but, with this measure, intended to take population awareness about its importance and renew
industrial

What Is Wildfires?
Wildfires, through its effects on vegetation and soil properties, can influence geomorphic and
hydrological processes. These variations include the reduction of soil stability and induction of
water repellence, both of which reduce soil infiltration capacity and increase soil erosion processes
which, ultimately, lead to an increase in overland flow when post–fire precipitation occurs
(Shakesby & Doerr, 2006; Ferreira et al., 2005). The process of combustion transforms organic
matter to ashes and produces a large quantity of compounds associated. These chemicals include
heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) PAH have toxicity potential, environmental
persistence, ubiquity and tendency to bioaccumulation, reasons why they are viewed

After Treatment Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
AFTER–TREATMENT OF PAH IN AUTOMOTIVE
1. Summary
2. Motivation
2.1. Environmental issues
2.2. Health issues
2.3. Laws and regulations
3. Objectives
3.1. Control techniques
3.2. Economics 4. Introduction
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) consist of two or more benzene–ringed compounds
made of only carbon and hydrogen. Compounds which are made of two rings are known as di–
aromatics whereas those made of three benzene rings are known as tri– aromatics and so forth. As
the number of rings increase, molecular weights of these compounds also increase and the
compounds tend towards higher thermodynamic stability. Most common examples of PAHs are
naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene etc.
Further, as these compounds become heavier, the particle's size increases and hence these
compounds are also known to be pre–cursors of soot formation. In this report we will only be
studying PAH in the vapour phase whose particle sizes will be restricted to less than 1.5 nm.
Following diagram shows the formation of PAH resulting in soot, in a premixed flame. Figure 1:
Formation of PAH followed by soot. (Howard originally in Bockhorn) In a study carried out by Y.
Lev et al, it is seen that the concentration of total PAH is around 0.25 ng to 1 ng per µg of total
particulate matter depending on the number of rings, which is a very small quantity of the total
hydrocarbon emission from automotive. Figure 2: Ratio of total PAH to PM depending on the size
of the compound [Y.Lev]
But,

The Antarctic Krill's Decline
Study conducted by British Antarctic Survey in 2004 emphasized that Antarctic krill numbers are
declining. Krill are very significant to the Antarctic food web and this decline could threaten whales,
seals and penguins all of which rely on krill. The decline of krill has been associated to a intense
decline in sea ice, their habita. Sea ice is a vigorous feeding ground for the enormous number of krill
in the Southern Ocean. The research shows that krill decreased by about 80% since the 1970s. Krill
feed on the algae which are found under the surface of the sea ice. The Antarctic Peninsula, an
important breeding ground for the krill, has experienced an unusual shrinkage of sea ice. It has been
intensely advocated that enhanced UV–B radiation

The Industrial Revolution Was An Event That Changed The World
The industrial Revolution was an event that changed the world forever. Tasks and lives became
easier, cheaper, and more productive, but just like every decision isn't there a consequence? The
consequence to having machines and factories create our materials and goods on a larger scale, were
the dangers created within our atmosphere and bodies. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas
are used to create the needed and desired materials wanted today, but within the construction process
pollution and cancer are admitted. The United States as well as the whole world, are causing
pollution and cancer to become a known side effect of using fossil fuels since the Industrial
Revolution. The machines used to acquire fruits and vegetables, the machines invented to create
clothing at large rates, the machines created to construct materials for homes, cars, stores, and
skyscrapers are still being used and modified today. What was at first believed to be this genius idea
since the eighteenth century, has caused nothing but death and delayed destruction of our world.
What has been created and thought of then, is imagined to be fixed today but that ideology is where
our self–destruction lies. Inventors and entrepreneurs are relying on the idea of solving our current
issues relating to pollution and cancer with the establishment of newer technology that is said to
slowly diminish our concerns. It is very contradictory to have our conflicts be solved by the exact
materials that had

Essay about Chemistry
The Battle Between Absorbency: Clay and Charcoal
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are extremely dangerous to human and aquatic life when
presented in water. The removal of the PHAs are done by using absorbent material. In this
experiment we tested Bentonite clay and charcoal by finding the absorbency of both. The results we
came to is the clay is the better absorbent.
Introduction
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are 16 different pollutants together. Eight of these are
considered carcinogenic, while others can lead to mutations of wildlife that encounter them.
Humans can come into contact by swimming in water where they are present because of pollution,
but mostly it is from drinking water, which has PAH ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Absorbent
% Transmittance
Absorbance
Charcoal 1
11.2
0.950781977
Charcoal 2
11.8
0.928117993
Charcoal 3
12
0.920818754
Clay 1
14.6
0.835647144
Clay 2
14.4
0.841637508
Clay 3
14.2
0.847711656

There are several the problems with our results. For instance, at λmax the results from week two
show that the clay and charcoal have more absorption than the stock solution of .05 mM dye. This
was noticed during the lab, and we ran the stock solution by itself again, and got the transmittance to
be 17.2%, which is different than the18.4% that we got week one. This was found that the stock
solution is re–mixed daily and there was a variation of the actual concentration of the solution. Also,
there was error in the fact that our lab weighed the charcoal and then grinded, so we lost part of the
substance in the grinding part of lab. This could lead to the absorbance being faulted because there
was then less surface area to show to absorb.
By looking at the data, it would be suggested from our results that clay is the better absorbent
because it has the lesser of the absorbance. This is because charcoal absorbs differently than the
clay. The clay becomes a good absorbent because it takes the dye and keeps it between multiple
layers,

The Randle Reef
One of the most appalling environmental catastrophes in Canada is right within the Greater Toronto
Area, The Randle Reef, located in the Hamilton Harbour.
Randle Reef, is considered the direst of identified water pollution issues within Canada, but has
recently begun remediation of the site. The Randle Reef contains a massive amount of toxic coal tar,
which has been building up for decades, but is scheduled to be contained shortly.
In the early 1800's, then known as Burlington Bay, Hamilton Harbour was an important access point
for initial water transportation and industrial expansion of the Burlington and Hamilton area. During
this time, the bay was crudely treated by its shoreline residents constantly polluting, as well as the
dredging ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cleanup is a three–phase plan, estimated to remove more than 99% of the PAH mass from the
area, which has begun and will hopefully undo the previous generations of damage. Phase one is
building a box to contain the contamination. Upon completion of the first phase, there will be a
double steel–walled barricade surrounding contaminated sediment. Phase two involves of dredging
the polluted deposits from the adjacent areas and placing them within the enclosure. The final phase
of the project encompasses removing the water from the suppression area and placing a waterproof
cap on the facility, which is anticipated to have a 200 year life span, to seal in the chemicals.
Upon completion, the container will be paved and then turned over to the Hamilton Port Authority,
who will then own the facility and be accountable for monitoring, preserving and evolving the site
as port facilities.
This project is expected to be completed by 2022, with an estimated cost of approximately $139
million. The Randle Reef sediment remediation project is being funded by both the federal and
Ontario government, along with the cities of Hamilton, Burlington and surrounding areas, the U.S
Steel Canada, and Hamilton Port

Charred Meat
Charred Meat Could Heighten The Risk Of Cancer
The regular eating of a well–done steak or charred meat could increase the risk of cancer, according
to some studies.
Researchers from University of Minnesota conducted a study. They monitored the eating habits of
over 62,000 people for nine years. They found out there were about over 60 percent increase in
pancreatic cancer cases on those people who ate charred meat on a regular basis, according to How
Stuff Works.
Muscle meat that includes beef, poultry, pork or fish that is cooked with high temperature like pan
frying or grilling straight over an open flame produces chemicals called heterocyclic amines (HCAs)
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These chemicals have been found to be

Bromination Of E-Stilbene Lab Report
Bromination of E–Stilbene Kelly Marroquin Fall 2017 Lab Section: 353–01 Lab Partner: Seon Lee
Abstract: The bromination of the alkane was calculated and the overall percent yield was 96.35%
with the percent yield with the calculated theoretical yield was 79.85%. The addition reaction was
synthesized with a mechanism using 3 steps. The E–Stilbene reacted with pyridinium hydromide
perbromide to form the pure (1R, 2S)–stilbene dibromide. One of the two diastereomeric products,
the other would be dl(1R,2R + 1S,2S) stilbene dibromide. Introduction: Halogenation is when one
or more hydrogens in a compound are replaced with a halogen, for example fluorine, chlorine,
bromine or iodine. In a halogenation of the alkane, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Materials and Methods/Experimental: The materials used for this experiment was an Erlenmeyer
flask and a vacuum filtration. To start off, in an Erlenmeyer flask approximately 0.51 g of E–stilbene
with 10 mL of acetic acid was dissolved. A hot water bath was prepared and the mixture was
warmed until the solid is completely dissolved. After the solution was dissolved, 1.02 gram of
pyridinium hydromide perbromide was added. The crystals around the flask were rinsed with a
small amount of acetic acid and the solution was continued in the hot water bath for one to two
minutes. The stilbene dibromide precipitated immediately as small plates. The mixture was cooled
under tap water helping crystals form. The mixture was cooled before collecting the product by a
vacuum filtration. For the crystals not to stick in the flask, the solution was washed with small
amounts of ice cold methanol. When done pouring, the isolated solid dried for a few minutes in the
filtration. To increase drying time, the crystals were pressed down. When the solid was collected,
data such as melting point, percent yield and infrared spectroscopy spectrum values were collected.
Results and Discussion: When all the data was collected, the solid was weighed and in total the
watch glass with the solid weighed 16.52 grams. When the weight of the watch glass was subtracted,
0.77g of the solid stilbene bromide is left. In order to calculate the percent yield, the theoretical yield
is taken.

Essay On Environmental Hazards
Week 2 Discussion Judith Amang South University Significant Episodes in which an Environmental
Hazard Caused Adverse Health Outcomes in Humans. Organochlorines such as DDT, PCBs, and
polycyclic are the environmental hazard that caused the most adverse health outcomes. Some studies
have shown that the presence of petroleum byproducts in animal will react as estrogen, therefore,
these have stimulated the formation of a tumor in rats. As a result, pollutants are causing air
pollution from industrial manufacturing, energy production, is causing a lot of damage in people's
health when it is inhaled. Therefore, a scientist has shown that many of these poisons deposited in
the fats for a long period of time. Hence, this is very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Women are susceptible to the exposure of chemicals (Kumar 2004).due to the spread of chemicals in
manufacturing, females exposed to these chemicals are likely to jeopardize their fertility. Therefore,
many years ago, evidence has shown the destructive effects of women exposed to chemicals in their
reproductive system and the pregnancy outcomes has revealed (Kumar, 2004). So, women exposed
to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon experienced unprompted abortion two times more than non–
exposed ones. What are the steps that were taken to prevent the adverse health outcomes from
occurring? Should there be any other step that was necessary to prevent the adverse health outcome?
Explain. In this study, all solvent present in the work area was measured, and this experiment was
executed by a hygienist team of the company. So, the organic solvent existing in the work area was
performed in the breathing zone, "Air samples were collected on charcoal tubes with constant ﬂow
(100 ml/min) pumps (SKC 226–01) for laboratory units and packing units" (Axelsson G, 1984). In
addition, the hygienist was monitoring air constantly during working hours. Suggest the ways to
prevent future occurrences of such episodes. Monitoring air constantly, and avoiding pregnant
women to work in that such environment, otherwise employer must provide adequate PPE for
employee protection. Is there an association between

American And World History: The Pearl Harbor Naval Base
The Pearl Harbor Naval Base is a very important place regarding American and World History. It is
located on the island of Oahu, Honolulu County, Hawaii and is approximately 6,300 acres. The
population as of 2010 is approximately 950,000 people, including men, women and children from
the Navy and the Air force. The United States Navy was stationed here during World War II during
the war between the Allies and the Axis. On December 7th, 1941 the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor
in hopes of diminishing the United States naval power by destroying their fleet. After the attack,
industrial activity boomed at the harbor in terms of building more ships for the war, which
ultimately resulted in contaminating the harbor. The United States Navy discovered

The Potentinal for Ozone in BTEX-Contaminated Sites
Ozone is a highly–oxidative chemical known to be capable of degrading many types of organic
contaminants, including both chemicals and organisms. It is known in the grain industry to be useful
for disinfecting cereals without affecting quality of the cereal. This includes microbial inactivation,
killing pests, degrading certain pesticides and fungicides, and mycotoxins (Tiwari et al. 2010).
Ozone also has an important role in the treatment of wastewater for similar reasons. It is used in the
treatment train at both the Alfred Merritt Smith and River Mountains treatment plants in Las Vegas
(SNWA 2014). The ozonation processes in these plants kill off bacteria and microorganisms by
bubbling ozone into the wastewater. As ozone dissipates within several minutes, no residue is left
after treatment, though certain disinfection byproducts can potentially be formed depending on the
constituents in the wastewater, and the placement of ozonation in the treatment train (Gerrity et al.
2010). Certain organic contaminants of interest, including ___, tend to have long half–lives and low
water–solubility, which can make traditional and natural forms of remediation ineffective. The past
decade has shown that ozone can be used in the remediation of contaminated soils, primarily by in–
situ ozonation systems. As mentioned previously, ozone is an unstable chemical that has a half–life
of around two minutes (Dey, Rosenwinkel, Wheeler 2002). In the process of oxidation, ozone reacts
with

Effects of the BP Oil Spill
Four years ago from today, the Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded and sunk, killing eleven people.
Underwater cameras showed that the pipe was leaking oil and gas about 40 miles from the coast of
Louisiana. This leak would eventually release about 4.9 million barrels of oil into the Gulf before it
would be capped 87 days later. Immediately after the explosion, workers from Transocean, BP, and
the government attempted to control the spread of oil to the coast by using oil booms and chemical
dispersants to break down underwater oil. However, these methods had problems. First, oil booms
only stop the spread of surface oil. While that sounds good, lots of the oil was beneath the surface
and the booms did nothing to stop the spread of this oil. Second, the chemical dispersants used to
break down the underwater oil could be just as harmful to marine life as the oil was. Over 1.84
million gallons of Corexit dispersant were used in the Gulf. Use of the dispersant was described as
"the most effective and fast moving tool for minimizing shoreline impact". Despite these claims, an
analysis conducted by Toxipedia showed that the dispersant could contain cancer–causing agents,
hazardous toxins and endocrine–disrupting chemicals. Scientists were concerned that the dispersants
made a spill even more toxic, increasing the danger to wildlife. The dangers are even greater when
poured into the source of a spill, because they are picked up by the current and washed through the
Gulf. The oil

Fossil Fuel And Its Effects On The World Economy
In the current era, fossil fuel is a necessity in our everyday life, for not only it is used as an energy
source, but also due to the high rate of dependability on the fuel itself. The recent drop in oil prices
caused an enormous impact on the world economy, especially to the countries that are highly
dependent on the fuel industry. The United States also are affected by this situation. One suggestion
and a major change, in order to reduce the high dependency on the fossil fuel and to overcome the
problems related to the usage of fossil fuel, is to start the wide use of biofuel as the fossil fuel
replacement. The impact of this change, and also a huge improvement, not only will help to stabilize
the economy, but also can help in reducing the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Biofuel is a fuel
produced from any fats sources, obtained from either animals or plants, and is a renewable and
environmental friendly source of energy. How can we say the biofuel is environmental friendly?
According to Vasudevan, Palligarnai T and Michael Briggs:
Since biodiesel is made entirely from vegetable oil or animal fats, it is renewable and biodegradable.
Biodiesel also contains very little sulfur, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals. Petroleum–
derived diesel fuels can contain up to 20% polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. For an equivalent
number of carbon atoms, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are up to three orders of magnitude
more soluble in water than straight chain aliphatics.

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