4. Life and non-life on Earth form a combined system (Gaia Theory) Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium are in constant circulation between the earth’s major environmental compartments Earth’s compartments remain in balance as long as the rate of flow of matter and energy in and out of the compartments is unchanged. Changes in the environmental compartments will occur if the circulation (in and out flow) of the substances is perturbed. Atmospheric CO 2 has been increasing because the rate of input is larger than the rate of output from the atmosphere.

5. Major Biogeochemical Processes Visualized by Aerosols Dust storms Volcanoes Anthropogenic pollution Fires Anthropogenic pollution perturbs the natural processes and material flows

7. Analysis Framework I: Sensory-Motor Loop Assessment Compare to Goals, Plan Reductions Track Progress Controls (Actions) Monitoring (Sensing) Set Goals Assessment turns data into knowledge for decision making & actions through analysis (science & eng.) Monitoring collects multi-sensory data from surface and satellite platforms and Human activities exert pressures , e.g burning fossil fuels, that alter the state of environment. The impaired environmental state, elicits responses , such as regulations in a feedback loop All living organisms use this type of sensory-motor feedback to maintain their existence. Monitoring, Assessment, Control are the necessary steps for sustainable development.

8. Monitoring: New Global Measurements - Satellites ERBS Terra Aqua Grace IceSat QuikScat Sage SeaWinds TRMM Toms-EP UARS Jason Landsat 7 SORCE SeaWiFS ACRIMSAT TOPEX/Poseidon EO-1

9. Eskes at al, 2006 Source Identification: - Man-made, Soil, Biomass, Lightning - Seasonal pattern of each Trend 1995-2005: - Reductions in N. America & Europe - Increase over East Asia (China) Monitoring Global Change: Tropospheric NO2 Measurements from Satellites:

10. Analysis of OMI satellite NO2 observations: NO 2 Weekly Cycle Weekend/weekday NO2 patterns associated with reduced Sunday emissions See screencast (1 minute) The revolutions in sensing and data distribution now allow the monitoring and analysis of the chemical weather and climate over the Earth.

11. Setting Goals: Air Quality Goal: Attaining Natural Condition by 2064

12. Controls: Sustainability Transition

14. Biogeochemical Cycles - Carbon

15. Nitrogen Cycle

17. Consequences of Ecosystem Changes

19. Analysis Framework III – Causality Loop Economic Development with Due Care of the Environment Health-Welfare Energy-Environment Socio-Economic

20. Causality: Linear System Model

23. Coal Production and S Content

25. Pollutant Transfer by Fuels and Minerals: Spatial Transfer Matrices