War has devastating implications for families, communities, cultures, economies, and state infrastructure. Similarly, the last decade has seen an increase in the number of attacks against health workers in conflict zones and unstable environments. Unfortunately, these attacks have grave consequences for local populations which often rely on foreign aid programs for their health and well-being. As such, this paper will examine why aid-workers have increasingly been targeted for abductions, ambushes, assassinations, and various forms of intimidation. Furthermore, examples of terminated health programs, as well as populations served by current medical and humanitarian interventions, will be provided to impart a sense of magnitude and importance of health programs to the reader. Lastly, suggestions will be presented which could serve to minimize aid-workers’ risk and exposure to acts of violence in the field.
Towards A Global Civil Society: A Review of Pertaining Issues, Successes and ...AkashSharma618775
This article reviews the notion of civil society by raising pertinent issues, successes and drawbacks. Often
referred to as the space where we act for common good, civil society aims to connect poor or marginalized people
with groups that can mobilize support to help. We know that civil society by itself cannot achieve poverty
eradication. It must act in partnership with governments and institutions but it must be one of the partners and
not just a servant to carry out the designs of governments or corporations. Therefore there is need to expand the
role of NGOs and civil society organizations in three main specific areas related to poverty eradication: technical,
financial and political and enhancing the participation of those whose lives are affected by decisions and this can
only happen when there is an enabling environment designed to promote popular participation. The contributions
of civil society in global environmental preservation cannot be ignored since it is a cross cutting issue and both
national and international governments need other actors to make it a reality. In short, there has been increasing
support for civil society as understanding has grown about the important role that CSOs can play in bringing
about development goals. The Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Summit Outcome Document
emphasize the relationship between sustainable human development and democratic governance and the need for
civil society engagement to foster both.
War has devastating implications for families, communities, cultures, economies, and state infrastructure. Similarly, the last decade has seen an increase in the number of attacks against health workers in conflict zones and unstable environments. Unfortunately, these attacks have grave consequences for local populations which often rely on foreign aid programs for their health and well-being. As such, this paper will examine why aid-workers have increasingly been targeted for abductions, ambushes, assassinations, and various forms of intimidation. Furthermore, examples of terminated health programs, as well as populations served by current medical and humanitarian interventions, will be provided to impart a sense of magnitude and importance of health programs to the reader. Lastly, suggestions will be presented which could serve to minimize aid-workers’ risk and exposure to acts of violence in the field.
Towards A Global Civil Society: A Review of Pertaining Issues, Successes and ...AkashSharma618775
This article reviews the notion of civil society by raising pertinent issues, successes and drawbacks. Often
referred to as the space where we act for common good, civil society aims to connect poor or marginalized people
with groups that can mobilize support to help. We know that civil society by itself cannot achieve poverty
eradication. It must act in partnership with governments and institutions but it must be one of the partners and
not just a servant to carry out the designs of governments or corporations. Therefore there is need to expand the
role of NGOs and civil society organizations in three main specific areas related to poverty eradication: technical,
financial and political and enhancing the participation of those whose lives are affected by decisions and this can
only happen when there is an enabling environment designed to promote popular participation. The contributions
of civil society in global environmental preservation cannot be ignored since it is a cross cutting issue and both
national and international governments need other actors to make it a reality. In short, there has been increasing
support for civil society as understanding has grown about the important role that CSOs can play in bringing
about development goals. The Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Summit Outcome Document
emphasize the relationship between sustainable human development and democratic governance and the need for
civil society engagement to foster both.
Present Market Globalisation And Democratic Decentralisation of Gandhi - Cont...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Globalisation and Poverty. Political Economic Digest Series - 11Akash Shrestha
In this series, we’ll be discussing about globalization and poverty. As we discussed in our earlier series, globalization and free trade are among the most prominent issues of discussion in the policy discousrse countries out of dire poverty. However, globalization isn’t free from criticisms or opponents. Critics of today. Globalization has contributed significantly in lifting millions of citizens of the Third World globalization hold globalization responsible for the increasing environmental degradation, consumerism and most of all increasing the gap between rich and the poor. In popular words, “rich are getting richer poor are getting poorer”.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Ppt on poverty, poverty, poverty in india, poverty in world, world poverty, p...kushagra21
Ppt on poverty, poverty, poverty in india, poverty in world, world poverty, poverty in india and world, poverty and famine, causes of poverty, images on poverty, countries in poverty, poverty and its causes
Globalization and its impact on health is important to understand for public health specialist. some future aspects and challenges of globalization are need to understand well.
Helping Hands program focus is to directly provide assistance for working families and students with resources to help out in areas that would otherwise have to be set aside due to financial hardship, and other unforseen circumstances. The ideal result of the Helping Hands program involvement is that individuals can continue to pursue their personal or professional goals as well as provide for those who depend on their success so that that they may persevere in the midst of difficult situations.
We understand that these particular needs are not easily obtained due financial hardships and the re-prioritizing of other important neccessities for daily living.
The Cakemix Foundation also partners with like-minded organizations who serve the community.
If there is an organization who needs support with collection drives or events, please let us know!
Present Market Globalisation And Democratic Decentralisation of Gandhi - Cont...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Globalisation and Poverty. Political Economic Digest Series - 11Akash Shrestha
In this series, we’ll be discussing about globalization and poverty. As we discussed in our earlier series, globalization and free trade are among the most prominent issues of discussion in the policy discousrse countries out of dire poverty. However, globalization isn’t free from criticisms or opponents. Critics of today. Globalization has contributed significantly in lifting millions of citizens of the Third World globalization hold globalization responsible for the increasing environmental degradation, consumerism and most of all increasing the gap between rich and the poor. In popular words, “rich are getting richer poor are getting poorer”.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Ppt on poverty, poverty, poverty in india, poverty in world, world poverty, p...kushagra21
Ppt on poverty, poverty, poverty in india, poverty in world, world poverty, poverty in india and world, poverty and famine, causes of poverty, images on poverty, countries in poverty, poverty and its causes
Globalization and its impact on health is important to understand for public health specialist. some future aspects and challenges of globalization are need to understand well.
Helping Hands program focus is to directly provide assistance for working families and students with resources to help out in areas that would otherwise have to be set aside due to financial hardship, and other unforseen circumstances. The ideal result of the Helping Hands program involvement is that individuals can continue to pursue their personal or professional goals as well as provide for those who depend on their success so that that they may persevere in the midst of difficult situations.
We understand that these particular needs are not easily obtained due financial hardships and the re-prioritizing of other important neccessities for daily living.
The Cakemix Foundation also partners with like-minded organizations who serve the community.
If there is an organization who needs support with collection drives or events, please let us know!
In our opinion, poverty is the main reason for hunger, weather is it poverty of an individual or of a whole nation. In developing countries, governments can’t afford to support those in need for food and water and in developed countries there are some individuals who can’t afford their need due to lack of education which caused them to be unable to look for a source of income.
Natural disasters can cause poverty too. Governments should be able to provide shelter and food for those people who their houses and belongings were destroyed by natural disasters.
The asquith group case study some statisticsasalarsson
21% of young people in Australia do not complete secondary school. (Deloitte Access Economics, 2012) In Victoria an estimated 10,000 school-age people disengage early from education every year.
Young people who do not finish school are far more likely to be unemployed into their 20s and beyond than their contemporaries.
In 2011, about 35 per cent of 20-24 year old Victorians whose highest level of school attainment was Year 11 or below were either unemployed or had withdrawn entirely from the workforce or study.
CIVIC EDUCATION AND IT’S IMPERATIVE TOWARDS NATION BUILDING: THE NIGERIAN EXA...John1Lorcan
Most countries of the world today originated as a result of the activities of colonialists and imperialists
who merged previously independent nations together for the sole reason of domination and exploitation.
Following the end of colonial era and the resulting freedom of previously colonized people, many countries
have been struggling to live together as the nation which their erstwhile colonial masters made them. This
has often resulted to conflicts and crises, the worst of it being the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Due to these
incidences, social researchers have intensified efforts in designing programs that will facilitate the very act
of nation-building/or prevent a devastating effect that may result from a failure thereof. This paper,
therefore, attempts to suggest Civic Education as one of the models that can help facilitate nation-building
project especially in countries affected by the effects of colonization. The work employed the normative
method of philosophy, while also not leaving behind the evaluative and analytical side of the method.
Do the Slum Dwellers Enjoy the Basic Constitutional and Economic Rights as a ...Basharat Hossain
Bangladesh is a country of about 156million people including nearly 7.81
million of slum people. This paper investigates 28 years data for 1986- 2014
periods on the living standard of slum dwellers of Bangladesh. It presents
the different forms of deprivations, sufferings and miseries of slum people
from basic needs including social, constitutional and economic rights.
More specifically, the wretchedness of slum dwellers in housing, drinking
water, sanitation, food intake, healthcare, education, employment, income
patterns, social status and security, economic and public assistance has
been explored in this paper. In addition, poverty scenario and services of
social organization among slum people has been focused in this paper.
Finally, it recommends some policies to improve the living conditions of
slum dwellers in Bangladesh.
Keywords: Slum Dwellers, Standard of Living, Basic Needs, Constitutional
and Economic rights, Bangladesh
JEL Classification Code: I31, I38, I13, I18, I25, E26, O18, O15, O17
Book Review on "Women and Poverty Alleviation in Bangladesh"AlAminHossainRakib
"Women and Poverty Alleviation in Bangladesh" was published in 2009 which was written by Dr. K M Reazul Karim, Md. Mafizur Rahman and S. M Ashiqul Murshed. This presentation is aimed to review this book.
Fifty years ago, when the Pakistani military carried out a massacre against the people of East
Bangle, the freedom-loving people stood up and fought back
Macro environment Analysis of BangladeshEmran Hosain
The macro environment of Bangladesh is every bit as important to a company as the micro-environment. So much in fact, that it can’t be taken for granted. This analysis showed some of the characteristics of the environment and how different companies have used the opportunities and made a name. This was the purpose of the analysis all along.
Journey of Reintegration: Stories of Bangsamoro Decommissioned CombatantsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Along with the journey of the Bangsamoro to long-lasting peace, this study aimed to explore
the experiences, challenges, coping mechanisms, and insights learned by the decommissioned MILF combatants
in their journey to community reintegration. This study utilized the qualitative method using phenomenology,
particularly hermeneutic phenomenology, as a research design to describe the journey of the participants in their
community reintegration. There were nine participants chosen using a purposive sampling technique from three
of the major camps of MILF that participated in the study. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the answers of
the participants. Importance of safety and livelihood, had various duties as part of the MILF, a semblance of
normalcy, rampant fighting and peace agreement violations, a potpourri of positive and negative emotions, life
has changed much for the better, community and family support is important and none or minimal stigma and
discriminations are the experiences of the participants in community reintegration. The coping mechanisms of
the participants in reintegration are financial assistance from the government, provisions of training and
livelihood stocks, strength emanated from belief in Islam, assistance from the MILF top officials, community
support was not lacking and the family provided moral support. Further, the insights shared by the participants
are no more fear, being decommissioned helps our livelihood, there are still unfulfilled promises, respect,
acceptance, and willingness of the community, cooperate with the government, do not give up one’s ideals, and
do join the next batch of decommissioning. Thus, reintegration is never easy. Social, financial, emotional, and
psychological support is crucial to the success of reintegration.
KEYWORDS: social development, community reintegration, hermeneuticphenomenology, decommissioned
combatants, Philippines
A Study on Changing Status of Mithilanchal Villages 1895 2005ijtsrd
The nature of society is changeable. Man is born and grows in a group. He performs his various roles in life and dies. One generation is replaced by another generation. The new generation changes the assumptions and working procedures of the old generation according to its own needs. Procreation results in the growth of a new generation. Diseases, famines, natural calamities and wars also decrease population. Social institutions and organizations change with the changes in human needs. The systems of production and technology changes according to the economic needs of man. As a result, the mental relationship between man and machine also change. Culture, working procedure, values system and organization also change with the changes in population, generation needs and relation between man and machine. The present paper is denoting about the changing status of Mithilanchal villages in the state of Bihar in India. This is a comparative study in between two periods of time, 1895 2005. Dr. Pramod Gandhi | Dr. Baby Kumari "A Study on Changing Status of Mithilanchal Villages (1895-2005)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33295.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/33295/a-study-on-changing-status-of-mithilanchal-villages-18952005/dr-pramod-gandhi
Running head POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN BANGLADESH .docxglendar3
Running head: POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN BANGLADESH 2
POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN BANGLADESH 2
Political Instability in Bangladesh
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
History of Bangladesh
During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, modern Bangladesh attained its independence from Pakistan. The history of Bangladesh is carefully entwined with the history of India subsequent and that of Bengal. The country's early documented history featured the succession of Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms, and around the 6th to 7th century AD, Islam arrived. Later, the Muslim religious leaders started preaching, and after that construction of mosques. Bengal Sultanate took the leadership of the Bangladesh community since the 14th century. Ahamed, (2013) points out that Bangladesh economic prosperity tremendously increased and, by the same time, declared the wealthiest country to trade with by the Europeans. Subsequently, under the Mughal Empire, it was the most prosperous province where Bengal Subah generated almost half of the empire and about 12% of the world's GDP more significant than the entire GDP of Western Europe.
By the 1700s, the Mughal empire was declined, and Bengal becomes a semi-independent state, which Siraj ud-Daulah lastly led it. Bengal Presidency was established after that as a result of Bengal's contribution to the Industrial Revolution. In August 1947, the border of modern Bangladesh 1991was created with the separation of India and Bengal.
Demography of Bangladesh showing the population of religion
Economic Development
The country of Bangladesh is an agricultural ambitious economy. An overall of about 54% of all residents in Bangladesh country are all directly and indirectly involved in farming. The government has good soil fertility and enough supply of water due to so many rivers within the area, making the nation to harvest about three crops every year. There have been so many reported cases of floods damaging crops around every year, but it has never made it harder for the residents since the production of food crops within the nation has been enough. Labor- intensive is the second sector in the manufacturing industry that is the Ready-made garments industry to be specific, involved both genders in generating the foreign revenue as well as contributing to the GDP of the country. The export of the workforce is the third sector that has signed to the Bangladeshi an economy. A good number of the people of Bangladesh have been able to acquire job opportunities in the market in the nearby countries of the Middle- East, Malaysia, Singapore, etc. The nation strictly observed cultural and religious beliefs that allowed women to stay at their homes, and they were supposed to remain around the compounds to take care of all the activities around them. Men, on the o.
Running head POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN BANGLADESH .docxtodd581
Running head: POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN BANGLADESH 2
POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN BANGLADESH 2
Political Instability in Bangladesh
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
History of Bangladesh
During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, modern Bangladesh attained its independence from Pakistan. The history of Bangladesh is carefully entwined with the history of India subsequent and that of Bengal. The country's early documented history featured the succession of Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms, and around the 6th to 7th century AD, Islam arrived. Later, the Muslim religious leaders started preaching, and after that construction of mosques. Bengal Sultanate took the leadership of the Bangladesh community since the 14th century. Ahamed, (2013) points out that Bangladesh economic prosperity tremendously increased and, by the same time, declared the wealthiest country to trade with by the Europeans. Subsequently, under the Mughal Empire, it was the most prosperous province where Bengal Subah generated almost half of the empire and about 12% of the world's GDP more significant than the entire GDP of Western Europe.
By the 1700s, the Mughal empire was declined, and Bengal becomes a semi-independent state, which Siraj ud-Daulah lastly led it. Bengal Presidency was established after that as a result of Bengal's contribution to the Industrial Revolution. In August 1947, the border of modern Bangladesh 1991was created with the separation of India and Bengal.
Demography of Bangladesh showing the population of religion
Economic Development
The country of Bangladesh is an agricultural ambitious economy. An overall of about 54% of all residents in Bangladesh country are all directly and indirectly involved in farming. The government has good soil fertility and enough supply of water due to so many rivers within the area, making the nation to harvest about three crops every year. There have been so many reported cases of floods damaging crops around every year, but it has never made it harder for the residents since the production of food crops within the nation has been enough. Labor- intensive is the second sector in the manufacturing industry that is the Ready-made garments industry to be specific, involved both genders in generating the foreign revenue as well as contributing to the GDP of the country. The export of the workforce is the third sector that has signed to the Bangladeshi an economy. A good number of the people of Bangladesh have been able to acquire job opportunities in the market in the nearby countries of the Middle- East, Malaysia, Singapore, etc. The nation strictly observed cultural and religious beliefs that allowed women to stay at their homes, and they were supposed to remain around the compounds to take care of all the activities around them. Men, on the o.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE REFUGEES CRISIS 3
Annotated Bibliography on the Refugees Crisis
Kaleena Springsteen
GEN 499 General Education Capstone
David Benders
May 7, 2018
Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE REFUGEES CRISIS 1
Annotated Bibliography on the Refugees Crisis
Introduction
Thousands of persons flee their homes because of wars, natural disasters, and persecutions in the hope of findings safer and better places for their survival. They cannot return to their homes because of safety concerns. Currently, there are millions of refugees across the globe, thereby leading to a crisis. The problem has been driven by the political instability in the Middle East, which as, in turn, provided the terrorist groups with the ideal conditions to conduct their activities. Also religious persecutions, such as the Rohingya Muslims problem in Myanmar have played a leading role in the increased number of refugees across the globe. Refugees experience numerous challenges upon leaving their homes. They are forced to live in tents in the camps where they lack access to basic needs and social amenities. Over the years, the United Nations through the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) have been assisting these persons with the essential commodities. However, the increasing number of refugees implies that a single organization cannot sustain their needs alone.
Thesis statement: Thus, the global community needs to find collective approaches of solving the conflicts that affect international community to prevent persons from fleeing their homes and enabling those in the refugees’ camps to return to their homes.
The Annotated Bibliography
Abdullahi, A. M. (1994). The Refugee Crisis in Africa as a Crisis of the Institution of the State. International Journal of Refugee Law, Volume 6, Issue 4, Pages 562–580. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/6.4.562
According to the journal, scarcely any nation in Africa has been spared from the adverse effects of the internal displacements and refugees. These challenges are driven by the internal contradictions among the African states, which can be rectified only through changing the institutions and structures. The refugee situation in Africa is modeled largely on the colonial institutions that have little regard for the nations’ peculiarities. Thus, the exclusion of ethnic factors during the partitioning of the continent and its later management has played a crucial role in the onset and development of the refugee problem in Africa. In the journal, Abdullahi explores how the failures of the individual states have made it difficult for the continent to solve the refugee crisis. He says that this challenge is driven by the crisis of the governments that, in turn, makes the administrations unable to find societal balance and juridical viability. These conditions prevent the states to distribute resources equally among the different ethnic nationalities, thereby creating internal conflicts. .
How To Start A Community Service Essay.pdfHow To Start A Community Service EssayMarci Vredeveld
How to Get Your Community Service Essay Crafted Pro Essay Help. 020 Why Is Community Service Important Essay Thatsnotus. Community service essay. 002 Community Service Essay Student Essays Example Thatsnotus. Sample Community Service Essays. 10 Fashionable Community Service Ideas For Middle School Students 2022. Why Is Community Service Important To Me Essay - Importance And .... SOLUTION: Community Service Essay - Studypool. How to Write a Great Community Service Essay - How to write an essay .... Compulsory Community Service Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... 023 Community Service Essay Student Essays Example Personal Statement .... 013 Essay Example Community Service Student Essays Thatsnotus. An Example Of A Community Service Essay. Essay About Volunteer In Community Service - Community service Essay .... Essay On Community Services. Impressive Community Service Essays Thatsnotus. 005 Essay Example Community Service Student Essays Thatsnotus. 002 Community Service Essay Sample On Nadia Get Image .... Community service essay examples. Community Service Experience Essay .... Community Service Summary Essay - Essay community service. Community service essay example by hisated - Issuu. Community Service for Students Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... Essay community service
RFP for Reno's Community Assistance CenterThis Is Reno
Property appraisals completed in May for downtown Reno’s Community Assistance and Triage Centers (CAC) reveal that repairing the buildings to bring them back into service would cost an estimated $10.1 million—nearly four times the amount previously reported by city staff.
Preliminary findings _OECD field visits to ten regions in the TSI EU mining r...OECDregions
Preliminary findings from OECD field visits for the project: Enhancing EU Mining Regional Ecosystems to Support the Green Transition and Secure Mineral Raw Materials Supply.
Donate to charity during this holiday seasonSERUDS INDIA
For people who have money and are philanthropic, there are infinite opportunities to gift a needy person or child a Merry Christmas. Even if you are living on a shoestring budget, you will be surprised at how much you can do.
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-to-donate-to-charity-during-this-holiday-season/
#charityforchildren, #donateforchildren, #donateclothesforchildren, #donatebooksforchildren, #donatetoysforchildren, #sponsorforchildren, #sponsorclothesforchildren, #sponsorbooksforchildren, #sponsortoysforchildren, #seruds, #kurnool
Monitoring Health for the SDGs - Global Health Statistics 2024 - WHOChristina Parmionova
The 2024 World Health Statistics edition reviews more than 50 health-related indicators from the Sustainable Development Goals and WHO’s Thirteenth General Programme of Work. It also highlights the findings from the Global health estimates 2021, notably the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy and healthy life expectancy.
Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.Christina Parmionova
The best available, up-to-date information on all fishing and related vessels that appear on the illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing vessel lists published by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and related organisations. The aim of the site is to improve the effectiveness of the original IUU lists as a tool for a wide variety of stakeholders to better understand and combat illegal fishing and broader fisheries crime.
To date, the following regional organisations maintain or share lists of vessels that have been found to carry out or support IUU fishing within their own or adjacent convention areas and/or species of competence:
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC)
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO)
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
The Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List merges all these sources into one list that provides a single reference point to identify whether a vessel is currently IUU listed. Vessels that have been IUU listed in the past and subsequently delisted (for example because of a change in ownership, or because the vessel is no longer in service) are also retained on the site, so that the site contains a full historic record of IUU listed fishing vessels.
Unlike the IUU lists published on individual RFMO websites, which may update vessel details infrequently or not at all, the Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List is kept up to date with the best available information regarding changes to vessel identity, flag state, ownership, location, and operations.
2. About The Aid Lab
In 2013, Ferdous Jahan of Dhaka University
and I were researching a DFID-ESRC project
called Food Riots and Food Rights. We kept
being told that it was ‘because of the famine’
that Bangladesh managed the 2008 food crisis
so well.
People don’t talk much about the famine of
1974. The silence got me wondering: was it
possible that that terrible event had had wider
impacts? What had it meant for the elite and
their views on the development project?
What did it mean for what Mushtaq Khan calls
the ‘political settlement’?
Rereading the literature on Bangladesh and
reflecting on my own decades of research, I
concluded that the famine led to a
‘subsistence crisis contract’ between the
Bangladeshi elite, the masses, and their
donors. This meant a commitment to
protecting against the crises of subsistence
and survival that rural landless Bangladeshis,
particularly women, so regularly faced. This, I
believe, provided – continues to provide – the
strong foundations for Bangladesh’s human
development success.
3. Why is Bangladesh The Aid Lab?
When it won independence in 1971,
Bangladesh had virtually no geostrategic
significance. Yet it now plays a critical
ideological role in the contemporary world
order, as proof that the neoliberal
development paradigm works under the
most challenging of circumstances.
I call Bangladesh ‘The Aid Lab’ as a
reminder of the real – often far from
ethical - experiments through which aid
tested development theories and practice
on the Bangladeshi nation.
I chose this rickshaw painting of the
American Embassy in Dhaka to highlight
the significance of global actors and
institutions in Bangladesh’s development
process. But I also like how it suggests
their domestication: Bangladesh has
reshaped development ideas, and now
seeks to promote ‘the Bangladesh model’
of development. It has nationalized the
Aid Lab, turning it into its own machine.
4. Bangladesh’s
surprising
successA Police officer from Bangladesh, serving under the United Nations Police attends a ceremony during
which a total of 56 vehicles were handed over to the Somali Police Force. The vehicles were donated
by the Government of Japan through UNSOM in Mogadishu, Somalia on 9 September 2015.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/unsom/
5. What’s so surprising about Bangladesh’s
success?
The surprise is that Bangladesh has
progressed faster on human development
than many of its comparators, and from a
lower base. External observers were not
optimistic about Bangladesh’s prospects in
the early years.
This success cannot be explained by
economic growth alone. The state and
Bangladeshi NGOs have used aid and their
own resources to play a major role here,
delivering services right to rural
households, typically reaching women first
in highly innovative ways.
This poor, agrarian, patriarchal society has
been transformed in this time, most visibly
in the life-chances of rural women.
Bangladesh now plays an increasingly
prominent role in global development,
trade, and climate change negotiations.
Bangladeshi women are no longer
depicted as poor victims as often as in the
past; instead we see them travelling,
earning, organizing and even (as in this
picture) keeping peace around the world.
7. Was Bangladesh really a ‘basket
case’?
Henry Kissinger’s reference to Bangladesh as a
‘basket case’ in 1971 was a crude but accurate
enough summary of conditions facing the new
nation. In the early 1970s, the new nation of
Bangladesh became the poster child for
Malthusian ideas and policies among the right,
and the object of humanitarian concern among
progressives.
But the ‘basket case’ label ignored the political
ecological, imperial and neo-colonial conditions
that impoverished the vast Bangladeshi
population in the first place. The 1971 war of
liberation was devastating, a genocidal effort to
suppress a rebellious province. It followed a
series of major historic disasters that the people
of East Bengal had faced without the help of a
state that had their back, including the 1943-4
famine created by Churchill’s wartime policies.
The liberation struggle was triggered by the
1970 Bhola cyclone which killed up to 500,000
people (previous picture). The Pakistani regime
showed it cared little for the people of the Bay
of Bengal. Protecting people against deadly
disasters became central to the nationalist
struggle, and to the mandate of the new state.
9. Is there a ‘Bangladesh paradox’?
From these Malthusian beginnings,
Bangladesh made rapid progress, and by
the 2000s was lauded as a development
success story. The World Bank identified
a ‘Bangladesh paradox’, puzzled by the
fact of rapid development success
without ‘good governance’. (Naturally,
the World Bank concluded their policies
explained Bangladesh’s success.)
Politics remain confrontational and
governance is far from perfect. But
successive Bangladeshi regimes have
consistently focused on human
development, and been highly
responsive to basic needs. Disaster
management, poverty reduction and
food security have remained ‘above
politics’ or party competition, and
largely insulated against ’bad’
governance. This is a classic case of
Merilee Grindle’s ‘good enough
governance’.
11. Development success as performance
legitimacy
Bangladesh performed creditably on the
Millennium Development Goals,
winning a load of awards and
acknowledgement for its achievements.
It is proceeding full steam ahead with
plans to achieve the Sustainable
Development Goals, and with its own
home-grown development agenda.
Development performance has become
an increasingly important part of
government legitimacy in Bangladesh.
Governments report performance on
development indicators as a sign of
their commitment and competence. It
may be particularly important for the
legitimacy of the present government,
because of the effective absence of
political competition and the closure of
democratic space in recent years.
12. The elites,
the masses,
& their
donors
Cover of Ajker Orthokonto
September 1, 2013. Issue 4, Year 3
http://businessnews24bd.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Cover-Final.jpg
13. The emergence of a ‘subsistence crisis
contract’
The argument of this book rests on the
idea that out of the horrors of the cyclone,
war, and famine, a social contract emerged
between the Bangladeshi elites, the
(mainly rural, landless) masses, and the
country’s aid donors. This was a contract
of domination, not of equals, and
Bangladesh was pushed into liberalizing
policies it had not originally planned. But
the contract to protect against crises of
subsistence and survival has held over
time, because the elites knew their
survival depended on it. There was a
strong elite consensus on the basics of
development that has lasted across
regimes.
It helped that the Bangladeshi elite have
been unusually close to the rural masses.
This situation is now changing with the
new affluence and the rise of new
business interests, such as ‘Prince Dr.
Moosa (pictured above). For now,
however, the compact appears to hold.
14. The broken
patriarchal
bargain
Bengali women fetching water from the well in earthenware pots, 1944.
Picture: Cecil Beaton for HMG Ministry of Information
National Archives catalogue reference.: INF 14/435/7
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bengali_women_fetching_water_fr
om_the_well_in_earthenware_pots,_1944.jpg
15. The breaking of the patriarchal bargain
What Deniz Kandiyoti calls the ‘patriarchal
bargain’ had been breaking down in East Bengal
over decades or longer. The agrarian basis for
family and social life changed as more people
became landless, and women’s post-harvest
processing and child-bearing became less
central to family survival and success.
From conversations with Naila Kabeer, I started
to think about the effects of wartime violence
including the campaign of mass rapes, and the
collective trauma this meant for gender and
social relations.
The anthropologist Nayanika Mookherjee has
shown that the new Bangladeshi state took a
pioneering role with respect to women who had
been raped during the war. I argue that this was
the start of a strikingly different relationship
between Bangladeshi women and their state.
This relationship was an important source of
‘biopower’, or the state’s ability to exert power
over life and death.
16. The emergence
of the ‘woman
issue’ in
development
The War in the Far East, 1944. Indian women labourers, engaged in
airfield construction work, pass mechanics working on a Royal Air Force
Consolidated Liberator bomber at a base in Bengal [note: possibly
Tejgaon Airport).
Credit: Royal Air Force official photographer
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AThe_War_in_the_Far_Ea
st%2C_1944_CF166.jpg
17. Women at the centre
The image of East Bengali women carrying
water c. 1944 by Cecil Beaton of Vogue
fame, suggested an unchanging
traditionalism in the lives of rural women.
But in key respects, the lives of Bengali
women were not those of an unchanging
peasant patriarchy. They were already on
the frontline of global crises and conflicts,
through empire, trade and climate change.
In the previous image we see women
building a WW2 airforce base, probably
the Tejgaon airport in Dhaka. This was also
during Churchill’s wartime famine.
As the sociologist Sarah White has argued,
representations of Bangladeshi women
have always been deeply problematic,
veering between victim and heroine,
closely shaping the development
interventions intended to ‘bring women
into development’ and empower them.
19. The last famine
It is difficult and contentious to discuss
the famine of 1974, but I worry that if
we forget that it happened and what it
meant, we risk forgetting its vital
lessons.
The 1974 famine was the product of a
lethal combination of factors: major
floods, a global food price spike, aid
donors playing Cold War politics with
food aid, inadequate relief, and a
political economy that favoured the
urban middle class over the rural poor. If
the population had not been so poor
and hungry already, devastated by the
events of previous years, 1.5 million (2%
of the population, according to
estimates by the economist and
chronicler of the 1974 famine
Muhiuddin Alamgir) may not have died.
Part of the tragedy of 1974 was that this
was not a famine caused by a negligent
political elite, but fundamentally by a
lack of state capacity, the lack of the
power to keep its most vulnerable
citizens alive.
21. The long shadow of famine
1974 was the last major food crisis Bangladesh
suffered. Disasters never stopped – in fact they
increased in frequency – but capacity to warn,
protect and recover was built. Food security was
gradually assured through a mix of agricultural
investment, opening food markets, and food and
cash transfers to the hungry.
Why did famine have this effect in Bangladesh?
One reason was the political crisis, particularly
the brutal assassination of the founding father of
the nation, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, along with
most of his family in 1975. A second was the
economic crisis that engulfed the bankrupt
nation. The political settlement that emerged in a
15 year period of authoritarian rule gained
legitimacy by building the foundations for food
security and disaster management for which the
nationalists had struggled.
The famine also inspired several of Bangladesh’s
famous NGOs and the Grameen Bank. Witnessing
the devastation firsthand provided a strong
motivation to work with grassroots communities,
particularly women, to do development from the
ground up.
23. Building biopower
In the years after the famine, there was a strong,
aid-driven focus on population control. But for the
ruling elite, the development project was to turn
rich human resources into national wealth. For that,
the people needed basic education, to be able to
benefit from new opportunities. And they needed to
survive in order to be able to thrive.
From the democratic period (after 1991), human
development indicators improved steadily. With the
help of aid, the state built schools and clinics and
outreach services, partnering or competing with the
growing NGOs to reach women and children in the
poor rural heartlands. National statistics systems
enabled the state and its aid and NGO partners to
monitor progress, detect problems, and plan new
policies and programmes.
This new state capacity amounted to what Foucault
called ‘biopower’, or the power over life and death.
Biopower was essential to the development of a
state that had been pushed into global markets with
little but its labour power to sell. Crucially, the
project of human development aligned closely with
the desires of the population itself.
25. Bangladeshis in the global economy
Bangladesh is now firmly part of the global
economy, mostly positioned near the bottom
of global value chains. But exports of
readymade garments and migrant labour have
made a vast difference to foreign exchange
earnings and GDP.
Ongoing struggles over low wages in the
garments industry have demonstrated the
limits of a development model based on very
hard and hazardous work for very low pay. In
the global economy, few workers have rights.
This is particularly true of the ‘aerotropolitans’
who cross borders in their search for a living.
Bangladesh is particularly famous for micro-
credit, but this technology has gone, as Jayati
Ghosh put it, ’from hero to zero’ in a decade.
Indebtedness and market saturation are
factors in Bangladesh, too. But I argue here
that this anti-poverty technology very likely
helped rural Bangladeshis build their resilience
to the myriad everyday disasters of poverty.
Microcredit continues to evolve to meet the
emerging needs of Bangladesh.
27. Towards a new social contract?
Bangladesh’s unexpected success owes much to its
foundational subsistence crisis contract against
repeated threats to life and livelihood from disasters
and food shocks. The old threats of climate change,
food crises and domination by bigger powers
remain. And there are new threats, notably religious
extremism. Industrial unrest continues, and
Bangladesh’s migrant workers are the precariat of
the global workforce. Business interests increasingly
dominate politics and Parliament.
As Bangladesh transforms itself into a middle
income country, its continued success implies a
move towards a rights-based social contract. This
means enforcing the de facto elite consensus on
development with legal rights and public provision.
It also means a massive investment in upgrading
education, health and social protection provision, to
meet the demands of a middle income society for a
more skilled, resilient and empowered population.
Authoritarian rule did not prevent Bangladesh’s
success. But its greatest achievements were in the
democratic period. The recent narrowing of
democratic space must be watched carefully to
ensure its success is not jeopardized.
31. Further reading on the political economy
of Bangladesh’s development
Talukder Maniruzzaman. 1988. The Bangladesh Revolution and Its Aftermath. 2nd
edition. Dhaka: University Press Limited
Mushtaq H. Khan 2011. “The Political Settlement and Its Evolution in Bangladesh.”
http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/12845/1/The_Political_Settlement_and_its_Evolution_in_Ban
gladesh.pdf.
Mirza Hassan. 2013. 'Political Settlement Dynamics in a Limited-Access Order: The Case
of Bangladesh.'. http://www.effective-states.org/wp-
content/uploads/working_papers/final-pdfs/esid_wp_23_hassan.pdf.
Wahiduddin Mahmud, Sadiq Ahmed, and Sandeep Mahajan. 2008. ‘Economic Reforms,
Growth, and Governance: The Political Economy Aspects of Bangladesh’s Development
Surprise.’ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTPREMNET/Resources/489960-
1338997241035/Growth_Commission_Working_Paper_22_Economic_Reforms_Growt
h_Governance_Political_Economy_Aspects_Bangladesh_Development_Surprise.pdf
32. Centres of research on the political
economy of development in Bangladesh
Centre for Policy Dialogue: http://cpd.org.bd/
Department of Development Studies at the University of Dhaka: http://devstud-
udhaka.ac.bd/
Effective States and Inclusive Development (University of Manchester):
http://www.effective-states.org/
Department of Public Administration at the University of Dhaka:
http://www.du.ac.bd/academic/department_item/PUB
Power and Participation Research Centre: http://www.pprcbd.org/
BRAC Institute of Governance and Development (BRAC University):
http://bigd.bracu.ac.bd/
Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex: http://www.ids.ac.uk/