Running head: POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN BANGLADESH 2 POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN BANGLADESH 2 Political Instability in Bangladesh Student’s Name: Institutional Affiliation: History of Bangladesh During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, modern Bangladesh attained its independence from Pakistan. The history of Bangladesh is carefully entwined with the history of India subsequent and that of Bengal. The country's early documented history featured the succession of Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms, and around the 6th to 7th century AD, Islam arrived. Later, the Muslim religious leaders started preaching, and after that construction of mosques. Bengal Sultanate took the leadership of the Bangladesh community since the 14th century. Ahamed, (2013) points out that Bangladesh economic prosperity tremendously increased and, by the same time, declared the wealthiest country to trade with by the Europeans. Subsequently, under the Mughal Empire, it was the most prosperous province where Bengal Subah generated almost half of the empire and about 12% of the world's GDP more significant than the entire GDP of Western Europe. By the 1700s, the Mughal empire was declined, and Bengal becomes a semi-independent state, which Siraj ud-Daulah lastly led it. Bengal Presidency was established after that as a result of Bengal's contribution to the Industrial Revolution. In August 1947, the border of modern Bangladesh 1991was created with the separation of India and Bengal. Demography of Bangladesh showing the population of religion Economic Development The country of Bangladesh is an agricultural ambitious economy. An overall of about 54% of all residents in Bangladesh country are all directly and indirectly involved in farming. The government has good soil fertility and enough supply of water due to so many rivers within the area, making the nation to harvest about three crops every year. There have been so many reported cases of floods damaging crops around every year, but it has never made it harder for the residents since the production of food crops within the nation has been enough. Labor- intensive is the second sector in the manufacturing industry that is the Ready-made garments industry to be specific, involved both genders in generating the foreign revenue as well as contributing to the GDP of the country. The export of the workforce is the third sector that has signed to the Bangladeshi an economy. A good number of the people of Bangladesh have been able to acquire job opportunities in the market in the nearby countries of the Middle- East, Malaysia, Singapore, etc. The nation strictly observed cultural and religious beliefs that allowed women to stay at their homes, and they were supposed to remain around the compounds to take care of all the activities around them. Men, on the o.

1. Running head: POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN BANGLADESH
2
POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN BANGLADESH
2
Political Instability in Bangladesh
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
History of Bangladesh
During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, modern
Bangladesh attained its independence from Pakistan. The
history of Bangladesh is carefully entwined with the history of
India subsequent and that of Bengal. The country's early
documented history featured the succession of Buddhist and
Hindu kingdoms, and around the 6th to 7th century AD, Islam
arrived. Later, the Muslim religious leaders started preaching,
and after that construction of mosques. Bengal Sultanate took
the leadership of the Bangladesh community since the 14th
century. Ahamed, (2013) points out that Bangladesh economic
prosperity tremendously increased and, by the same time,
declared the wealthiest country to trade with by the Europeans.
Subsequently, under the Mughal Empire, it was the most
prosperous province where Bengal Subah generated almost half
of the empire and about 12% of the world's GDP more
significant than the entire GDP of Western Europe.

2. By the 1700s, the Mughal empire was declined, and Bengal
becomes a semi-independent state, which Siraj ud-Daulah lastly
led it. Bengal Presidency was established after that as a result
of Bengal's contribution to the Industrial Revolution. In August
1947, the border of modern Bangladesh 1991was created with
the separation of India and Bengal.
Demography of Bangladesh showing the population of
religion
Economic Development
The country of Bangladesh is an agricultural ambitious
economy. An overall of about 54% of all residents in
Bangladesh country are all directly and indirectly involved in
farming. The government has good soil fertility and enough
supply of water due to so many rivers within the area, making
the nation to harvest about three crops every year. There have
been so many reported cases of floods damaging crops around
every year, but it has never made it harder for the residents
since the production of food crops within the nation has been
enough. Labor- intensive is the second sector in the
manufacturing industry that is the Ready-made garments
industry to be specific, involved both genders in generating the
foreign revenue as well as contributing to the GDP of the
country. The export of the workforce is the third sector that has
signed to the Bangladeshi an economy. A good number of the
people of Bangladesh have been able to acquire job
opportunities in the market in the nearby countries of the
Middle- East, Malaysia, Singapore, etc. The nation strictly
observed cultural and religious beliefs that allowed women to
stay at their homes, and they were supposed to remain around
the compounds to take care of all the activities around them.
Men, on the other hand, men as the head of the family were
supposed to step out work extra hard and provide for their
families (Ganguly,2006). As time went by, and the cost of
living was high, women now involved themselves in the labor
workforce to try to earn extra to better their lives.

3. Its economy has a lot to talk about. Here I will address political
instability.
Political Instability
Political instability has increasingly been reported in
Bangladesh. The increase in volatility has dramatically affected
the education sector, poverty, and economy reduction.
Today, the issue of constant political instability in Bangladesh
has been the main concern with a lot of questions arising. The
first democratic government began like twenty-one years back,
and the country is still experiencing democracy. Democracy,
scarcity of the essential livelihoods, community harmony among
many reasons for the political instability are to the date
mentioned to be the leading causes. Incompetence local
administration, corruption cases at the government levels, and
the political conflicts are the main reasons pulling back the
growth of the country to achieve their economic development as
it was planned to be. Regardless of the constant efforts and so
much money placed on the nation by the global organization and
the overseas nations, in line with credits, the countries
inhabitants remain on the forefront causes of the development
plan in the country. To measure political uncertainty is a
laborious exercise, but the World Bank has designed a
compound catalog of the same.
The above index of the political instability, the following index
is well known;
1. Economist Aptitude Unit's political uncertainty guide
2. Unsuccessful public guide of the External Procedure
3. Governance indicators of the World Bank
The ranking of Bangladesh according to the above indices are
shown below;
Exuberant from the lowest

4. Governance indicators of the World Bank
2008
Unsuccessful public guide of the External Procedure 2009
Economist Aptitude Unit’s political uncertainty guide
2009/10
1.
Mogadishu
Mogadishu
Harare
2.
Baghdad
Harare
N’Djamena
3.
Kabul
Khartoum
Democratic Republic of Congo
4.
Phnom Penh
N’Djamena
Cambodia
5.
Khartoum
Democratic Republic of Congo
Khartoum
6.
Democratic Rep of Congo
Baghdad

5. Baghdad
7.
Colombo
Kabul
Yamoussoukro
8.
Lagos
Central African Republic
Port-City-Prince
9.
Islamabad
Conakry
Islamabad
10.
N’Djamena
Islamabad
Lusaka
11.
Yamoussoukro
Yamoussoukro
Kabul
12.
Guinea Bissau
Port-au-Prince

6. Central African Republic
13.
Sana’a
Naypyidaw
Pyongyang
14.
Kathmandu
Nairobi
Sucre
15.
Addis Ababa
Lagos
Quito
16.
The Central African Republic
Addis Ababa
Luanda
17.
West Bank
Sucre
Dominican Republic
18.
Bogota
Kyiv
Bangladesh (Total Samples of 177)
19.

7. Bangladesh (Total Samples of 165)
Naypyidaw
20.
Harare
21.
Bangladesh (Total Samples of 204)
Assessment Status of Political Steadiness of Bangladesh
The above statistics show that Bangladesh is a politically
instability country. Further investigations within the country
showed that both the direct and the indirect costs are the main
links to the political instability of Bangladesh (Shahzad et.al,
2012). The direct cost comprises of the strike or the Hartal. The
word HARTAL is a Hindi word that means Hat markets and the
word TAL meaning locked. The closure of the shops was to
realize that the market demand was so prevalent in the Indian
market in the 187th century.
The Hartal brings about loss of production, loss of working
hours, increased cases of violence, and massive destruction of

8. properties. UNDP came up with indicates that from 1991 to
2000, there has been an average loss of 4.5% Gross Domestic
Product and in the period of 1995 to 1999, Bangladesh suffered
an economic injury of $10 billion as a result of Hartal.
Indirect costs on the hand-addressed the lack of confidence by
both the local and the foreign investors to invest in
Bangladesh.
Political instability within the country has created a terrible
impression on the investors who seems to be worried and unsure
about the investment's opportunity in Bangladesh in the future.
The government's good though on the country to contain the
Hartal has further brought about the violation of human rights,
thus creating a terrible picture of Bangladesh to different
investors locally and abroad.
Proposed
Solution
s to Political Instability.
Political uncertainty is a significant risk to the entire budget
and development of Bangladesh. The issue resulting from
mistrust among the residents, corruption, hunger for power, and
so much politics in the country is among the significant factors
that have resulted in political instability in Bangladesh. When,
for instance, we have two major political parties in the country
fight for power, there will be so many cases conflicts and
violence recorded. According to Ahmed and Pulok (2013) there
are three possible ways to end the cases of political instability.

9. Firstly, both leaders and members of different political parties
have confidence in that pollical instability can bring about the
execution of their competitors, that is almost unbearable and
increased fierceness, realistically, either on the party must be
brought to an end altogether. Secondly, there is a need for both
parties to the formation of profuse republic, apprehending that
neither of the double revelries can do away with each other. The
last suggestion to end political instability is the failing of
sovereign fidelities that can bring about the hereditary
regulation and In the Long run, end political instability.
The absolute powers in the Bangladesh government are enjoyed
by the Prime Minister, and therefore reducing his/ her skills,
and the forces shared with the opposition leaders would bring
down the political temperatures. In the present times, Prime
Minister power is so significant as compared to the monarch's
forces in the past governance. Therefore, by reducing such
skills as political parties, chief executives and the judiciary
shall reduce the political pressures. Thus, the government needs
to set robust lawful actions against all the government officials
who, by any means, try to break the rules and are found guilty.
The fear as a result of the rules will end up reducing the
chances of increased rates of political instability.
For an excellent future development, the government of
Bangladesh needs to develop a constitution that promotes
democracy by giving clear guidance. Both the political culture

10. and the NGOs can also play a key part in helping trust with the
residents (Chawdhury,2016). Civilians also can counsel the
government to bring to an end the violations happening thus
creating a harmonious environment for everyone and therefore,
the growth of the economy.
The constitution can also be modified restraining the number of
Hartals and bringing to an end political movement, which has
dramatically affected the economy by the opposing parties every
year. The foreign elements influence the political parties of
Bangladesh. Therefore, the international items can move
frontward and, in the performance, a key part in dropping the
political uncertainty, which can be realized by allowing the
political leaders and political parties. The issue of political
instability can only be reduced if the government chooses to
embrace dialogue. Therefore, the government of Bangladesh
should take the opposition into confidence and engage them to
solve political issues through thorough discussions.
References
Ahamed, F. (2013). Background of History of Bangladesh and
Ready-made Garment Industry: Key challenges in the RMG
Industry. Middle East Journal of Business, 8(1).
Ahmed, M. U., & Pulok, M. H. (2013). The role of political
stability on economic performance: the case of
Bangladesh. Journal of Economic Cooperation &

11. Development, 34(3), 61.
Chawdhury, J. (2016). Political Instability a Major Obstacle to
Economic Growth in Bangladesh.
Ganguly, S. (2006). The rise of Islamist militancy in
Bangladesh (Vol. 171). United States Institute of Peace
Shahzad, A., Mithani, D. A., Al-Swidi, A. K., & Fadzil, F. H.
(2012). Political stability and the foreign direct investment
inflows in Pakistan. British Journal of Arts and Social
Sciences, 9(2), 199-213.
Religious Demography of Bangladesh
SalesIslam hinduisimother0.90.090.01
Projected Political Uncertainty Catalog in Bangladesh; 1996-
2008
Projected Catalog of Political
Uncertainity1996199820002002200320042005200620072008-
0.8-0.52-0.6-0.85-1.08-1.1399999999999999-1.61-1.39-1.4-
1.54Column11996199820002002200320042005200620072008C
olumn21996199820002002200320042005200620072008

12. The Hartals Figures from 1971 to 2000
Average Figure Of Hartal1971-19741975-19861987-19901991-
19941995-19981999-
200012.114.181.572.09999999999999493.1110.7Column11971-
19741975-19861987-19901991-19941995-19981999-
2000Column21971-19741975-19861987-19901991-19941995-
19981999-2000