International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
1. The document discusses the current state of the world and need for change, outlining two potential futures - a chaotic "Military World State" or an "Intelligent World" based on intelligence, innovation, integration and prosperity.
2. It describes the many crises facing the current unsustainable world and argues that a comprehensive transformation is needed to a smarter world prioritizing knowledge, innovation and technology.
3. A vision is outlined for creating an "Intelligent World" through building intelligent communities and digital infrastructures, guided by sustainability and innovation across society. Major technology companies are promoting concepts like smarter planets and smart connected communities to model and structure the future world.
The document discusses the need for an intelligent world order to address global crises and challenges. It outlines three possible outcomes from the current global crisis: ubiquitous chaos, a military world state, or an intelligent world order based on intelligence, innovation, integration and prosperity. It proposes pilot projects like "Smart Green Europe" and "Smart Green Russia" to demonstrate the potential of an intelligent world. Key technologies that could help build an intelligent world include zero-emission vehicles, next-generation robotics, recyclable plastics, genetic engineering, additive manufacturing, artificial intelligence, distributed manufacturing and autonomous drones.
The document provides an overview of globalization presented by a group of students. It defines globalization as the increasing integration of economies, cultures, and political systems around the world. The document then outlines several key aspects of globalization including economic, cultural, political, social, industrial, financial, and information globalization. It also discusses some characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of globalization as well as its effects in the 21st century. The document concludes by examining the impacts of globalization in Nepal.
Global economic crisis, starvation and terrorism counter strategiesDr. Raju M. Mathew
Global economic crisis, poverty and starvation, religious fundamentalism and terrorism are interconnected and based on inter-sector imbalances against the rural and farming sectors. The most effective strategy to deal with these complex issues is to upgrade the status of the rural and farming sectors on a par with the Industrial and Service Sectors. A five fold investment is required. Other wise, these problems will persist and aggravate.
This document summarizes the growth and progress of the sugar industry in India. It discusses how the sugar industry originated in India in the early 20th century with the establishment of private sugar mills. These mills exploited cane growers by paying low prices for sugarcane. In response, co-operative sugar mills were established. After independence in 1947, the government promoted the sugar industry and established the quota system to protect farmers. Today, India is the world's second largest sugar producer after Brazil, producing around 15-25% of global sugar and sugarcane. The sugar industry provides employment and has led to socio-economic development in rural areas through activities like modernizing agriculture, expanding irrigation, and building infrastructure.
Global capitalism is penetrating the agricultural sector in South Asia through international organizations and private corporations. This has led to a tripartite conflict between rural populations/domestic movements, international institutions, and nation-states in South Asia over control of the agricultural landscape. Small farmers make up most of the rural population but have very little land and resources. Both domestic movements and international NGOs are advocating for agrarian justice and fighting against practices that harm agriculture. Nation-states want to maintain autonomy and their role in rural areas, which is increasingly difficult in a globalized system dominated by large international actors. The future of nation-state control over agriculture in South Asia is unclear as globalization increases the power of these outside forces.
The document discusses trends in development cooperation over six phases from colonial administration to the current "bipolar" architecture since 2008. It outlines both positive "dreams" including recognition of common challenges, emerging rights frameworks, and country-level innovations as well as negative "nightmares" such as increasing poverty, exclusion, and new forms of colonialism by middle-income countries. It calls for a bold vision of universal human rights and social justice to guide international development cooperation.
Globalization of rural economy by local governance, a debate on pros and consArun Chandra Babu
This document discusses globalization of rural economies through local governance. It begins by defining key terms like globalization, rural economy, and local governance. It then discusses how globalization and local governance can both positively and negatively impact rural economic development. Questions are raised about whether industrializing agriculture, small business support infrastructure, and foreign direct investment truly benefit farmers and rural communities. The document argues that both globalization and local governance are needed in balance to holistically develop rural areas, suggesting a concept of "glocalization" may be most effective.
1. The document discusses the current state of the world and need for change, outlining two potential futures - a chaotic "Military World State" or an "Intelligent World" based on intelligence, innovation, integration and prosperity.
2. It describes the many crises facing the current unsustainable world and argues that a comprehensive transformation is needed to a smarter world prioritizing knowledge, innovation and technology.
3. A vision is outlined for creating an "Intelligent World" through building intelligent communities and digital infrastructures, guided by sustainability and innovation across society. Major technology companies are promoting concepts like smarter planets and smart connected communities to model and structure the future world.
The document discusses the need for an intelligent world order to address global crises and challenges. It outlines three possible outcomes from the current global crisis: ubiquitous chaos, a military world state, or an intelligent world order based on intelligence, innovation, integration and prosperity. It proposes pilot projects like "Smart Green Europe" and "Smart Green Russia" to demonstrate the potential of an intelligent world. Key technologies that could help build an intelligent world include zero-emission vehicles, next-generation robotics, recyclable plastics, genetic engineering, additive manufacturing, artificial intelligence, distributed manufacturing and autonomous drones.
The document provides an overview of globalization presented by a group of students. It defines globalization as the increasing integration of economies, cultures, and political systems around the world. The document then outlines several key aspects of globalization including economic, cultural, political, social, industrial, financial, and information globalization. It also discusses some characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of globalization as well as its effects in the 21st century. The document concludes by examining the impacts of globalization in Nepal.
Global economic crisis, starvation and terrorism counter strategiesDr. Raju M. Mathew
Global economic crisis, poverty and starvation, religious fundamentalism and terrorism are interconnected and based on inter-sector imbalances against the rural and farming sectors. The most effective strategy to deal with these complex issues is to upgrade the status of the rural and farming sectors on a par with the Industrial and Service Sectors. A five fold investment is required. Other wise, these problems will persist and aggravate.
This document summarizes the growth and progress of the sugar industry in India. It discusses how the sugar industry originated in India in the early 20th century with the establishment of private sugar mills. These mills exploited cane growers by paying low prices for sugarcane. In response, co-operative sugar mills were established. After independence in 1947, the government promoted the sugar industry and established the quota system to protect farmers. Today, India is the world's second largest sugar producer after Brazil, producing around 15-25% of global sugar and sugarcane. The sugar industry provides employment and has led to socio-economic development in rural areas through activities like modernizing agriculture, expanding irrigation, and building infrastructure.
Global capitalism is penetrating the agricultural sector in South Asia through international organizations and private corporations. This has led to a tripartite conflict between rural populations/domestic movements, international institutions, and nation-states in South Asia over control of the agricultural landscape. Small farmers make up most of the rural population but have very little land and resources. Both domestic movements and international NGOs are advocating for agrarian justice and fighting against practices that harm agriculture. Nation-states want to maintain autonomy and their role in rural areas, which is increasingly difficult in a globalized system dominated by large international actors. The future of nation-state control over agriculture in South Asia is unclear as globalization increases the power of these outside forces.
The document discusses trends in development cooperation over six phases from colonial administration to the current "bipolar" architecture since 2008. It outlines both positive "dreams" including recognition of common challenges, emerging rights frameworks, and country-level innovations as well as negative "nightmares" such as increasing poverty, exclusion, and new forms of colonialism by middle-income countries. It calls for a bold vision of universal human rights and social justice to guide international development cooperation.
Globalization of rural economy by local governance, a debate on pros and consArun Chandra Babu
This document discusses globalization of rural economies through local governance. It begins by defining key terms like globalization, rural economy, and local governance. It then discusses how globalization and local governance can both positively and negatively impact rural economic development. Questions are raised about whether industrializing agriculture, small business support infrastructure, and foreign direct investment truly benefit farmers and rural communities. The document argues that both globalization and local governance are needed in balance to holistically develop rural areas, suggesting a concept of "glocalization" may be most effective.
This document discusses accelerated learning pathways for sustainable development within an international context. It identifies key drivers of change like emerging technologies and participatory culture that will influence education for sustainable development. It also describes strategic exploration sessions that were held using a tool called the I-Wheel process to envision faster ways of finding sustainable futures. The document concludes by connecting these discussions to events around the world and proposes opportunities for cooperation to further the goals of the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development.
The book reviews B.D. Sharma's work "Globalisation The Tribal Encounter" which examines the impact of globalization on tribal communities in Bastar district, Chhattisgarh. It discusses three case studies: 1) how tribal people were deceived and exploited by outsiders for their land and resources, 2) the negative effects of a proposed hydropower dam project on local livelihoods without sufficient rehabilitation plans, and 3) a declaration by the Dandami Marias tribe asserting their rights and opposing the establishment of a private steel plant on their land without community consent. The review concludes that weaknesses in government failed to consider tribal needs and that globalization has significantly disrupted tribal life and livelihoods
This document discusses the consequences of the globalization project, including poverty governance, outsourcing, displacement, informalization, and recolonization. It examines how these five linked dimensions of global restructuring affect all countries in local ways, such as shifting responsibility for poverty to the poor through poverty governance programs, expanding the informal sector through outsourcing and economic reforms, and contributing to displacement and informalization through casualized labor. It also discusses how informalization in Africa occurs through resource extraction, neglect, and dispossession as a form of recolonization.
Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It requires meeting basic human needs worldwide, recognizing environmental limitations, extending development opportunities to all, and ensuring equitable resource distribution and access. Achieving sustainable development involves transforming societies and economies through concern for social equity, resource conservation, changing consumption patterns, and international cooperation to protect shared resources and resolve issues that cross borders.
The document discusses the various crises facing the globalization project, including economic crises in developed nations resulting from austerity policies and debt; stalled progress on UN development goals; legitimacy crises for development agencies; political uprisings like the Arab Spring; shifts in global power to countries like China, India, and the BRICS nations; financial, food, ecological, and water crises; and obstacles to overcoming inequality and unsustainable growth. It concludes that while the globalization project is in transition rather than over, the sustainability project is emerging as crises expose issues with fossil fuel dependence and uneven development across nations.
This document provides information about an organization called Help 4 Human Research & Development (H4HRD). It is an international non-profit organization with the mission of contributing to holistic human development and serving all humanity. Some of its key goals include improving quality of life, eliminating poverty, hunger and disease, promoting human rights, empowering marginalized groups, and promoting environmental protection. The organization has several initiatives or "missions" focused on areas like health, education, law and human rights, empowering women and children, crime prevention, and social justice. It aims to address issues like lack of access to healthcare and education, poverty, discrimination, and environmental degradation through advocacy, awareness campaigns, and community empowerment programs.
This document summarizes several countermovements that have resisted globalization, including environmentalism, feminism, and food sovereignty movements. It discusses the origins and perspectives of northern and southern environmentalism, and how they differ in their approaches. It also examines the development of feminist thought and how it has shaped concepts of women in development and gender in development. The food sovereignty movement is outlined as seeking to protect local farming and resist the global prioritization of food security over food self-reliance.
The document summarizes key messages from FAO about supporting the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Specifically:
1) Ending hunger and poverty requires pro-poor investments in sustainable agriculture, rural development, and social protection programs.
2) Smallholder farmers, especially women, play a critical role and need more support through access to resources, education, and decision making.
3) Food systems must become more sustainable to feed a growing population with less environmental impact, through reducing waste and adopting sustainable practices.
4) FAO has expertise in food, agriculture and natural resource management that can help countries achieve the SDGs through policies, programs and monitoring frameworks.
The document discusses key socio-economic and political issues in the Philippines including governance and public policy, poverty and income inequality, lack of social services, natural disasters, infrastructure development, and a culture of consumerism. It also covers ecological issues such as threats to forest, agricultural, urban, coastal/marine, and freshwater ecosystems. Some of the largest challenges facing the country are high poverty levels exacerbated by population growth, vulnerability to natural disasters, environmental degradation, and lack of sustainable economic opportunities particularly in rural areas. Community organizing is proposed as an approach to address these complex, interconnected problems through community empowerment and development.
Ending poverty requires considering economic growth, social protection, and environmental stewardship together. Poverty has multiple causes including limited access to resources, climate change impacts, and ecosystem degradation. Integrated solutions are needed such as sustainable management of land and resources, payments for ecosystem services, green fiscal policies, and innovation to provide basic services while reducing environmental risks. Eradicating poverty requires a shift to view development, the environment, and people's well-being holistically.
The document discusses the concepts of colonialism and development. It describes how colonialism emerged during the 19th century as Europeans viewed development as something unique to themselves. Over time, development came to be seen as a universal necessity and was used to justify European colonization of non-European worlds. Decolonization in the post-WWII era led to the new ideology of development, with newly independent nations pursuing national industrialization and economic growth models inspired by the West. However, this development project largely ignored indigenous cultures and ways of life.
FInance For Development : Final Projectmuktadirmahin
In this Power Point Presentation I have tried to give an idea about the Sustainable Development Of Goals and the impact of the International Official finance on developing countries ; Importance of PPP for the future developments and about the Climate change. All information has been taken from WBI MOOC resources. Thank you.
Sustainability today and being a pioneer in your own right 2009Richard Seshie
The document discusses the lack of sustainability and flourishing in today's world. It argues that the current economic model, centered around endless growth, consumption, and the pursuit of economic success, is fundamentally flawed and the root cause of unsustainability. While many solutions have been proposed to increase environmental, social, and economic sustainability, the document is critical of solutions spearheaded by the economic community, like climate risk insurance and corporate giving, arguing they do not address the root causes within the economic system itself. It calls for a re-examination of the current economic paradigm.
This document discusses the negative impacts of globalization and free market reforms on health in the developing world from a Third World perspective. It traces how colonialism disrupted traditional societies and economies, integrating colonies into the global market to provide raw materials and crops for export over local needs. This undermined food security and health. Post-colonial structural adjustment programs promoted free market reforms but worsened poverty, inequality and health indicators. International agreements like TRIPS and WTO rules primarily benefit transnational corporations and limit developing countries' policy space regarding public health. Overall the document argues that globalization has exacerbated health inequities between rich and poor nations.
Building social capital for effective citizen and state institutions;
Promotion of dialogue, public enlightenment, cultural renaissance, tradition, and renewal
Local Governance and Development
This document discusses rural-urban migration in India. It provides background on how the British codified India's caste system, contributing to rigid social stratification and a rural-urban divide. After independence, the government documented castes to determine quotas for education and jobs. While this has helped marginalized groups, it has also led to protests over reverse discrimination. The document also examines reasons for migration like employment, education, marriage, and lack of security. It outlines the impacts of migration including increased urbanization, slums, and pressure on resources in cities.
Well being, biodiversity, post-2015 agenda, by Ashish KothariAshish Kothari
Well-being practices and world views from around the world are showing transformational alternatives to conventional 'development' and political governance models, as they are based on ecological sustainability, equity, and cultural diversity; these need to influence the post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda which otherwise remains within today's unsustainable 'growth' paradigm.
While Modi claims demonetization has helped the common man, opponents see it as an opportunity to gain in upcoming state elections. The move has caused economic disruption and hardship. Experts argue the lack of preparation and assessment of consequences has led to problems. Rural areas have been hit hard as farmers need cash for inputs just as the crisis arose. Manual scavenging continues despite being illegal, denying dignity to workers. Environmental concerns are ignored in the name of development. Cybercrime losses are rising globally and in India. The Supreme Court dismissed a petition to lift the Jallikattu ban, showing compassion.
Degrowth as a project for societal transformation: its science and its releva...Laurens van der Wal
Lecture by Dr. Barbara Muraca from the University of Oregon with Q&A. Recorded at the first Dutch degrowth symposium in Utrecht on 28th of june 2019.
Lezing door Dr. Barbara Muraca van de University of Oregon met Q&A. Opgenomen tijdens het eerste Nederlandse degrowth symposium in Utrecht op 28 juni 2019.
Find a summary of the event here: https://ontgroei.degrowth.net/utrecht-degrowth-symposium/
Towards A Global Civil Society: A Review of Pertaining Issues, Successes and ...AkashSharma618775
This article reviews the notion of civil society by raising pertinent issues, successes and drawbacks. Often
referred to as the space where we act for common good, civil society aims to connect poor or marginalized people
with groups that can mobilize support to help. We know that civil society by itself cannot achieve poverty
eradication. It must act in partnership with governments and institutions but it must be one of the partners and
not just a servant to carry out the designs of governments or corporations. Therefore there is need to expand the
role of NGOs and civil society organizations in three main specific areas related to poverty eradication: technical,
financial and political and enhancing the participation of those whose lives are affected by decisions and this can
only happen when there is an enabling environment designed to promote popular participation. The contributions
of civil society in global environmental preservation cannot be ignored since it is a cross cutting issue and both
national and international governments need other actors to make it a reality. In short, there has been increasing
support for civil society as understanding has grown about the important role that CSOs can play in bringing
about development goals. The Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Summit Outcome Document
emphasize the relationship between sustainable human development and democratic governance and the need for
civil society engagement to foster both.
India after the Mahatma
Key note Address
At National Seminar organized by
Shri M.D. Shah Mahila College of Arts & Commerce, Malad, Mumbai on 27-28 April, 08
By
Prof. Dr. Vibhuti Patel, DIRECTOR, P.G.S. R.
Professor and Head, Post Graduate Department of Economics,
SNDT Women’s University, Smt. Nathibai Thakersey Road, Churchgate, Mumbai-400020
Tel (91) (22) 22052970, Mobile-9321040048 E mail: vibhuti.np@gmail.com
Introduction
Mahatma Gandhi was a visionary who made an epoch making contribution for socio, political, economic and cultural transformation of not only India but also the world. His public life began with peaceful civil disobedience in the Indian community's struggle against racism and for civil rights of non-white population in South Africa. After his return from South Africa to India, he organized all sections of society, from budding industrialists, educated intelligentsia, women and children to poor farmers and labourers to protest against oppressive British regime and widespread discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress, Gandhiji led nationwide campaigns for the alleviation of poverty, for fight against merciless taxation of poor peasants, for the liberation of women, for communal harmony and democratic rights of ethnic groups, for an end to barbaric practice of untouchability and caste discrimination, and for the economic self-sufficiency of the nation, but above all, for Swaraj (home Rule) the independence of India from foreign domination. Gandhi famously led the civil disobedience movement against the salt tax imposed by the British Administration with the 400 kilometer (250 miles) Dandi Salt March in 1930. He masterminded the Quit India Movement in 1942.
Mahatma gandhi western civilisation pdf karoAnurag Gangal
Gandhi had a critical view of Western civilization. He believed it was overly dependent on outward displays like technology and that it would lead to the exploitation and domination of other cultures. Gandhi felt Western civilization's focus on technology, mechanization, and materialism came at the cost of individual well-being and human values. While he did not want India to fully adopt the Western model, Gandhi acknowledged that some aspects like parliamentary democracy were necessary for post-independence India. Overall, Gandhi saw Western civilization as unsustainable and self-destructive in its prioritization of technology and brute force over human-centered values like nonviolence.
This document discusses accelerated learning pathways for sustainable development within an international context. It identifies key drivers of change like emerging technologies and participatory culture that will influence education for sustainable development. It also describes strategic exploration sessions that were held using a tool called the I-Wheel process to envision faster ways of finding sustainable futures. The document concludes by connecting these discussions to events around the world and proposes opportunities for cooperation to further the goals of the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development.
The book reviews B.D. Sharma's work "Globalisation The Tribal Encounter" which examines the impact of globalization on tribal communities in Bastar district, Chhattisgarh. It discusses three case studies: 1) how tribal people were deceived and exploited by outsiders for their land and resources, 2) the negative effects of a proposed hydropower dam project on local livelihoods without sufficient rehabilitation plans, and 3) a declaration by the Dandami Marias tribe asserting their rights and opposing the establishment of a private steel plant on their land without community consent. The review concludes that weaknesses in government failed to consider tribal needs and that globalization has significantly disrupted tribal life and livelihoods
This document discusses the consequences of the globalization project, including poverty governance, outsourcing, displacement, informalization, and recolonization. It examines how these five linked dimensions of global restructuring affect all countries in local ways, such as shifting responsibility for poverty to the poor through poverty governance programs, expanding the informal sector through outsourcing and economic reforms, and contributing to displacement and informalization through casualized labor. It also discusses how informalization in Africa occurs through resource extraction, neglect, and dispossession as a form of recolonization.
Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It requires meeting basic human needs worldwide, recognizing environmental limitations, extending development opportunities to all, and ensuring equitable resource distribution and access. Achieving sustainable development involves transforming societies and economies through concern for social equity, resource conservation, changing consumption patterns, and international cooperation to protect shared resources and resolve issues that cross borders.
The document discusses the various crises facing the globalization project, including economic crises in developed nations resulting from austerity policies and debt; stalled progress on UN development goals; legitimacy crises for development agencies; political uprisings like the Arab Spring; shifts in global power to countries like China, India, and the BRICS nations; financial, food, ecological, and water crises; and obstacles to overcoming inequality and unsustainable growth. It concludes that while the globalization project is in transition rather than over, the sustainability project is emerging as crises expose issues with fossil fuel dependence and uneven development across nations.
This document provides information about an organization called Help 4 Human Research & Development (H4HRD). It is an international non-profit organization with the mission of contributing to holistic human development and serving all humanity. Some of its key goals include improving quality of life, eliminating poverty, hunger and disease, promoting human rights, empowering marginalized groups, and promoting environmental protection. The organization has several initiatives or "missions" focused on areas like health, education, law and human rights, empowering women and children, crime prevention, and social justice. It aims to address issues like lack of access to healthcare and education, poverty, discrimination, and environmental degradation through advocacy, awareness campaigns, and community empowerment programs.
This document summarizes several countermovements that have resisted globalization, including environmentalism, feminism, and food sovereignty movements. It discusses the origins and perspectives of northern and southern environmentalism, and how they differ in their approaches. It also examines the development of feminist thought and how it has shaped concepts of women in development and gender in development. The food sovereignty movement is outlined as seeking to protect local farming and resist the global prioritization of food security over food self-reliance.
The document summarizes key messages from FAO about supporting the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Specifically:
1) Ending hunger and poverty requires pro-poor investments in sustainable agriculture, rural development, and social protection programs.
2) Smallholder farmers, especially women, play a critical role and need more support through access to resources, education, and decision making.
3) Food systems must become more sustainable to feed a growing population with less environmental impact, through reducing waste and adopting sustainable practices.
4) FAO has expertise in food, agriculture and natural resource management that can help countries achieve the SDGs through policies, programs and monitoring frameworks.
The document discusses key socio-economic and political issues in the Philippines including governance and public policy, poverty and income inequality, lack of social services, natural disasters, infrastructure development, and a culture of consumerism. It also covers ecological issues such as threats to forest, agricultural, urban, coastal/marine, and freshwater ecosystems. Some of the largest challenges facing the country are high poverty levels exacerbated by population growth, vulnerability to natural disasters, environmental degradation, and lack of sustainable economic opportunities particularly in rural areas. Community organizing is proposed as an approach to address these complex, interconnected problems through community empowerment and development.
Ending poverty requires considering economic growth, social protection, and environmental stewardship together. Poverty has multiple causes including limited access to resources, climate change impacts, and ecosystem degradation. Integrated solutions are needed such as sustainable management of land and resources, payments for ecosystem services, green fiscal policies, and innovation to provide basic services while reducing environmental risks. Eradicating poverty requires a shift to view development, the environment, and people's well-being holistically.
The document discusses the concepts of colonialism and development. It describes how colonialism emerged during the 19th century as Europeans viewed development as something unique to themselves. Over time, development came to be seen as a universal necessity and was used to justify European colonization of non-European worlds. Decolonization in the post-WWII era led to the new ideology of development, with newly independent nations pursuing national industrialization and economic growth models inspired by the West. However, this development project largely ignored indigenous cultures and ways of life.
FInance For Development : Final Projectmuktadirmahin
In this Power Point Presentation I have tried to give an idea about the Sustainable Development Of Goals and the impact of the International Official finance on developing countries ; Importance of PPP for the future developments and about the Climate change. All information has been taken from WBI MOOC resources. Thank you.
Sustainability today and being a pioneer in your own right 2009Richard Seshie
The document discusses the lack of sustainability and flourishing in today's world. It argues that the current economic model, centered around endless growth, consumption, and the pursuit of economic success, is fundamentally flawed and the root cause of unsustainability. While many solutions have been proposed to increase environmental, social, and economic sustainability, the document is critical of solutions spearheaded by the economic community, like climate risk insurance and corporate giving, arguing they do not address the root causes within the economic system itself. It calls for a re-examination of the current economic paradigm.
This document discusses the negative impacts of globalization and free market reforms on health in the developing world from a Third World perspective. It traces how colonialism disrupted traditional societies and economies, integrating colonies into the global market to provide raw materials and crops for export over local needs. This undermined food security and health. Post-colonial structural adjustment programs promoted free market reforms but worsened poverty, inequality and health indicators. International agreements like TRIPS and WTO rules primarily benefit transnational corporations and limit developing countries' policy space regarding public health. Overall the document argues that globalization has exacerbated health inequities between rich and poor nations.
Building social capital for effective citizen and state institutions;
Promotion of dialogue, public enlightenment, cultural renaissance, tradition, and renewal
Local Governance and Development
This document discusses rural-urban migration in India. It provides background on how the British codified India's caste system, contributing to rigid social stratification and a rural-urban divide. After independence, the government documented castes to determine quotas for education and jobs. While this has helped marginalized groups, it has also led to protests over reverse discrimination. The document also examines reasons for migration like employment, education, marriage, and lack of security. It outlines the impacts of migration including increased urbanization, slums, and pressure on resources in cities.
Well being, biodiversity, post-2015 agenda, by Ashish KothariAshish Kothari
Well-being practices and world views from around the world are showing transformational alternatives to conventional 'development' and political governance models, as they are based on ecological sustainability, equity, and cultural diversity; these need to influence the post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda which otherwise remains within today's unsustainable 'growth' paradigm.
While Modi claims demonetization has helped the common man, opponents see it as an opportunity to gain in upcoming state elections. The move has caused economic disruption and hardship. Experts argue the lack of preparation and assessment of consequences has led to problems. Rural areas have been hit hard as farmers need cash for inputs just as the crisis arose. Manual scavenging continues despite being illegal, denying dignity to workers. Environmental concerns are ignored in the name of development. Cybercrime losses are rising globally and in India. The Supreme Court dismissed a petition to lift the Jallikattu ban, showing compassion.
Degrowth as a project for societal transformation: its science and its releva...Laurens van der Wal
Lecture by Dr. Barbara Muraca from the University of Oregon with Q&A. Recorded at the first Dutch degrowth symposium in Utrecht on 28th of june 2019.
Lezing door Dr. Barbara Muraca van de University of Oregon met Q&A. Opgenomen tijdens het eerste Nederlandse degrowth symposium in Utrecht op 28 juni 2019.
Find a summary of the event here: https://ontgroei.degrowth.net/utrecht-degrowth-symposium/
Towards A Global Civil Society: A Review of Pertaining Issues, Successes and ...AkashSharma618775
This article reviews the notion of civil society by raising pertinent issues, successes and drawbacks. Often
referred to as the space where we act for common good, civil society aims to connect poor or marginalized people
with groups that can mobilize support to help. We know that civil society by itself cannot achieve poverty
eradication. It must act in partnership with governments and institutions but it must be one of the partners and
not just a servant to carry out the designs of governments or corporations. Therefore there is need to expand the
role of NGOs and civil society organizations in three main specific areas related to poverty eradication: technical,
financial and political and enhancing the participation of those whose lives are affected by decisions and this can
only happen when there is an enabling environment designed to promote popular participation. The contributions
of civil society in global environmental preservation cannot be ignored since it is a cross cutting issue and both
national and international governments need other actors to make it a reality. In short, there has been increasing
support for civil society as understanding has grown about the important role that CSOs can play in bringing
about development goals. The Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Summit Outcome Document
emphasize the relationship between sustainable human development and democratic governance and the need for
civil society engagement to foster both.
India after the Mahatma
Key note Address
At National Seminar organized by
Shri M.D. Shah Mahila College of Arts & Commerce, Malad, Mumbai on 27-28 April, 08
By
Prof. Dr. Vibhuti Patel, DIRECTOR, P.G.S. R.
Professor and Head, Post Graduate Department of Economics,
SNDT Women’s University, Smt. Nathibai Thakersey Road, Churchgate, Mumbai-400020
Tel (91) (22) 22052970, Mobile-9321040048 E mail: vibhuti.np@gmail.com
Introduction
Mahatma Gandhi was a visionary who made an epoch making contribution for socio, political, economic and cultural transformation of not only India but also the world. His public life began with peaceful civil disobedience in the Indian community's struggle against racism and for civil rights of non-white population in South Africa. After his return from South Africa to India, he organized all sections of society, from budding industrialists, educated intelligentsia, women and children to poor farmers and labourers to protest against oppressive British regime and widespread discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress, Gandhiji led nationwide campaigns for the alleviation of poverty, for fight against merciless taxation of poor peasants, for the liberation of women, for communal harmony and democratic rights of ethnic groups, for an end to barbaric practice of untouchability and caste discrimination, and for the economic self-sufficiency of the nation, but above all, for Swaraj (home Rule) the independence of India from foreign domination. Gandhi famously led the civil disobedience movement against the salt tax imposed by the British Administration with the 400 kilometer (250 miles) Dandi Salt March in 1930. He masterminded the Quit India Movement in 1942.
Mahatma gandhi western civilisation pdf karoAnurag Gangal
Gandhi had a critical view of Western civilization. He believed it was overly dependent on outward displays like technology and that it would lead to the exploitation and domination of other cultures. Gandhi felt Western civilization's focus on technology, mechanization, and materialism came at the cost of individual well-being and human values. While he did not want India to fully adopt the Western model, Gandhi acknowledged that some aspects like parliamentary democracy were necessary for post-independence India. Overall, Gandhi saw Western civilization as unsustainable and self-destructive in its prioritization of technology and brute force over human-centered values like nonviolence.
Globalization is a process of increasing integration and interaction between people, companies, and governments around the world through international trade and investment aided by technology. This process impacts environments, cultures, political systems, economic development, and human well-being globally. While globalization allows poorer countries to develop and raise living standards through economic growth and cultural exchange, it has also benefited large multinational corporations in Western nations at the expense of local enterprises, cultures, and people. Globalization also causes significant and often permanent damage to the environment. To balance the benefits and costs of globalization requires understanding how it works and considering policy choices that affect societies.
Globalization_- Definition, Processes and Concepts.pdfDhruvita1
Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place. Globalization also captures in its scope the economic and social changes that have come about as a result.
This document discusses the concept of global citizenship. It begins by outlining an activity for students to create a concept map and definition of global citizenship. It then provides several definitions and perspectives on global citizenship from different authors. It discusses how global citizenship is associated with both rights and obligations. It also examines different approaches to resisting economic globalization, such as trade protectionism and fair trade. Finally, it argues that reforms to global governance are needed to allow citizens to participate more directly in global affairs.
Globalization has opened opportunities for India's development but also challenges. It integrated India's economy internationally in 1991, increasing foreign investment and trade. This boosted economic growth but also widened wealth inequality and trade deficits. While certain industries have grown and technology/culture have spread, globalization has largely not benefitted the poor and increased unemployment. Overall, globalization has been positive for India's economy but also highlights the need for continued reforms to ensure benefits reach all.
The document discusses differing views on the concept of development over time. It describes how development was initially viewed primarily as economic growth, but perspectives broadened to incorporate social, environmental, and human dimensions. Sustainable development emerged as a concept that aims for growth that meets current needs without compromising future generations by considering economic, social and environmental factors. The human development index was also introduced as a measure that goes beyond just economic indicators.
GLOBALIZATION and The Globalization Paradox: Why Global Markets, States, and ...tesfa7
is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide (en.m.Wikipedia.org). The authors of the articles discussed that;
Impacts of Globalization on developing and developed countries
Faire economic distribution and employment opportunities
National government demands to frame their policy aligned with international environmental laws and regulations
This document discusses global citizenship and resistance to globalization. It defines global citizenship as having rights and obligations within various communities on both the local and global levels. Global citizens can travel across boundaries while making sense of a complex world with many types of globalization. Resistance to globalization takes many forms, including trade protectionism, fair trade approaches, and efforts to help those disenfranchised by economic marginalization. The document examines transnational organizations and cyberactivist groups that give voice to resistance and promote values like democracy, justice, and sustainability. It argues that reform is needed to allow world citizens more direct participation in global governance.
Globalization and poverty are controversial issues. While globalization can lead to economic growth through increased trade and investment, it also widens inequality gaps and disproportionately impacts developing regions. Globalization promotes the interests of developed nations over poorer ones, making them more reliant on unstable foreign industries and employment. However, globalization itself is not the sole cause of poverty and, if implemented carefully and inclusively, it could still help develop nations compete internationally. The relationship between the two phenomena is complex with reasonable arguments on both sides.
The document discusses the impact of the environment on Asian community development and social welfare. It notes that community development and social welfare programs must consider the specific ecological environment in addition to socio-cultural and political factors. Further, it explores how globalization and environmental changes may challenge the concept of social welfare being solely a national policy domain in the future. The talk concludes by emphasizing the importance of maintaining a balance with nature for long-term human and community survival.
The document provides a summary of key topics and findings from various Human Development Reports published between 1990 and 2013. It discusses concepts like human development, the Human Development Index, and indicators used to measure human development like life expectancy, education, and standard of living. It also summarizes perspectives on topics like financing human development, the role of political will, globalization, poverty eradication, participation, and new technologies. Key measurements introduced in reports are mentioned like the Gender Inequality Index and Multidimensional Poverty Index.
Gandhi advocated for gram swaraj (village self-rule) as the central framework of his social, political, and economic philosophy. He believed India's villages, not cities, represented the nation's identity and that villages should be self-sufficient. Gandhi criticized Western industrialization for being exploitative and alienating. He proposed an alternative model of decentralized development based on rural cooperation, traditional crafts like spinning, and moral virtues of nonviolence and truth.
National integration is vital for India's survival. Education can be used as a strong tool to promote national integration through implementing a uniform national education policy from primary to university level. Some ways to promote integration include inspiring students to have faith in national values and symbols, and checking tendencies towards communalism and regionalism. Full implementation of government programs and developing a high national character in people is needed for national integration to succeed.
The High Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda today released “A New Global Partnership: Eradicate Poverty and Transform Economies through Sustainable Development,” a report which sets out a universal agenda to eradicate extreme poverty from the face of the earth by 2030, and deliver on the promise of sustainable development. The report calls upon the world to rally around a new Global Partnership that offers hope and a role to every person in the world.
The document discusses the economic and cultural impacts of globalization through various texts from different time periods. It explores how authors like Heaney addressed global issues like violence through their works, offering local perspectives. The document also discusses how globalization has led to new understandings of concepts like wealth. Religious globalization involves the spread of religious groups, ideas and practices across borders and how societies' views of religion have changed over time along with their moral values.
Globalization and poverty are controversial issues. While globalization can lead to economic growth and increased opportunities through free trade and investment, it has also been associated with rising inequality and not all populations sharing in the gains. Globalization positively impacts poverty by connecting markets and allowing for more efficient production and trade, but it can also lower incomes for farmers, increase job insecurity, and heighten wealth disparities as developed countries dominate global commerce. The relationship between globalization and poverty is complex, and globalization's effects depend on factors like pace of integration and individual country circumstances.
This ppt file contains complete information about galobalization and its very simple to present because its very relitive to the topic.
I present this to my class and got 10/10.
Its well designed and much easy to view the whole globalization .Its contains detaid information about globalization causes of globalization effects of globalization law of globalization and analysis of advantages and disadvantages of globalization.
I you pick this presentation you just need to change the name because it don't have unrelated constants.
Similar to Present Market Globalisation And Democratic Decentralisation of Gandhi - Contradicts and Reciprocal. (20)
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Present Market Globalisation And Democratic Decentralisation of Gandhi - Contradicts and Reciprocal.
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 4 Issue 12 ||December. 2015 || PP.32-40
www.ijhssi.org 32 | P a g e
Present Market Globalisation And Democratic Decentralisation
of Gandhi - Contradicts and Reciprocal.
Neela Sharma
Research Scholar, (Deptt of political science) , H.N.B. Garhwal Central University, Uttrakhand
Abstract : Gandhi has never been a system builder in academic sense of term, but his writing touched almost
all the social, culture, economic, education and political problems of the contemporary world .He was one of
the firm believer of decentralization. As Gandhi was a practical idealist and at the very early he diagonised the
real problem of modern civilization and provides their solution.He continuously worked for the exploited and
suffering masses till his death. In fact his whole life was constant struggle against social injustice, economic
inequality, political suppression and discrimination against humanity.In dealing with matter of Globalisation
and Gandhi, he himself was the product of globalization . He can understand the advantage and disadvantage
of globalization. Hence, globalisation is defined by intellectuals as a process of integration and open market
across nation borders. Globalization is the free flow of capital, ideas,goods, services, values and culture across
national frontiers. As a result it has increased the contact between people of various nation in the field of
economy, technology,cultural and governance. While globalisation has positive dynamic aspects, it also has
negative, exploitative and marginalised aspects. The process of globalisation has lead to massive economic
development, industrialisation,open market economy,advancement in technology, fast information and
communication but it also creates, economic inequality, exploitation by rich to the poor, mass violence ,which
has divert the world direction on the other sides.Gandhi was aware about all these maladies of globalisation.To
him globalisation was not an evil but to believe that everything western was superior was not the correct beliefs.
The paper absolutely based on secondary data such as books, magazines, journals etc. To conclude Gandhian
democratic decentralisation is one of the best alternative to the threats of present globalisation.
I. INTRODUCTION
The process of globalisation has lead to massive economic development, industrialisation, open market
economy, advancement in technology, fast information and communication but it also create, economic
inequality, exploitation by rich to the poor, mass violence, which has divert the world direction on other sides.
Globalisation as such emerged for the welfare of whole mankind like cross-cultural interaction of diverse
societies, interdependence among various nation as regard to economic, political and socio- cultural
development, today it has generated wide spread social, political, and economic and cultural insecurity and
imposition of particular culture upon all others. Gandhi was aware about all these maladies of globalisation. As,
he was educated in London, started his political action in South Africa before he joined political arena in India.
He was very much inspired by western writers like, Tolstoy, Ruskin and Thoreau. To him globalisation was not
evil but to believe that everything western was superior was not correct beliefs. „He believed that the mingling
of cultures in India would not be a threat to India‟s own customs and culture. However, he did identify that the
establishment of global society would carry certain dangers for the sovereign nations such as colonialism, both
cultural and political, industrialisation and commercialisations of the economy leading to class antagonism and
environmental hazards.‟1
Present Globalisation And Gandhi’s Decentralisation
Today we all came across with these problems in our daily life; hence Gandhi‟s relationship with globalisation
remains important even today. He was one of the great advocates of democratic decentralisation. The ultimate
goal of his decentralisation was to empower the village community as a whole. Power should be decentralised
from inner circle i.e., village level and was against the concentration of power in few hands i.e., in centralised
system. However the rapid process of globalisation leads to the concentration of power in few hands or groups.
The development of World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organisation, multinational
companies dominates the state authority as state have only to adopt the rules and regulation made by these
institutions. Today the world economic system is regulated by these institution which leads to the concentration
of power for which Gandhi opposed the concept of industrialisation. He was the one who had experienced the
British rule in India and South Africa after the industrial revolution. He was acutely aware of the impact of
British rule in India and not happy about westernisation. The British imperialism, according to him was the
result of globalisation.
2. Present Market Globalisation And Democratic...
www.ijhssi.org 33 | P a g e
Gandhi was against the large scale industrialisation and favoured small scale industries. Every
individual would be gainfully employed and able to live a self- sufficient life. This local self sufficiency he
called swadeshi which was based on the theory of decentralisation. The village industries should be encouraged
so that it could give employments to the million of unemployed youth which can increase the purchasing power.
In turn there will be demand of goods in the market and which will be more demand for production and
empowered the village. He was against the massive concentration of economic power in a few hands, in his
economic model he favours economic decentralisation and village becomes the basic economic units. The
ongoing process of globalisation considered market as an economic unit and the most important drawbacks of
this process is that its advantages move from top to bottom. The real effects of economic globalisation for any
country‟s economic is crystal clear which include- marginalisation of rural or urban poor, rise in the case of
poverty, hunger, and unemployment, violation of human rights, exploitation of nature, ecology and
environment. Gandhi‟s economic thought is opposite of what today‟s market globalisation. The advantages
should move from bottom i.e., village level which is based on oceanic circle. His idea of village should be self
reliant and self rule which he called gram swaraj (Village Self Rule). Maximum political and economic power
would remain in the hands of village. A village must build a strong economic base in order to satisfy its all
necessities of life – food, clothing, shelter, clean water, sanitation, health and education and all the village
members should give priority to local goods and services. Today globalisation leads to mass industrialisation,
mechanisation, modern civilisation and concentration of economic power in few hands. In fact Gandhi‟s idea of
decentralisation and economic thought was not contradict with the concept of globalisation. He believed in
development and change which is the key objectives of globalisation too. But the progress and development
should contribute to human welfare, so his concept of development was based on universalism which upholds
harmony and balance between different people and also between generations. Such development reflects various
elements such as freedom from hunger and poverty, decentralised participation in decision making system
harmony and so on. On the other hand today contemporary globalisation contributes various exploitation of man
by man, the poor by the rich, the developing nations by developed nations which leads to great disparity in the
world .Twentieth century has witnessed a phase of economic dominance of market, conflict, exploitation, and
dehumanisation and concerned with profit at any cost. It has been rightly said that, „economic power demanded
and subordinated the political and the socio-cultural process of life on a global scale. It is destructive of ecology,
political freedom, and cultural pluralism and on the top of all sustained itself through economic subjugation.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) alone proved to be its sole criterion of success, even while it dehumanised the
human society, even when it has in fact accentuated Gross Social Conflict (GSC) to unsustainable levels.‟2 The
progress and development according to Gandhi should start from village level. It is believed that globalisation
will lead to economic development but only economic development for few elite is not important, the
development of all human majority is important which now adversely affected by the exploitative nature of
globalisation. Gandhi was totally against the development based on exploitation and exclusive system. Today
the important economic factor is „Market‟ which driven world economy has benefited only an affluent people
and marginalised the large sections of the society. Generally, Gandhi was not against the process of
development and concept of globalisation. As we know that Gandhi was one of the witnessed of the British
imperialism and colonialism and he knew the exploitation made by industrialisation which is one of the factors
of globalisation. His economic vision is quite different from British non-inclusive economic system which was
contrary to India economic system. He revealed this fact in 1946, he said “when the British first established
themselves firmly in India their idea was to build cities where all rich people would gravitate and help them in
exploiting the countryside. These cities were made partially beautiful; services of all kinds were made available
to their inhabitants while the million of villagers were left rotting in hopeless ignorance and misery”3. Gandhi,
therefore, favoured egalitarian and inclusive economic development based on self reliant village free from all
forms of exploitation. Gandhi was aware to the fact that the villages in India have their own socio-economic
structures which are distinctive to the process and practice of marked based western model of economic
development. Gandhi said in young India in 1921 “our cities are not India. India lives in her seven and a half
lakhs of villages and cities live upon the villages. They do not bring their wealth from other countries. The city
people are brokers and commission agents for the big houses of Europe, America and Japan. The cities have
cooperated with the latter in the bleeding process that has gone on for the two hundred years.”4
Industrialisation and machinery is one of the products of globalisation. As concerned with industrialisation
Gandhi only opposed its exploitive nature not as a whole industrialisation. Gandhi‟s concept of decentralisation
aims at avoiding defects of capitalism and evils of industrialisation. His economic decentralisation has dual aims
in the one hand it aims at eradicating poverty, unemployment, centralism and exploitation and on other hand,
bringing a society in which there is great equality, freedom and Non-Violence. Such a society will be possible
only in decentralised and non-violent society. He was against the mass production by big industries. He was of
the opinion that „not mass production but production by the masses‟. He never discards everything foreign.
3. Present Market Globalisation And Democratic...
www.ijhssi.org 34 | P a g e
He said, “Any article is swadeshi if it subserves the interests of the million even though the capital and
talent are foreign but under effective Indian control.”5 Under the Gandhian economic decentralisation there
should be cooperation between villages and cities. As villages produce almost all the consumer goods, cities
produce investment goods machine and supply for village industries. Village would be a self supporting unit
exchanged only such necessary commodities which are not locally producible. Here Gandhi advocates that the
items which are essentially and not locally produce can import from other countries. He was not adverse to
technologies and machines which reduced human misery and drudgery. It did not matter whether it was local or
foreign.
In fact, Gandhi was only against the exploitative nature of machines and technology which save human
labour. Increasing mechanisation and mass production always leads to concentration of power and wealth. In
such a socio-economic condition the masses are exploited for the benefit of few. Hence he said, “What I object
to is the craze for machinery, not machinery as such. The craze is for what the call labour –saving machinery.
Men go on “saving labour” till thousands are without work and thrown on the open streets to die of starvation. I
want to save time and labour, not a fraction of mankind, but for all. I want the concentration of wealth, not in the
hands of a few, but in the hand of all. Today machinery merely helps a few to ride on the back of millions. The
impetus behind it all is not the philanthropy to save labour, but greed. It is against this constitution of things that
I am fighting with all my might”.6 However Gandhi‟s system was opposed to the centralised political and
economic power of the west. Instead of having millions of hands to works, labour saving machines is useless.
But today, the industry and machine meant only for capital. The labour and capital relationship is no more
harmonious. Gandhi‟s views on factor of production are based on economic equality. The payment of wages
should be based on equality. According to him, machines are such a type of process through which we too are
mechanised. It is now believed that the machines though create large –production but render many unemployed.
To him labour is the prime source of wealth and it is created through active cooperation of labour. He believed
that labour is never under capital. In Harijan he remarks: “labour possess the key to production but lacks talent
to run the mills. You could not run it even if you had a million rupees. Capital would be helpless without labour.
All mills would be at standstill if labourers were not there to work them. There is no doubt that you are helpless
without labour.”7 Therefore, he said that labour and capital can work together to the benefit of the consumer.
But his view has been criticised by many that profit is the only aim of capitalists. Unlimited material progress in
capitalist system was not appropriate for human development. To him material progress should be limited. Thus
he remarked: “I have always said that my ideal is that capital and labour should supplement and help each other.
They should be a great family living in unity and harmony”.8 He believed in the ability of human capital. For
Gandhi each individual is a power house who can work by his hand. But people‟s craze for machine will make
them incapable and weak. Though, mechanism is good when the hands are few for the work. But it is an evil
when there are more hands than required for the work, as is the case in India.
Limitation of wants is also the basic principle of Gandhi‟s economic decentralisation. According to him
multiplication of wants was inconsistent with total development of individual. The global economy drives
people towards high achievement and high ambition for material progress. This results in stress, loss of peace,
loss of space for personal and family relationship and loss of spiritual life. But Gandhi said, “A certain degree of
physical comfort is necessary but above a certain level it becomes a hindrance instead of a help; therefore the
ideal of creating an unlimited number of wants and satisfying them, seems to be a delusion and a trap. The
satisfaction of one‟s physical needs must come at a certain point to a dead stop before it degenerates into
physical decadence. European will have to remodel their outlook if they are not to perish under the weight of the
comforts to which they are becoming slaves”.9 Gandhi in relation to material abundance said that, “if by
abundance you mean every one having plenty to eat and drink and to cloth himself with, enough to keep him
mind trained and educated, I should be satisfied. But I should not like to pack more stuffs in my belly than I can
digest and more things than I can usefully use. But neither do I want poverty, penury misery, dirt and dust in
India”.10 Gandhi never favoured poverty and removal of poverty was the primary goal of his economic agenda.
He believed that limitation of wants was an appropriate condition for the eradication of poverty. In Gandhi view
man could attain real happiness only through the limitation of wants and accept simplicity. He advocated
simplicity and limitation of want not only for individual but also for whole society. Thus he said, “Earth has
enough to satisfy everyone‟s legitimate needs, but not anyone‟s greed”.11 Gandhi in fact, advocated small
industries and machines which may not reduce the human labour. In this context many have misunderstood that
Gandhi was against industry and machine. But Gandhi once said that, “I would prize every invention of science
made for the benefit of all. There is difference between invention and invention. I should not care for the
asphyxiating gases capable of killing masses of man at a time. The heavy machinery for work of public utility
which cannot be undertaken by human labour has its inevitable place, but all that would be owned by the state
and used entirely for the benefit of the people. I can have no consideration for machinery which is meant either
to enrich the few at the expense of the many, or without cause to displace the useful labour of many.”12
4. Present Market Globalisation And Democratic...
www.ijhssi.org 35 | P a g e
In fact Gandhi was not totally against with heavy industries and technology but only against the use of
large scale technology in an arbitrary manner. Gandhi knew the changing nature of globalisation which is based
on exploitation of weak by stronger. As we all know that Gandhi‟s philosophy is very much application for the
past, present and future. His alternatives for heavy industries were Khadi and Village industries which generate
mass employment, eradication of poverty and create equal society. His ideal of village industries is labour
intensive and gives opportunity to those who wants to work. The promotions of village industries will eliminate
the use of sophisticated machinery which makes human being incapable for doing work. Though he did not
oppose the machinery but he was against its indiscriminate multiplication. He happily welcomes such machinery
as it saves individual labour and lightens the burden of millions. In capitalist system they are primarily
interested for mass production for which they adopt centralised method of production which lead to an
exploitation of human labour. Capitalism increases greed and competition that leads to economic conflict in the
society. Ultimately this type of economic system has destroyed the cultural and moral values. Unlike, Gandhi
advocates small village industry which leads to freedom and equality for every individual as well as equal
distribution of economic growth and livelihood can be assured to the entire society without any discrimination.
Most importantly, Gandhi was not against market, industry and capital import and export but he only wants
rationalize the economic activities for the welfare of poor and marginalised section of the society. His economic
idea based on the concept of Sarvodaya i.e., welfare of all which leads the elimination of poverty,
unemployment, and rural-urban inequalities. He was never in favour of such economic practice that creates mass
unemployment, economic gap and social exclusion. His whole economic decentralisation was based on
inclusive and participatory development of village.
Modern civilisation has diverted the world on another side. According to the Ralf Dahrendorf define
modernity and said, “Modernity is differentiation at work place. It is most significant in the sphere of labour,
where there appear a great number of specialised, narrowly defined occupations and professions, requiring
diverse skills, competences and training. But it is also pronounced in sphere of consumption, where the
staggering variety of options or life –chances faces every potential consumer. Both raise tremendously the scope
of choices in education, occupational carrier and life style.”13 A proper civilisation placed man at its centre and
valued its greatness in terms of its capacity. The significant feature of modern civilisation is its functional
specialization. Everybody has been trained in specific way. Lawyers cannot imagine their worth outside court
and same as doctors, politicians, academicians, teachers and others. Such specialisation of functions makes
human being very narrow. Gandhi as such has no problem with either lawyer or doctors but he had a problem
with the narrow and limited nature of these professions. The modern man can perform only one function at a
time in which he has been trained and he cannot even think beyond that area. Gandhi explain the idea of
civilisation in „Hind Swaraj‟ he said that, “As men progress, they shall be able to travel in airships and reach
part of the world in a few hours. Men will need the use of their hands and feet. They will press a button, and
they will have their clothing by their side. Another button and they will have their newspaper. A third and a
motorcar will be waiting for them. They will have variety of delicately dished up food..... Formerly, when
people wanted to fight one another, they measured between them their bodily strength; now it is possible to take
away thousands of lives by one man working behind a gun from hill. This is civilisation.”14 This is how Gandhi
clearly differentiates the nature of civilisation before and after. Gandhi thought that man is the creative made by
God and who gave both hands and legs for doing work in order to fulfil his or her basic needs. But due to
modernisation which results various machines and technology makes human being weak and dependent. He was
against bodily comfort. He had a deep impression s of civilisation during his stayed at England. He reflected his
experienced in Hind Swaraj, “civilisation seeks to increase bodily comforts, and it fails miserably even in doing
so. The civilisation is irreligion, and it has taken such a hold on the people in England that those who are in it
appear to be half mad. The lack real physical strength or courage. They keep up their energy by intoxication.
They can hardly be happy in solitude. Woman who should be queens of households, wander in the streets, or
they slave away in factories. For the sake of a pittance, half a million women in England alone are labouring
under trying circumstances in factories or similar institutions.”15 Civilisation according to him is not only
bodily comfort but the highest achievement of civilisation is bound to be rather large. Civilisation based on
western system is not proper civilisation. To him, “Indian civilisation is the best and that the European is the
nine days wonder”.16
Ever increasing material wants are another aspect of highly mechanised and modern economy, has
pushed mankind to a position from where we do not know how to get out. Human being became so much
dependent on machine which Gandhi never accepted it. To him, “civilisation in the real sense of term, consist
not in the multiplication, but in the deliberate and voluntary reduction of wants. This alone promotes real
happiness and contentment and increases the capacity for service.”17 His ideal of civilisation is based on moral
progress instead of material progress. However Gandhi was not against the modern civilisation as a whole. But
his view was based on decentralisation of everything. Again, instead of mass production through automation,
there has to be production through masse.
5. Present Market Globalisation And Democratic...
www.ijhssi.org 36 | P a g e
All these industries should be decentralised only then the exploitive nature of industry will be
eliminated. Once he said: “personally I hope that heavy or light industries should all be decentralised as far as
possible and this is feasible now because of the development of electric power.”18 Therefore, decentralisation is
one of the most important characteristic of Gandhian technology which would be best suited in the present
context of globalisation.
II. CONTRADICTS AND RECIPROCAL
However present market globalisation is very much distinct from Gandhian value based system. Present
system of globalisation is based on centralisation of power. As it give more attention towards market and heavy
industries. Centralised industries lead to the concentration of power in few hands. As a result of concentration of
economic and political power the people will lose control on means and modes of production and distribution as
well and then the people will be reduced to a state of dependency. Centralised system is very inconsistent with
non- violence system advocated by Gandhi. So, Gandhi suggested decentralisation as a remedy for the evils of
industrialism. Centralised world order of nation states, which produce a more means of war and violence, to
protect their economic interest. And also due to the concentration of power in few hands command the state
apparatus to make decision for the rest .Severe economic gap has been created which breeds violence and
discrimination. Gandhi suggests that “if India is to evolve along non- violent lines, it will have to decentralise
many things. Concentration cannot be sustained and defended without adequate force. Simple homes from
which there is nothing to take away require no polishing, the palaces of the rich must have strong guards to
protect them against dacoity. Rurally organised India will run less risk of foreign invasion then urbanised India,
well equipped with military, naval and air forces. You cannot build a non- violence on a factory civilisation, but
it can be built a self contained villages – rural economy eschews exploitation altogether and exploitation is the
essence of violence. Centralisation as a system is inconsistent with non-violent structure of society.”19 There
should be decentralised production which is based on locally available resources to satisfy the basic needs of
local population. It uses suitable technology and renewable sources. Therefore it is free from most of the evils
which is associated with present system of globalisation. He knew that the goal of SARVODAYA could be
achieved only if the economic system was decentralised. It is rural based economy and so oppose to the factory
civilisation. Gandhi advocated rural civilisation based on democratic decentralisation in which power has been
distributed equally. On contrary, under the present day globalisation, effective decision making has been shifted
towards international institution, such as World Bank, IMF, that are undemocratic in their political process.
Therefore, Gandhi urged for alternative to recognise the economic order on decentralised principles which
would be self dependent units bound together on mutual cooperation and interdependence. He argues that the
concentration of economic power created the capitalist class which ultimately created gulf between the
privileged few and under privileged majority. Gandhi held that decentralisation of held that economic power
could serve the interest of community.
Present market globalisation is based on large scale industries whereas value based globalisation of
Gandhi gave emphasis to small scale industries. There is a major controversy between large industries versus
small scale industry. The trend of present globalisation encourages industrial progress which replaced simple
machine through more complicated and big machine. The very nature of industrial progress has lead to the
higher production, massive accumulation of wealth, exploitation of labour and material progress. Society has
been treated as consumerist. It is well said that „ consumer society is the inevitable result of the capitalist –
industrialist model of development with the accompanying threats to the environment, the ecology and the
minimal well being of the deprived two third of the worlds. With a sixth of a world population residing in the
affluent North, consuming a major part of the non- renewable resources and energy available on earth, enough
will not be left to fulfil even the basic needs of the rest of the world‟s population in foreseeable future.‟20
Gandhi was against this market mechanism based on exploitations. He considered exploitation as inhuman and
violent. If the capitalist process is continued, it may make the rich richer and poor poorer. Excessive
industrialisation is also bad. Exploitation is one of the important causes of suffering of the poor. Large scale
industry favoured big machine. Machinery has its own place in the era of globalisation. But gradually it has
displaced necessary human labour which leads to mass unemployment. Gandhi, however, favours small scale
and cottage industries which he called rural industrialisation. There would be revival of village industry and it
may possible only in the absence of exploitation. In order to cruse the exploitation, we have to concentrate on
the village and make self content and self sufficiency. Gandhi as such was not against machine but he was
against its exploitative nature. When he was asked that, “Are you against all machinery? My answer is
emphatically no. But I am against its indiscriminate multiplication. I am uncompromising against all destructive
machinery. But simple tools and instrument such as machinery as saves individual labour and lightens the
burden of the millions of cottage, I should welcome.”21 Gandhi was very much ready to embrace every
improvement in the cottage industry and machine but it should not lead to exploitation.
6. Present Market Globalisation And Democratic...
www.ijhssi.org 37 | P a g e
The present market globalisation is very uneven process with unequal distribution of benefits and loses.
This imbalance gave rise to polarisation between the few countries that gain, and the many countries that are
marginalised. Free market is one of the major aims of globalisation as it creates stiff competition between small
scale industry and large scale industry. Obviously, it is the MNCs who established large industry and under such
a competition it is clear that the small scale industries are unable to compete them. From the last few decades
there has been rapid economic growth due to the emergence of various transnational corporations in the world.
It is clearly shown by the fact that, „In 1970 total number of transnational corporation (TNCS) was about 700,
but grew by 1998 to at least 53,607 TNCS that were contracted with at least 448,917 foreign subsidiaries. This
six largest corporation in the world (Exxon, General Motors, Ford, Mitsu, Daimler-chrysler and Mitsubishi)
have combined revenues larger than the combined budgets of 64 nations that include 58 percent of the world‟s
population (including India, Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, Pakistan, Bangladesh Nigeria and Mexico.) Only seven
nations have budgets larger than Ford, Exxon or General Motors: namely France, The United Kingdom, Italy,
China, Japan, Germany and the USA.‟22 The forces of free global system must be harnessed to serve the
aspiration of poor people. As a result, „in 2000, of the world 6 billion people, 2.8 billion live on less than $ 2 a
day and 1.2 billion on less than $ 1 a day. Six infants of every 100 do not see their first birthday, and 8 do not
survive to their fifth. Of those who do reach school age, 9 boys in 100 and 14 girls do not go to primary school.
These conceal extra ordinary diversity and variations.‟23
In contrast, Gandhi gives an alternative i.e. small scale industries based on decentralisation. He was of
the opinion that there is enough in this world for everyone‟s need but there is nothing in this world for anyone‟s
greed. For him a social order should be inter-related and inter-dependent which ultimately realize the ideal of
non- competitive, classless, and egalitarian society. But under present globalisation there would be free
competition to capture the markets of foreign land. He approached economic decentralisation based on
Swadeshi and village would be prime units. Moral value was extremely important for Gandhi. To him economic
without ethics was not warranted. Swadeshi implies three things, „firstly, production, consumption and exchange
of goods and services should be locally centred. Secondly it suggests reliance on native polity or indigenous
political institution. Thirdly, it portrays the self reliance as the basic units of society.‟24 His idea behind
Swadeshi movement, establishment of Charkha and Khadi at every household, was meant to make the people
self reliant and economically sound. His Charkha and Khadi is a unique instrument for economic
decentralisation to provide part time work to the idle rural masses. The mounting population problem has
created unemployment and job in industrial sector are diminishing. Swadeshi demanded the exclusion of all
foreign cloth. Agricultural country like India khadi was a universal subsidiary industry and could manufacture
all the cloth of her requirement. Khadi was the symbol of economic decentralisation. Swadeshi helps in
improving the quality of local goods and costs go down due to the use of indigenous skills, resources, manpower
and technology .Gandhi observed in 1947, “Immediately after my return to India in 1915 I discovered that the
centre of swadeshi lay in khadi. If khadi goes, I contended even then, there is no swadeshi.....the manufacture of
Indian mills do not constitute swadeshi. To that belief I cling even today.”25 Swadeshi implies a comprehensive
preference to local manufacture. Gandhi advocated that the production should be localised which laid stress on
the growth and expansion of indigenous industries. It symbolises freedom, self reliance for the society as whole.
He considered khadi as universal industry which should not be taken to mean the elimination of other industries.
„Khadi does not seek to destroy all machinery but it does regulate its use and check its weedy growth. It uses
machinery for the service of the poorest in their own cottage.‟26
In fact Charkha is an important factor as khadi in Gandhian idea of Swadeshi. To him charkha served a
double purpose i.e., politically it was most powerful means to unite the whole country and economically charkha
and khadi was short of revolution in the line of small scale industries. With the growing market globalisation in
which economy controls become ever more remote and less accountable and profit motives seek to colonise the
whole world, the concept of swadeshi under such context becomes ever more relevant. The danger inherent in
globalisation were highlighted by Human Development Report 1997 that, „Globalisation is proceeding largely
for the benefits of the dynamic and powerful countries. There is no level playing field for the developing
countries. Top five MNCs had total corporate sale (1994) of $871.4 billion while South Asia with a quarter of
world‟s population had a GDP of only $451.3 billion. The largest 350 MNCs account for 40% of global
trade.‟27 Globalisation widens the gulf between developed countries. To avoid such demerits of globalisation,
Gandhi observed in Young India: “Khadhi was once the dress of the nation at large..... There are instances of
whole village taking a legitimate pride in the fact they had to import nothing but salt in the whole round of six
reasons. With such conditions, there could be no drain, no exploitation and therefore, no Para-raj (other
rule).”28 Gandhi suggests that small scale production at every home should be encouraged but there should be
no privilege or monopoly for any economic organisation. In fact Gandhi was not exclusively against large scale
industries but he was against only to the exploitative nature. In general heavy industry should be cultivated only
in so far it does not interfere with cottage industry and should not contain elements of centralisation. Once he
was asked that “Do you think that cottage industries and big industries may be harmonised? He replied, yes if
7. Present Market Globalisation And Democratic...
www.ijhssi.org 38 | P a g e
they are planned so as to help villages. Key industries, which the nation needs may be centralised. But then I
should not choose anything to be a key-industry that can be taken up by the villages with a little organising”.29
Thus according to Gandhi for a balanced growth of an economy the large and small industries should develop in
harmony with each other. That is why he suggested decentralised rural based economy.
The major contradiction between present globalisation and value based globalisation is Labour Vs
Capital. The present market globalisation has its base on capitalist system of production and technological
growth which Gandhi never accepted. The basic factor of capitalist system is capital and market. The
importance of labour force is very much absent in this system. The entry of FDI &MNCs not only brings capital
but also technology to developing countries, but in reality they have destroyed the local brands. The capitalist
economy leads to exploitation of the working class and consumers. As they have to work under miserable
condition. It has been rightly remarked that, „ as the market tends to replace the bonds of family, tradition,
community and nature and threatens to circumscribe the state, one is tempted to ascertain whether the modern
democratic state structure will prove resilient enough to cope with the quantum of momentous change brought
about by the force of globalisation, and accelerated by transformation in information and communication
technology whether a fundamental restructuring of the state-civil society relationship will have to be
undertaken.‟30 The present capitalist system is based on self-regulating market economy in which the sole
motivator of the market economy is profit-maximization. Besides, capitalism is the evil of social polarization
between capitalists and the labourers which results in strikes, lockouts, demonstration and decline of social
spirit. Hence, Gandhi was never reconciled to the present market system. He regarded labour force as the most
vital factor in the production. He wrote in Harijan that “labour is far superior to capital. Without labour, gold,
silver, and copper were useless burden. It was labour which attracts precious ore from the bowels of the
earth”.31To him labour is never to be exploited and it should be free from any kind of bondage.
Labour is the chief sources of wealth and without the cooperation of labour capital is of no use because
it is not capital, but labour which creates or produces. Thus machine cannot replace the labour. As it is clear
from the fact that today most of the big machine is trying to replace human labour which is against the human
nature. There is a strong relationship between bread and labour. So Gandhi derived the concept of bread labour
from TOLSTOY. Everybody must work for his bread. He said that, “the great nature has intended us to earn our
bread in the sweat of our bow. Everyone, therefore, who idle away a single minute becomes to that extent a
burden upon his neighbours, and to do so, is to commit a breach of the very first lesson of Ahimsa (Non-
Violence)”.32 J. D. Sethi, a well known Gandhian Economist explains the principles of „bread labour‟ in a
proper line- “bread labour in simple terms implies that amount of physical labour, given the arts of production
and the society determined necessities. That much labour time must be spent by everybody in physical labour.
Anyone who does not work with his hands or other limbs runs the risk of being parasite. Even the greatest
thinker, poet or philosopher is likely to be misled by his own ideas & plagues of sophistication, if he is not
involved in some physical action”.33 There is a considerable importance of labour in Gandhian economic
system as labour is the actual owner of the product which cannot be replaced by any machines. Therefore in
1946, Gandhi wrote is the Harijan of 15th
July, “in it, there is no room for machines that would displace human
labour and that would concentrate power in few hands. Labour has its unique place in a cultured human family.
Every machine that helps every individual has a place. But, I must confess that I have never sat down to think
out what that machine can be. I has thought of singer‟s sewing machine. But even that is perfunctory. I do not
need it to fill in my picture”.34 Though, Gandhi was not against the capital but against the present globalisation
which leads to conflict between capital and labour by giving more emphasis to capital and wants to replace
labour through big machines. But Gandhi argues that both capital and labour simultaneously should work
together in a peaceful manner. He always advocated for the peaceful co-existence of capital and labour and there
should not be any conflict between two. It is rightly said that, „conflict arises when one wants to appropriate
more than one needs. The greed is at the root of it. With changed outlook and restrictions on greed, the area of
conflict will automatically narrow down. Moreover the feeling that the other is not important and the
exaggerated nation about one‟s own importance also breed conflict. Gandhi therefore wanted to make both
labour and capital realise that each is ineffective without the other‟.35 Hence Gandhi preferred peaceful method
and suggested to live in harmony by cooperative activities. His labour theory is one of the alternatives to
eradicate the evils of present market globalisation.
Gandhian value based economy approach to development and growth must be harmonised with human value.
He gave more emphasis to human labour and dignity whereas the present market globalisation gave importance
to capital market and machine. He wanted that the development should be centred on the village, manufactures
to be labour incentive and decentralised economic system. He mainly wants to formulate such as economic
system to both India and the World that no one suffer from wants of food, clothing and shelter. Man is totally
free form material bondage. Human being can never be slave to material needs. In the word of Gandhi, “man is
an engine whose motive power is the soul. The largest and best quality of work will not be done by this curious
engine for pay or under pressure.
8. Present Market Globalisation And Democratic...
www.ijhssi.org 39 | P a g e
It will be done when the motive force that is to say, the will or spirit of the creature, is brought to its
greatest strength by its own proper fuel, namely, affection”.36 But today the growing power of capital over
labour with the liberation of capital led to a massive re-concentration of wealth. To avoid concentration of
wealth, Gandhian economic decentralisation is one of the best alternative. His economic system has a closed
relation with ethics and moral values. The economic system of any society must respect the ethics and moral
value, if it does not that system is not true economic system. In this context he said, “True economics never
militates against the highest ethical standard, just as all true ethics to be worth its name must be at the same time
be also good economics. An economic that inculcates mammon worship, and enables the strong to amass wealth
at the expense of the weak is a false and dismal science”.37 He firmly believed if money and machine are
allowed to rule, “capital exploits the labour of a few to multiply itself, but the sum total of the labour of the
crores, wisely utilised automatically increase the wealth of the crores”.38 Technology and machine beyond
human control is one of the greatest threats for mankind. A few machineries should not produce well for masses
by keeping the millions of people unemployed. Under large scale industrial system, the means of production are
owned by few capitalist classes. To him, when all the people are self- employed and owned the means of
production and wealth of nation, there will be no monopoly by few capitalist. As regards to exploitative nature
of machine, Gandhi argue that, “ if the craze for the machinery method continues, it is highly likely that a time
may come when we shall be so incapacitated and weak that we shall began touches ourselves for having
forgotten the use of living machines given to us by god. Million cannot keep themselves fit by games and
athletics. And why should they exchange the useful, productive, hardy occupations for the useless unproductive
and expensive games and exercise.”39 This is how Gandhi had predicted for future which proved to be right in
present system. As we came across that machine have replace human labour and every individual are dependent
on machines which leads the absence of manual labour. Gandhi strongly believed that every person has an
inherent right to live. It implies right to get basic needs-food, shelter and clothing. In fact needs of the body must
be filled by the body itself. Thus, man should earn his bread by manual labour.
III. CONCLUSION
Gandhian economic theory is very often mis-interpreted by social scientist. He viewed technology and machine
is agent which should enables application of scientific knowledge for promoting human welfare. Once he said
that, “I am aiming not at the eradication of all machinery, but at their limitation.”40 Further he remarked: “Dead
Machinery must not be pitted against the million of living machines represented by the villagers scattered in
seven hundred thousand villages in India. Machinery to be well used has to help and ease human effort. The
present use of machinery tends more and more to concentrate wealth in the hands of a few in total disregards of
millions of man and women where bread is snatched by it out of their mouths.” 41 It has been rightly interpreted
by Dhurjali Mukherjee , “it would be wrong to argue that Gandhi was against large scale or mass production. He
was not against big machines, but he was against the use of machine to exploit individual. He did not want the
machine to cripple the life of man.”42 Therefore, Gandhi suggested that in order to develop a harmonious
relationship between labour and capital, his idea of trusteeship is the best alternative as it maintains a balance
relationship between the rich and poor. Here the method of decentralisation can also prove helpful by
distributing production in various sectors, i.e., cottage industry, small-scale and large-scale industry. He was
only against unlimited material progress. Gandhi said in „young India‟, “I have always said that my ideal is the
capital and labour should supplement and help each other. They should be a great family living in unity and
harmony, capital not only looking to the material welfare of the labourers, but their moral welfare also- capitalist
being trustees for the welfare of the labouring classes under them.” 43 Therefore Gandhian democratic
decentralisation would be the best alternative for the menace of present globalisation.
REFERENCE
[1] Mukherjee Aruni (article), „Gandhi and Globalisation‟, www.mkgandhi.Org
[2] Reddy A. Ranga , „Gandhi And Globalisation‟ Mittal Publications, New Delhi, 2009, p8.
[3] Dodh Pankaj, „Impact of globalisation on social inclusion: A comparative analysis to Gandhian economic philosophy‟, IJPSS
Vol 2, ISSUE 5 May 2012, p293.
[4] Ibid, p293.
[5] Reddy A.Ranga, „Gandhi and Globalisation, Mittal Productios, New Delhi, 2009, p40.
[6] Grover verinder (ed), „M.K.Gandhi (Political Thinker of modern india-7)‟, Deep and Deep publications, New Delhi, pp124-
125.ss
[7] Muzumder Sukhendu, „Political- Economic Ideas Of Mahatma Gandhi- their relevance in the present day‟,Concept publishing
company,2004, New Delhi, p50)
[8] ibid p 52.
[9] Reddy A. Ranga, „Gandhi and Globalisation‟, Mittal Publication, New Delhi, 2009, p43.
[10] Pasricha Ashu, (ed) „Gandhi in Twenty First Century‟, Deep and Deep Publication pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2011, p224.
[11] Ibid, p 227.
[12] Iyer Raghavan (ed), „The essential writings of Mahatma Gandhi‟, Oxford university press, New Delhi, 1990, p402.
9. Present Market Globalisation And Democratic...
www.ijhssi.org 40 | P a g e
[13] Pandey Upasana, „Mahatma Gandhi and Modern Civilisation‟, Mainstream, VolXLVIII, No41, October2,
2010.www.mainstreamweekly.net
[14] Iyengar Sudarshan, „Gandhi‟s economic thought and Globalisation: some reflection‟ p4. www.indianfolklore.org
[15] ibid, p4.
[16] Jain Satish K, „Towards a framework for understanding Gandhiji- Critique of modernity in Hind Swaraj‟ www.mkgandhi.org.
[17] Grover Verinder (ed), „M.K. Gandhi (Political Thinkers Of Modern India-7)‟, Deep And Deep Publication,New Delhi, p128-129.
[18] ibid p 808.
[19] Singh Ram Binod, „Gandhian approach to development planning‟, Concept publishing company, New Delhi, 2006, pp 148-149.
[20] Kaushik Asha, „Globalisation,Democracy and Culture situating Gandhian alternatives‟,Pointer Publisher, Jaipur, 2002, p19.
[21] Singh Ram Binod, „Gandhian approach to development planning‟, Concept publishing company, New Delhi, 2006, pp 149- 150.
[22] Prasad Govind, Mishra Anil Dutta, „Globalisation myth and reality‟, concept publishing company, New Delhi, 2004, p12.
[23] Ibid, p 13.
[24] Raghavulu, C.V., Rao R Anand, „Globalisation approach to decentralisation and its relevance‟, the Indian journal of public
administration, VOL.XXIX, No 3, July – Sept 1987, p710.
[25] Das PK, „Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi and the future ideologist‟, Anu Books, Meerut, 1999, p99.
[26] Sharma M.L., „Gandhi as a socialist‟,Deep and Deep publication, 1980, p154.
[27] Behera M.C (ed), „Making Gandhi relevant- rural development in the context of globalisation‟, Commonwealth publisher private
limited, New Delhi, 2009, p85.
[28] Mazumder Sukhendu, „Politico Economic Ideas of Mahatma Gandhi- Their Relevance in the present day‟, Concept publishing
company 2004, p75.
[29] Sharma M.L. „Gandhi as a socialist‟, Deep and Deep Publication, 1980, p159.
[30] Kaushik Asha, „Globalisation, Democracy and Culture- situating Gandian Alternatives‟, pointer publishers,Jaipur, 2002, p27.
[31] Adityaraj Arvind (Article), „The significance of Mahatma Gandhi‟s idea of village self- rule with regard to economic
Globalisation‟, 2009, p4. www.paperroom.ipsa.org
[32] Sharma M.L, „Gandhi as a socialist‟, Deep &Deep Publication, New Delhi, 1980, p148.
[33] Aziz Abdul, „Gandhian Economic system. Its relevance to contemporary India‟, In studies on Gandhi Edited by V T Patel,
Sterling Publishers private Ltd, New Delhi, p89.
[34] Mehta J.K. „Gandhian Thought‟, Ashish publishing house, New Delhi, 1985, p 147.
[35] Mazumder Sukhendu, „Politico-economic Idea of Mahatma Gandhi- their relevance in the present day‟, Concept publishing
company, New Delhi, 2004, pp100-101.
[36] Reddy A Ranga,„Gandhi and Globalisation‟, Mittal publication, New Delhi,2009,p107.
[37] Harijan 9-10-1937, p292.
[38] Sharma M.L, „Gandhi as a socialist‟, Deep &Deep publication, 1980, p152.
[39] Bourai Himanshu, „Gandhian Philosophy and the new world order‟, Abhijeet Publication, New Delhi, 2004, p179.
[40] Grover Verindes (ed), „M.K.Gandhi political thinkers of modern india-7‟, Deep &Deep publication, New Delhi, P 125.
[41] Harijan, 1935, p244.
[42] Pandey Janardan (ed), „Gandhi & 21st
century‟, Concept publishing company, New Delhi, 1998, p252.
[43] Young India, 20th Aug,1925