This document describes the anatomy of various permanent molars. It discusses the maxillary and mandibular first, second, and third molars. For each tooth, it describes features like the number of roots and cusps, developmental grooves, and distinguishing aspects of the buccal, lingual, mesial, distal and occlusal surfaces. The maxillary molars generally have 3 roots while the mandibular molars have 2 roots. Tooth morphology and number of cusps may vary, especially for the third molars.

1. Dental Anatomy
D.S. Montether al
bakly

2. 2
 Chapter one: Permanent Maxillary Molars
 Maxillary First Molar
 Maxillary Second Molar
 Maxillary Third Molar
 Chapter two: Permanent Mandibular
Molars
 MamdibularFirst Molar
 MandibularSecound Molar
 MandibularThird Molar
 Chapter three: Permanent Mandibular
Premolars
 MandibularFirst Premolar
 MandibularSecound Premolar
 Chapter four : Permanent
Maxillary Premolars
 Maxillary First Premolar
 Maxillary Secound Premolar
Chapter Five: Dental Numbering
Systems
Content
s

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Chapter
one
PermanentMaxillaryMolars

4. 4
Permanent maxillary molars
 Permanent maxillary molars are the largest and
strongest maxillary teeth.
 Generally speaking, the maxillary
molars have large crowns with
four well-formed cusps. They have
three roots, two buccal and one
lingual, the lingual root is the
largest.
 They are not succedaneous teeth,
because they have no
predecessors, they erupt behind the deciduous
molars.

5. 5
Permanent maxillary molars
 Their main function is:
 grinding of the food, they assist the
mandibular molars in performing
the major portion of the work in
the mastication
 supporting the muscles of
mastication.
 maintaining vertical dimension.

6. 6
Permanent maxillary 1st molar
 It is the largest tooth in the maxillary arch.
 The permanent first molars
usually appear in the oral cavity
when the child is 6 years old, the
mandibular molars precede the
maxillary molars.
 The first permanent molar
(maxillary or mandibular) erupts
posterior to the second deciduous
molar, taking up a position in contact with it.

7. 7
Principle identifying features of the
maxillary 1st molar
 the presence of a fifth cusp named (the cusp or
tubercle of Carabelli) a nonfunctional
cusp on the lingual surface of the mesio-
lingual cusp.
 the presence of an oblique ridge
extending from the mesio-lingual cusp to
the disto-buccal cusp.
 the presence of three well separated and well
developed roots: two buccal and one lingual, the
lingual one is the longest.

8. 8
Buccal aspect
 the mesial outline of the crown is straight,
curving occlusally as it reaches the contact
area, which is located at the junction of the
middle and occlusal thirds.
 the distal outline of the crown is convex, with
the contact area located nearly at the centre of
the middle third.

9. 9
Buccal aspect
 the mesio-buccal cusp is broader than the
disto-buccal cusp, and its mesial and distal
slopes meet at an obtuse angle, while the
mesial and distal slopes of the disto-buccal
cusp meet at a right angle (which is sharper)
and we may see the lingual cusps.
 the buccal developmental groove divides the
buccal cusps into two equal distance and it
terminates apically, nearly half distance to the
cervical line.

10. 10
 the three roots are visible and their axes are inclined
distally, the lingual root is the longest.
Lingual aspect
 the lingual cusps only can be seen, with
the mesio-lingual cusp is the largest
 the lingual developmental groove can be
seen.

11. 11
Lingual aspect
 the fifth cusp (the cusp of carabelli) is 1.5 mm cervical
to the mesio-lingual cusp tip and an irregular
developmental groove separates this cusp from the
mesiolingual cusp.
 the three roots are visible.

12. 12
Mesial aspect
 the buccal outline has a crest of
curvature within the cervical third, then
it continues with a convex outline to the
tip of the cusp
 the lingual outline has a crest of
curvature within the middle third, and it
shows a convex pattern until it reaches
the cusp of carabelli, at which it shows
another convexity.
 the mesial marginal ridge is located at a level 1/5 the
height of the crown.

13. 13
Mesial aspect
 the cervical line curves occlusally about 1 mm.
 the intercuspal distance of the two
buccal cusps is a little more than half the
buccolingual dimension of the crown.
 the mesial contact area is buccal to the
buccolingual centre of the crown.
 the lingual and mesiobuccal roots can be
seen.

14. 14
Distal aspect
 The general outline is similar to that of the mesial
aspect, but:
 the buccolingual measurement is less
distally than mesially.
 the distal marginal ridge is located more
cervically, so we can see part of the
occlusal surface.
 the curvature of the cervical line is zero.
 all the three roots are visible, and the
distobuccal root is the smallest one.

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Occlusal aspect
 the occlusal outline is rhomboidal
in shape and the crown is wider
mesially than distally and wider
lingually than buccally.
 four well developed cusps can be
seen: the mesiolingual cusp is the
largest, then the mesiobuccal, then
the distolingual, then the
distobuccal, then the cusp of
Carabelli.

16. 16
Occlusal aspect
 In this rhomboidal figure of the
occlusal surface the mesiobuccal
and the distolingual line angles are
acute, while the mesiolingual and
distobuccal line angles are obtuse.
 there is an oblique ridge formed by
the union of the triangular ridge of
the distobuccal cusp and the distal
ridge of the mesiolingual cusp
crossing the occlusal surface
obliquely.

17. 17
Occlusal aspect
There are four fossae:
 major fossae:
 central fossa: roughly triangular in
shape, located mesial to the oblique
ridge.
 distal fossa: roughly linear in shape,
located distal to the oblique ridge.
 minor fossae:
 mesial triangular fossa: located distal
to the mesial marginal ridge.
 distal triangular fossa: located mesial
to the distal marginal ridge.

18. 18
Occlusal aspect
There are six developmental grooves:
 Central developmental groove: from
the central pit to the mesial triangular
fossa.
 Buccal developmental groove: from
the central pit to the buccal surface,
between the mesiobuccal and
distobuccal cusps.
 Distal oblique groove: from the distal
triangular fossa going obliquely.

19. 19
Occlusal aspect
There are six developmental grooves:
 Lingual developmental groove: joins
with the distal oblique groove going
between the mesiolingual and
distolingual cusps in a cervical
direction.
 Transverse groove of the oblique
ridge: crosses the oblique ridge.
 Fifth cusp groove: passes between the
fifth cusp and the mesiolingual cusp.

20. 20
Occlusal aspect
There are three pits:
 Central pit: it is located at the deepest
part of the central fossa, at the
junction of the central groove and
buccal developmental groove.
 Mesial pit: it is located at the deepest
part of the mesial triangular fossa.
 Distal pit: it is located at the junction
of the distal and distal triangular
fossae.

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Permanent maxillary 1st molar

22. 22

23. 23

24. 24
5th cusp
(Cusp of Carabelli)

25. 25
Permanent Maxillary 2nd
molar
 The maxillary molar crowns are shorter occlusocervicallyand
narrower mesiodistallyin the second molars
than in the first molars.
 The oblique ridge is less prominent.
 The fifth lobe, or cusp of Carabelli, usually
disappears.
 The distolingual cusp is less developed.
 The roots have a tendency to lie closer
together and may even be fused.

26. 26
Buccal aspect
 The crown of is shorter cervicoocclusally and narrower
mesiodistally than that of a maxillary first molar.
 The distobuccal cusp also is smaller.

27. 27
Lingual aspect
 The maxillary second molar shows no fifth cusp (cusp of
Carabelli).
 The distolingual cusp is smaller than that of the first
molars. and may be
absent.

28. 28
Mesial aspect
 the crown to be shorter than the first molar, but its
buccolingual measurement is about the same as that of a
maxillary first molar.
 The roots are closer together.

29. 29
Distal aspect
 The distobuccal cusp is smaller than the mesiobuccal
cusp
 thus more of the mesiobuccal cusp can be seen from the
distal view.

30. 30
Occlusal aspect
 The mesiolingualcusp is the large
 Absence of the cusp of Carabelli.
 The distolingualcusp is smaller.
 More supplemental grooves and pits are present than on a
maxillary first molar.
 The oblique ridge is less prominent.

31. 31

32. 32
Permanent maxillary 3th
molar
 No standard form is observed for this tooth and thus it is
hard to describe a typical maxillary third molar.
 This tooth is the smallest molar from all dimensions. the
mesial contact area is located in the middle third, while
the distal contact is absent.
A: 1st molar
B: 2nd
molar
C: 3th molar

33. 33
 This is the most variable tooth in upper arch. It varies in
size, shape, contour and surface details.
 The most common crown form is the heart-shaped which
is generally smaller and more rounded in all dimensions
than the second molar.
 The distolingual cusp is very small and poorly developed
or may be absent presenting an occlusal table with three
cusps.
 The most common is the
three roots type (trifurcated),

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they are short poorly developed roots, which are curved
distally. However the roots are sometimes so close
together that the may be completely fused together.
A: 1st molar
B: 2nd molar
C: 3th
molar

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 There are two type of occlusal surface outline of the third
molar:
1. The most common occlusal surface outline is heart
shape, where the tooth has three cusps (absent of the
distolingual cusp).
2.Rhomboidal type with four cusps, the distolingual
cusp is small and nonfunctioning cusp. Also the
oblique ridge is poorly developed or completely
absent.

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PermanentMandibularMolars

37. 37
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Permanent mandibular 1st
molar
 It opposes the upper first molar and
second premolar in normal class I occlusion.
 The first molar is usually the first
permanent tooth to erupt.
 The function is grinding the food.
Chapter
two

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Principle identifying features of the
permanent mandibular 1st
molar
 Usually, it has five well-developed cusps two
buccally, two lingually, and one distal.
 It has two well-developed roots, one mesial and one
distal.

39. 39
Buccal aspect
 The buccal surface has two grooves
the buccal (mesiobuccal) groove,
between mesiobuccal and distobuccal
cusps or lobes.
 The distobuccal groove separates
the distobuccal cusp or lobe from
the distal cusp or lobe.
 The mesial contact area is at the
junction of the occlusal and middle

40. 40
thirds. While, the distal contact area is a little bit
lower than the mesial contact area.
 The cervical line is curving regularly in apical
direction.
 The distal root is straighter, although both aften have
a slight distal curvature.
 The point of the bifurcation is located approximately
3mm below the cervical line.

41. 41
Lingual aspect
 Three cusps can be seen, the
mesiolingual, the distolingual and
the lingual portion of the distal
cusp.
 The mesiolingual cusp is the widest
mesio-distally and has the higheest
cusp tip.
 The two lingual cusps are pointed
and form abtuse angle

42. 42
 The lingual developmental groove between two
lingual cusps.

43. 43
Mesial aspect
 The buccal outline of the crown is
convex from the cervical line until
the junction of the cervical and
middle thirds forming the buccal
cervical ridge.
After that, this outline straightens
until the mesiobuccal cusp tip.

44. 44
 The lingual outline less convex and the crest of
curvature at the center of the middle third of the
crown.
 The buccal cusp is flat, but the lingual cusp is sharp
with greater height.

45. 45
Distal aspect
The gross outline of the distal aspect
(crown and root) is similar to the
mesial aspect except:
 The distal root is narrower
 The distal cusp is located a little
buccal to the center of the crown
bucco-lingually.
 The distal marginal ridge is short
and dips sharply in cervical
direction.

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 The cervical line is irregular.

47. 47
Occlusal aspect
 The bucco-lingual measurement
Of the crown is greater on the
mesial side. The mesio-distal
measurement is greater on
buccal side than on the lingual
side.
 It has five well-developed cusps:
The MB is the largest
MB→ML→DL→DB→D
 The occlusal surface has four grooves:

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1. The center developmental groove frome the
center pit in the middle to the mesial and distal
triangular fossa
2. The buccal (or mesiobuccal)
Developmental groove from the center pit toward
the buccal surface ending in the buccal pit.
3. The distobuccal developmental groove from its
junction with the center groove in a distobuccal

49. 49
direction separating the distal and the distobuccal
cusp.
4. The lingual
developmental groove
from the central pit
toward the lingual
surface between the
two lingual cusp.
 The occlusal surface has
three fossae.
1. The central fossa

50. 50
2.The mesial triangular fossa located distal to
mesial marginal ridge.
3.The distal triangular fossa is located mesial to
the distal marginal ridge.

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52. 52
Permanent mandibular
2nd
molar
 Has two well developed roots
 It has only four well developed
cusps nearly equal in size.
 Cervical ridge buccally is less
than the 1st molar
 Buccal and lingual
developmental groove meet the
central developmental groove at
right angles at the central pit.

53. 53

54. 54
Permanent mandibular 3rd
molar
 The mandibular third molar varies considerably in
different individuals and present many anomalies
both in form and in position.
 It usually shows irregular development of crown
portion or root (5 or more cusps could be found
and under sized roots which are more or less
malformed).
 Most of the mandibular third molars that are not
normal in size are larger than normal.

55. 55
 The roots are generally two in number, shorter in
length and tend to be fused together.

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PermanentMandibularPremolars

57. 57
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Permanent
mandibular 2nd
premolar
 Mandibular 2nd
premolar most
common have three cusps. There is
Chapter
three

58. 58
one larger cusp buccally, and the lingual cusps are
well developed and function.
 There are no deciduous mandibular premolars.
 From the facial the mesial contact is more occlusal
than the distal contact. The distal marginal ridge is
lower than the mesial marginal ridge.
 In the two cusps version, the lingual cusp tip is
shifted mesially. In the three cusps version, the
larger of lingual cusps is the mesial cusp.
 It has single root.

59. 59
Principle identifying features
 Its larger than the lower 4
 The cusps are more equal in size with less pointed
tips, mostly this tooth has three cusps one
buccally and two lingually.
 The occlusal outline is almost square in
appearance with no mesio-lingual development
groove.

60. 60
Buccal aspect
 the buccal cusp is shorter and less pointed than in
mandibular first premolar.
 The contact area broad and high (appear high
because of the shorter buccal cusp).

61. 61
Lingual aspect
 The most common is the three-cusps form. The
mesial of the lingual cusps is the larger one.
 The other form is the two-cusps form. With a single
lingual cusp. In that variant, the lingual cusp tip is
shifted to the mesial.

62. 62
Mesial & distal aspect
 The buccal cusp is shorter than in the 1st premolar
 The lingual cusp (or cusps) are much better
developed than in the 1st premolar.

63. 63
Occlusal aspect
 In three-cusps version, the central development
grooves present a distinctive ''Y'' shape and have a
central pit.
 In the two-cusps version, a single development
groove crosses the transverse ridge from the mesial
to the distal.

64. 64
Permanent mandibular 1st premolar
 It is the smallest premolar in
the human dentition. It
resembles both the mandibular
canine and the mandibular 2nd
premolar in the function and
has some of the characteristics
of each of them.

65. 65
1. Characteristics that resemble those
of the mandibular canine
 The buccal cusp is long, sharp, and is the only
occluding cusp.
 The bucco-lingual measurement is similar to that of
the mandibular canine.
 The occlusal surface slopes sharply in a cervical
direction.
 The mesio-buccal cusp ridge is shorter than the
disto-buccal cusp ridge.

66. 66

67. 67
2. Characteristics that resemble those
of the mandibular 2nd
premolar
 It has more than one cusp.
 The length of the root of mandibular 1st premolar is
closer to the length of the root of the mandibular 2nd
premolar.
 The curvature of the cervical line.
 The mesial and distal contact areas are located at
nearly the same level.

68. 68
Principle identifying features
 Marked lingual inclination of the crown.
 Two cusps: buccal and lingual; the buccal cusp is
larger, and the lingual cusp is like a more developed
cingulum.
 Single rounded root.

69. 69
Buccal aspect
 Prominent buccal ridge; which continues from the
tip of the buccal cusp to the cervical line.
 The mesial and distal outline from the crest of
curvature to the cervical line is slightly concave.

70. 70
 The mesial slope of the buccal cusp is shorter than
the distal slope.
 The contact areas mesially and distally are broad
and located at the same level.

71. 71
Lingual aspect
 The lingual cusp is poorly developed, but is pointed.
 Occlusal surface inclines toward the lingual in cervical
direction.
 There is a mesio-lingual developmental groove divided
the lingual cusp to two 'lopes': mesio-buccal lope and
the lingual lope.

72. 72
Mesial aspect
 The buccal outline is mush curved and the crest of
curvature is near to the middle third.
 The lingual outline is less curvature and the crest of the
curvature approaches the middle third.
 The height of the lingual cusp
is two-thirds the height of the

73. 73
buccal cusp from the cervical line to the tip of the cusp.
 The crown mesially is smooth except the presence of the
mesio-lingual developmental groove.

74. 74
Distal aspect
 The distal aspect differs frome the mesial aspect in the
following:
1. There is no development groove in the distal aspect.
2. The distal marginal ridge is higher than the mesial one,
with less inclination lingually.
3. The curvature of the cervical
line distally may be at the

75. 75
same as that found mesially, although less curvature
distally is the general rule when one is describing all
posterior teeth.

76. 76
Occlusal aspect
 The crown is converge sharply to the center of lingual
surface.
 The marginal ridges are well developed.
 There are two fossae; mesial and distal fossa.

77. 77
 The triangular ridge of the buccal cusp is large, while
the lingual cusp is small.
 The mesial contact area is smaller than the distal one,
because it is constricted by the mesio-lingual
developmental groove.

78. 78
PermanentMaxillaryPremolars

79. 79
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Permanent Maxillary
Premolars
 They have occlusal surface instead of
incisal ridge.
Chapter
four

80. 80
 the bucco-lingual measurements are greater than the
anterior teeth.
 The contact areas are broad and nearly at
the same level.
 The crown is shorter than the anterior
teeth.
 The cervical curvature is less than anterior.

81. 81
Maxillary first molar
Buccal aspect
 trapezoid in shape the short side cervically, the
long side occlusally.
 Mesial outline is slightly concave till the half of the
crown (the contact area).
 The distal outline is straight or slightly concave till
the contact area (more occlusally).
 The mesial slope is longer than the distal slope.
 The elevations:

82. 82
1. The cervical ridge.
2.The buccal ridge.
 The depressions:
1. Two developmental grooves mesial and distal
to the buccal ridge.
 The buccal root is similar to that of the canine but
shorter.

83. 83
Lingual aspect
 The lingual cusp is shorter than the buccal cusp
by 1 mm.
 The mesial and distal slopes of the lingual cusp
have right angle.
 Has less developed lingual ridge than the buccal
ridge.
 Cervical line is slightly convex or even straight.

84. 84
Mesial aspect
 The buccal outline is convex till the buccal cusp tip
with the maximum convexity at the cervical third.
 The lingual outline is convex with the maximum
convexity at the center.
 Mesial developmental groove crossing the mesial marginal
ridge.

85. 85
 Mesial developmental depression above the contact area
and continue on the root surface (the canine fossa).

86. 86
Distal aspect
 The distal surface differs than the mesial in:
1. No developmental groove crossing the distal
marginal ridge.
2.No developmental depression.
3.The cervical line is less curved or straight.
4.The contact area is broad.

87. 87
Occlusal aspect
 central developmental groove.
 Distal and mesial triangular fossa.
 Distal and mesial developmental pit.
 Distal and mesial marginal ridges.

88. 88
 The buccal and lingual cusps have
triangular ridge.
 The mesial marginal ridge is crossed by
mesial developmental groove.
 The bucco-lingual measurement is larger
than the mesio-distal measurement.

89. 89
The pulp cavity
 bucco-lingual section:
has wide pulp champer with two pulp
horns.
There are two root canal tapering to the
apical foramen.
 In case of one root; it has two root canals
 Mesio-distal section:
The pulp chamber is bulbous and short.

90. 90
Maxillary 2nd premolar
 Similar to that of the 1st
premolar but differs in:
1. The buccal cusp is less pointed and shorter.
2.The mesial slope is shorter than the distal
slope.
3.The buccal ridge is less prominent.

91. 91

92. 92
Lingual aspect
 The cusp is longer than in 1st
premolar.
 The buccal and lingual cusp is nearly equal.

93. 93
Mesial aspect
 The buccal and lingual cusps are nearly at the
same level.
 There is great distance between the buccal and
the lingual cusps more than the 1st
premolar.
 No mesial developmental groove.
 Mostly it has one root.

94. 94
Distal aspect
There is no difference between the 1st
premolar
except it has one root.

95. 95
Occlusal aspect
 It is oval or round in shape.
 Wide bucco-lingually dimension.
 Short central developmental groove.
 Multiple supplemental grooves.

96. 96
DentalNumberingSystems

97. 97
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Dental
numbering
systems
Chapter
five

98. 98
1. Universal numbering system:
 Is commonly used in the United States.
 The uppercase letters A-T are used for primary teeth.
 The numbers 1-32 are used for permanent teeth.
Examples:
 #11: Permanent Maxillary Left Canine.
 #29: Permanent Mandibular Right Second Premolar.
 #8: Permanent Maxillary Right Central Incisor.
 #22: Permanent Mandibular Left Canine.

99. 99
 #28: Permanent Mandibular Right First Premolar.
 #B: Deciduous Maxillary Right First Molar.
 #O: Deciduous Mandibular Left Central Incisor.
 #D: Deciduous Maxillary Right Lateral Incisor.
2. The Palmer notation system
 It is commonly used in United Kingdom.
 It was originally termed ''Zsigmondy system''.

100. 100
 Use the symbol '' ∟┘┐┌ '' in which quadrant the tooth is
found.
 For primary teeth use (A-E) start from the midline.
 For permanent teeth use (1-8), start from the midline.
3. FDI World Dental
Federation
notation
 It is widely used by
dentists internationally
to associate

101. 101
information to a specific tooth.
 Also known as ''ISO 3950''.
 Uses two-digit numbering system in which the first
number represents a tooth's quadrant and the second
number represent the
number of the tooth
from the midline of the
face.
 The quadrant numbers
for permanent teeth
are: '1' '2' '3' '4'

102. 102
 The quadrant numbers for primary teeth are: '5' '6' '7' '8'

103. 103