Tetracyclin
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Tetracycline is a broad spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces bacteria through fermentation. It works by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria. The document outlines the production of tetracycline through fermentation, including the use of Streptomyces bacteria, basic media components, fermentation parameters like temperature and pH, and the growth phases. It also describes the isolation, purification, and recovery processes to obtain the purified form of tetracycline, including filtration, adsorption, precipitation, and crystallization steps. Large scale bioreactors made of stainless steel with agitation and aeration systems are commonly used for fermentation.
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Tetracyclin and cephalosporins are one of the major used antibiotics commonly all around the world. They are used to treat against microorganisms as a bactericidal, these eliminates those organisms in the host through various mechanism. These antibiotics are produced in a large scale using a bioreactors in many countries.
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Introduction :
Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents produced naturally by other microbes (usually fungi or bacteria)
The first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by Ernest Duchesne and in 1928 "rediscovered" by Alexander Fleming from the filamentous fungus Penicilium notatum.
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Introduction :
Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents produced naturally by other microbes (usually fungi or bacteria)
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Streptomycin is produced through the fermentation of Streptomyces griseus. The process involves 3 phases - an initial growth phase with little antibiotic production, a second phase where glucose is added and consumed along with ammonia, and a final phase where production ceases as cells lyse. Streptomycin is then recovered through filtration, acidification, and purification using column chromatography and precipitation in acetone before being dried and used to treat tuberculosis and other diseases.
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This document summarizes the microbial production of two important antibiotics - penicillin and streptomycin. It describes that penicillin is produced by fermentation of Penicillium chrysogenum in a nutrient medium, and involves inoculum preparation, fermentation process under controlled conditions, and downstream recovery and purification of penicillin. Streptomycin is derived from Streptomyces griseus and its fermentation in Hockenhull medium occurs in three phases before recovery of the antibiotic. Both antibiotics have important medical uses for treating bacterial infections.
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The document discusses biotransformation, which is the biological process by which organic compounds are modified by enzymes in microbial, plant, and animal cells. Microbial transformation is preferred over plant or animal cell transformation due to microbes having a higher surface-to-volume ratio, growth rate, and metabolism rate, as well as being easier to maintain sterility. Microbial transformations can occur under mild conditions and achieve high yields, regioselectivity, stereoselectivity, and multi-step conversions using different microorganisms.
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Streptomycin is an antibiotic discovered in 1944 that is produced through fermentation of Streptomyces griseus bacteria. It is used to treat infections caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as tuberculosis. Production occurs over 3 phases, beginning with rapid bacterial growth and ending with cell lysis and harvest. Streptomycin is recovered through adsorption onto activated carbon or ion exchange resins before precipitation and purification. It functions by binding to the bacterial ribosome and inhibiting protein synthesis.
Design and preparation of media for fermentation
Requirements, nutrients and the media used for fermentation technology along with optimisation is explained with the help of research papers
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The heart of the fermentation or bioprocess technology is the Fermentor or Bioreactor. A bioreactor is basically a device in which the organisms are cultivated to form the desired products. it is a containment system designed to give right environment for optimal growth and metabolic activity of the organism.
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This document discusses enzyme immobilization techniques. It defines immobilized enzymes as enzymes that are confined or restricted to a solid support. There are five main methods of immobilization: adsorption, entrapment, encapsulation, covalent binding, and cross-linking. Adsorption involves weak bonds to a carrier surface, while covalent binding uses strong chemical bonds. Entrapment encloses enzymes in a semi-permeable matrix. Immobilization offers benefits like reusability, stability, and easy product separation, but can also reduce enzyme activity. The ideal carrier is inert, strong, inexpensive, and regenerable.
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Penicillium chrysogenum is a fungus that produces penicillin, which is used to create several important beta-lactam antibiotics. It grows in filamentous hyphae containing spores called conidia. Industrially, P. chrysogenum is cultured in a fermentation process involving inoculation, growth in seed tanks and fermentation tanks while carefully controlling temperature, pH, aeration and agitation. Precursors are added to direct production of specific penicillins. After fermentation, the broth undergoes filtration, extraction and purification to isolate crystalline penicillin salts.
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This document discusses citric acid production through fermentation. It begins by introducing citric acid and describing its isolation from lemon juice. It is most commonly produced using the fungus Aspergillus niger through submerged fermentation. Several microorganisms can be used including bacteria, fungi and yeasts. Aspergillus niger is commonly used as it is easy to handle and can ferment a variety of raw materials like molasses to produce high citric acid yields. Citric acid can be produced through surface, submerged, and solid-state fermentation methods. Submerged fermentation is widely used as it allows for easier control and product recovery from the liquid fermentation broth. Citric acid has various applications in
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Upstream Processing
The document discusses upstream processing in biomanufacturing. Upstream processing involves growing cells in bioreactors to produce target proteins for pharmaceuticals. Key aspects of upstream processing include media preparation and sterilization, inoculum development, and cell culture in bioreactors. The main goal of upstream processing is to provide optimal environmental conditions for cell growth and protein production before downstream processing separates and purifies the target proteins.
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Vaccine production involves growing viruses or bacteria and isolating antigens, purifying the antigens, inactivating pathogenic components, formulating the vaccine by adding adjuvants and preservatives, filling doses into syringes or vials, testing and releasing batches, and packaging and shipping with temperature monitoring to ensure vaccines remain effective. Vaccines are significant as they reduce global child mortality and provide life-saving immunization against deadly diseases worldwide.
Production of amino acid by microorganisms.
Microorganisms can produce amino acids like lysine, glutamic acid, and tryptophan through fermentation processes. Lysine is produced commercially using a two-step fermentation process where E. coli produces diaminopimelic acid which is then decarboxylated into lysine by an enzyme from Enterobacter aerogenes. Glutamic acid production involves using microbes like Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, and Brevibacterium to convert alpha-ketoglutaric acid from the Krebs cycle into glutamic acid using glutamic dehydrogenase. These amino acids have various commercial uses like as a supplement for bread for lysine and as a flavor enhancer in monosodium glutamate
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Glutamic acid is an important amino acid that is produced industrially through fermentation using the microorganism Corynebacterium glutamicum. There are four main types of fermentation used - batch, fed-batch, continuous, and cell recycle batch fermentation. Batch fermentation is commonly used and involves inoculating a closed system with nutrients and microbes and allowing growth until nutrients are depleted. C. glutamicum is well-suited for industrial fermentation due to its rapid growth, ability to produce high yields of glutamic acid, and lack of pathogenicity. After fermentation, purification processes such as centrifugation, crystallization, and ion exchange are used to isolate glutamic acid.
Fermentor
This document provides an overview of fermenters. It discusses that fermenters are containment systems that provide the optimal environment for microorganisms to convert a substrate into a higher value product. It describes the basic functions of fermenters and lists some common components like the vessel body, agitator, baffles and spargers. It also outlines different types of fermenters including stirred tank, airlift, packed bed and fluidized bed bioreactors. Finally, it briefly discusses types of fermentation processes based on culture methods.
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Glutamic acid fermentation produces glutamic acid through microbial fermentation. Corynebacterium glutamicum is commonly used to produce glutamic acid through fermentation. Glutamic acid has various applications including as a flavor enhancer in foods as monosodium glutamate, in treating neurological diseases, and for producing polyglutamic acid which has industrial uses. Downstream processing after fermentation includes filtration, crystallization or ion exchange chromatography to purify the glutamic acid.
Production of vitamin B12 using fermentation
This document discusses vitamins and the production of vitamin B12 through fermentation. It defines what vitamins are and classifies them as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin B12 is described as being water-soluble and important for nervous system and blood cell functions. The document outlines the industrial fermentation process for producing B12 using selected bacteria like Pseudomonas denitrificans and Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii grown under specific conditions in a liquid medium. It discusses the aerobic and anaerobic pathways that different microorganisms use to synthesize B12 and describes methods like submerged fermentation and recovery processes like heating and filtering to harvest the
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- Microorganisms such as Streptomyces griseus and Streptomyces aureofaciens can be used to produce antibiotics like streptomycin and tetracycline through fermentation.
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- After fermentation, the antibiotics are recovered from the broth through filtration, adsorption, elution and further processing to obtain the final purified product.
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- Microorganisms such as Streptomyces griseus and Streptomyces aureofaciens can be used to produce antibiotics like streptomycin and tetracycline through fermentation.
- The fermentation process involves growing the microorganism in a nutrient-rich medium and monitoring factors like pH, temperature, and oxygen levels.
- After fermentation, the antibiotics are recovered from the broth through filtration, adsorption, elution and further processing to obtain the final purified product.
Newer tetracyclines(12 7-18)
1) Tetracyclines are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics derived from soil microorganisms. The first tetracyclines, chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline, were discovered in the 1940s-1950s.
2) Newer semi-synthetic tetracyclines like doxycycline and minocycline were developed starting in the 1950s to address problems with the older tetracyclines like resistance.
3) These newer tetracyclines have greater potency, less effect on intestinal flora, and fewer side effects compared to earlier tetracyclines.
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D. Parasitism describes an association where one organism (the parasite) benefits while harming the other organism (the host) to some extent.
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Vitamin b12
Vitamin B12 is produced commercially through fermentation using various microorganisms. Key points:
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- Production involves growing the microorganisms in nutrient-rich media supplemented with cobalt salts. Fermentation lasts 3-4 days for Streptomyces and longer for other microbes.
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Tetracyclin
- 2. • Broad Spectrum antibiotics • Produced by Sptreptomyces • Inhibits protein synthesis by acting on charged aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site on the ribosome; binds to 30S subunit of microbial ribosome and prevents addition of new amino acids
- 5. Streptomyces sp. S. vendagensis S. rimosus S. Alboflavus S. rimosus S. aureofaciens Basic media components and parameters 1.0 × 10 8 conidia per ml: Inoculum size Carbon source (peanut shell) Organic nitrogen (peanut meal) Salts: (NH 4)2 SO4 ; KH2 PO 4; CaCO3; NaCl; MgSO4 · 7H2 O; soluble starch; peanut oil With initial moisture content of 65–68% Initial pH 5.3–6.3 Substrate (1 g dry weight) Temperature 28–31 °C for 5–7 days, Tetracycline detection started on day 3 and attained its maximum level on day 5.
- 6. • Are produced either by fermentation by microorganisms or by chemical transformations of natural products • Tetracycline has ability to undergo epimerization at C-4 in solutions having intermediate pH range. • They are amphoteric compounds : forming salts with both acids and bases
- 7. Basic Fermentation Steps: 1. Aeration: Vigorous and intensive aeration; submerged fermentation and aeration has significant effect on tetracycline production 2. Tetracycline is produced in submerged agitated aerated bioreactor containing adequate virulent culture medium loaded with genetically homogenous and metabolically reactive inoculum. It comprises of three steps: a. Growth Phase b. Production phase c. Cleavage phase Growth phase: a. Fast nutrient utilization b. Distinct enhancement in microbial biomass c. Affected by presence of Phosphate ion in medium and secondary mycellium is found to modulate specific phosphate ion Production phase is where maximum quantum of antibiotics are generated and overall growth rate of concerned microorganisms decreases Cleavage phase: last phase, production of tetracycline almost ceases; mycellium undergoes fragmentation and cleavage commences eventually
- 8. Isolation and purification: • Clear filtrate is obtained from acidic medium (broth) by sterilized SS plate type filter Press or counter current extractor • Clear filtrate is subjected to adsorption upon an active substance e.g. activated carbon, and then eluted • The elute is treated with salts of alkaline earth metals to obtain the precipitate of tetracycline • The resulting salt is poorly water soluble, but soluble in organic solvents • After dissolving in organic phase, it is separated and tetracycline is dissolved in aqueous phase with dilute HCl • Purified form of tetracycline is salt out or crystallized carefully and dried under vacuum
- 9. General flow diagram for large scale recovery and Purification of antibiotics
- 10. • Bioreactors are made of Stainless steel and with capacity ranging from 30 to 300 m3 • Agitation with two to three flat peddled impellers • Aeration done with done with compressed sterile air injector • Heat disspated by employing chilled water cooling coil • Sterilization is done through live steam injection port