It is an important part in English Language Teaching. It helps the teachers to make an effective test as well as to take the testing system to new height.
This document summarizes four types of language tests: proficiency tests, achievement tests, diagnostic tests, and placement tests. It provides details about each type of test, including their purposes, content, advantages, and disadvantages. Proficiency tests measure overall language ability regardless of training, while achievement tests measure success in achieving course objectives. Diagnostic tests identify strengths and weaknesses, and placement tests are used to assign students to appropriate class levels. The document also discusses additional topics in language testing such as direct vs indirect testing, and objective vs subjective scoring.
This document discusses different types of tests and assessments. It defines formative and summative assessment, and describes various types of tests including proficiency tests, achievement tests, diagnostic tests, and placement tests. It also discusses the differences between direct and indirect testing, discrete point and integrative tests, norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests, and objective and subjective tests. The document provides examples and details on how each type of test is designed and scored.
Testing is used to measure a person's knowledge, skills, or abilities in various topics. There are several types of language tests that serve different purposes. Proficiency tests measure overall language ability, achievement tests evaluate how well learning objectives were met, diagnostic tests identify strengths and weaknesses, and placement tests determine what level is appropriate. While final achievement tests directly relate to course content, they can provide misleading results if the course or materials were poorly designed, as successful test performance does not necessarily indicate true achievement of all learning objectives.
This document discusses teaching, testing, and their relationship in TESOL. It defines teaching as passing on accepted information to help students achieve objectives, while tests assess if objectives were achieved. Tests can positively or negatively influence teaching through "washback effect" - the extent tests impact what teachers and students do. Positive washback includes focusing on objectives and motivating learning, while negative includes ignoring untested topics and "teaching to the test." Good tests are valid, reliable, practical, comprehensive, and balanced assessments that provide useful feedback for students and help teachers identify strengths and weaknesses.
The document outlines different types of language tests: proficiency tests measure general language ability regardless of training; achievement tests relate to language courses and assess whether objectives were achieved; diagnostic tests identify strengths and weaknesses; placement tests determine what language level is appropriate. It also distinguishes between direct and indirect testing, discrete point and integrative testing, norm-referenced and criterion-referenced testing, and objective and subjective scoring. The document concludes by mentioning computer adaptive testing and communicative language testing.
Testing for Language TeachersArthur HughesRajputt Ainee
Testing is done for various purposes such as verifying that a product meets requirements, managing risk, and assessing knowledge or skills. The main purposes of testing are to verify that specifications are met and to manage risks. Tests can have negative effects if not aligned with learning objectives, and inaccuracies can arise from flawed test content or unreliable scoring techniques. Effective testing requires quality assurance and validation to catch errors before public release. Assessment includes formative assessment for immediate feedback and summative assessment for end-of-period evaluation. Teachers can help improve testing by writing better tests, educating others, and advocating for testing improvements.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and issues related to language assessment. It begins by defining common terms like assessment, testing, measurement and evaluation. It then describes different types of assessment including formal/informal and formative/summative. Issues discussed include discrete-point vs integrative testing and traditional vs alternative assessments. Current topics like computer-based testing and views of intelligence are also covered. The document aims to outline the concepts, methods and debates within the field of language assessment.
This document discusses how to achieve beneficial backwash from tests. It provides several recommendations: test the abilities you want to encourage; sample widely and unpredictably in tests; use direct testing of skills; make tests criterion-referenced; base achievement tests on objectives; ensure students and teachers understand tests; and provide teacher assistance. It also mentions the Cambridge English Proficiency exam and cites various sources.
This document summarizes four types of language tests: proficiency tests, achievement tests, diagnostic tests, and placement tests. It provides details about each type of test, including their purposes, content, advantages, and disadvantages. Proficiency tests measure overall language ability regardless of training, while achievement tests measure success in achieving course objectives. Diagnostic tests identify strengths and weaknesses, and placement tests are used to assign students to appropriate class levels. The document also discusses additional topics in language testing such as direct vs indirect testing, and objective vs subjective scoring.
This document discusses different types of tests and assessments. It defines formative and summative assessment, and describes various types of tests including proficiency tests, achievement tests, diagnostic tests, and placement tests. It also discusses the differences between direct and indirect testing, discrete point and integrative tests, norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests, and objective and subjective tests. The document provides examples and details on how each type of test is designed and scored.
Testing is used to measure a person's knowledge, skills, or abilities in various topics. There are several types of language tests that serve different purposes. Proficiency tests measure overall language ability, achievement tests evaluate how well learning objectives were met, diagnostic tests identify strengths and weaknesses, and placement tests determine what level is appropriate. While final achievement tests directly relate to course content, they can provide misleading results if the course or materials were poorly designed, as successful test performance does not necessarily indicate true achievement of all learning objectives.
This document discusses teaching, testing, and their relationship in TESOL. It defines teaching as passing on accepted information to help students achieve objectives, while tests assess if objectives were achieved. Tests can positively or negatively influence teaching through "washback effect" - the extent tests impact what teachers and students do. Positive washback includes focusing on objectives and motivating learning, while negative includes ignoring untested topics and "teaching to the test." Good tests are valid, reliable, practical, comprehensive, and balanced assessments that provide useful feedback for students and help teachers identify strengths and weaknesses.
The document outlines different types of language tests: proficiency tests measure general language ability regardless of training; achievement tests relate to language courses and assess whether objectives were achieved; diagnostic tests identify strengths and weaknesses; placement tests determine what language level is appropriate. It also distinguishes between direct and indirect testing, discrete point and integrative testing, norm-referenced and criterion-referenced testing, and objective and subjective scoring. The document concludes by mentioning computer adaptive testing and communicative language testing.
Testing for Language TeachersArthur HughesRajputt Ainee
Testing is done for various purposes such as verifying that a product meets requirements, managing risk, and assessing knowledge or skills. The main purposes of testing are to verify that specifications are met and to manage risks. Tests can have negative effects if not aligned with learning objectives, and inaccuracies can arise from flawed test content or unreliable scoring techniques. Effective testing requires quality assurance and validation to catch errors before public release. Assessment includes formative assessment for immediate feedback and summative assessment for end-of-period evaluation. Teachers can help improve testing by writing better tests, educating others, and advocating for testing improvements.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and issues related to language assessment. It begins by defining common terms like assessment, testing, measurement and evaluation. It then describes different types of assessment including formal/informal and formative/summative. Issues discussed include discrete-point vs integrative testing and traditional vs alternative assessments. Current topics like computer-based testing and views of intelligence are also covered. The document aims to outline the concepts, methods and debates within the field of language assessment.
This document discusses how to achieve beneficial backwash from tests. It provides several recommendations: test the abilities you want to encourage; sample widely and unpredictably in tests; use direct testing of skills; make tests criterion-referenced; base achievement tests on objectives; ensure students and teachers understand tests; and provide teacher assistance. It also mentions the Cambridge English Proficiency exam and cites various sources.
Language testing is the practice of evaluating an individual's proficiency in using a particular language. There are two main types of assessment: formative assessment which checks student progress, and summative assessment which measures achievement at the end of a term. There are five common types of language tests: proficiency tests which measure overall ability, achievement tests related to course content, diagnostic tests which identify strengths and weaknesses, placement tests for assigning students to class levels, and direct/indirect tests. The effect of testing on teaching is known as backwash, which can be harmful if not aligned with course objectives, or beneficial if tests influence instructional changes.
The document discusses key concepts related to testing, assessment, and teaching. It covers:
- The differences between assessment and tests, with assessment being broader and more ongoing while tests are more formal and administered.
- The importance of both formative and summative assessment in the learning process. Formative assessment helps students improve while summative evaluates learning.
- Approaches to language testing including discrete point tests, integrative tests, and communicative language testing which focuses on authentic performance.
- Current issues like new views that intelligence is multidimensional, and the benefits and challenges of traditional versus alternative and computer-based assessments.
This document outlines various topics related to language testing, including types of tests, approaches to testing, validity and reliability, and achieving beneficial backwash effects. It discusses proficiency tests, achievement tests, and diagnostic tests. It also covers direct and indirect testing, norm-referenced and criterion-referenced testing, and objective and subjective testing. Validity is defined as accurately measuring the intended abilities, while reliability is consistency of results. Achieving beneficial backwash means testing abilities you want to foster and ensuring students and teachers understand the test.
The document discusses testing, measurement, assessment, and evaluation. It defines what a test is as a tool to measure characteristics of individuals or groups. Measurement is assigning numeric values to what is being tested. Assessment involves obtaining information through tests or other means. Evaluation involves making judgements by comparing results to objectives. The key differences between these concepts are also explained. The document also discusses the characteristics of good tests including validity, reliability, and usability. It outlines the major steps in constructing achievement tests such as planning, preparing, analyzing, and revising tests.
This document discusses testing in educational settings. It begins by outlining 5 reasons why testing is important for educators, including that it allows educators to develop innovative programs by evaluating existing ones.
It then defines key terms related to testing, including that a test is a set of questions, measurement involves using tools to quantify characteristics, and evaluation is a process of making judgments based on goals and objectives while considering both qualitative and quantitative factors.
Finally, it provides reasons for why testing is necessary in educational settings, such as that it can positively motivate students by providing a sense of accomplishment and allowing students and teachers to identify weaknesses to address. It also compares teacher-made tests to standardized tests.
This document discusses approaches to language testing and types of language tests. It describes six main approaches: traditional, discrete, integrative, pragmatic, and communicative. It also outlines five main types of language tests based on their objective: selection tests, placement tests, achievement tests, diagnostic tests, and try-out tests. Achievement tests measure learning from a course, while proficiency tests measure skills for a future task. Diagnostic tests identify areas of difficulty.
Chapter 3(designing classroom language tests)Kheang Sokheng
This document discusses key considerations for designing classroom language tests. It begins by outlining 5 critical questions to guide test design: 1) purpose of the test, 2) objectives, 3) how specifications reflect purpose and objectives, 4) task selection and arrangement, and 5) scoring and feedback. It then elaborates on each question, providing guidance on defining the test purpose and objectives, ensuring specifications align, selecting authentic and practical tasks, and determining appropriate feedback. The document also outlines common test types like proficiency, placement, and achievement tests and gives practical steps for test construction, including assessing clear objectives, developing specifications, devising tasks, and designing multiple-choice items.
This document discusses different types of language tests and testing, including proficiency tests, achievement tests, diagnostic tests, placement tests, direct and indirect testing, discrete point and integrative testing, norm-referenced and criterion-referenced testing, objective and subjective testing, and computer adaptive testing. It provides details on the purpose and characteristics of each type of test.
The document discusses test specifications, which are written documents that provide essential background information to guide the test development process. Specifications are generative documents used to create equivalent test items. They make explicit the design decisions in the test and allow new versions to be created by others. Specifications should include a general description, prompt attributes, response attributes, sample items, and supplements if needed. Validity, reliability, practicality, washback, authenticity, transparency, and scorer reliability are important criteria for specifications. Scoring can be analytical by rating language components separately or holistic by an impressionistic method.
The document outlines the objectives of a language assessment presentation which include distinguishing assessment from testing, describing five principles of language assessment, identifying types of tests, discussing the historical development and current issues of language assessment, examining large-scale standardized tests like TOEFL, and considering the critical and ethical nature of testing. It then proceeds to define assessment and testing, outline five principles of assessment including practicality, reliability, and validity, identify five common types of tests, and discuss historical developments and current issues in language testing.
Reading tests may evaluate several skills:
1) Skimming to identify the main idea, scanning to find specific details, identifying the plot, or examples used.
2) Using context clues to understand unfamiliar words or structures.
3) Recognizing text features like organization or pronouns.
The passage discusses common reading skills assessed on tests like skimming, scanning, using context, and recognizing text features. It provides examples of test questions targeting these skills.
This document discusses language testing and evaluation. It defines formative and summative evaluation, with formative used to provide feedback during instruction and summative used to assess learning after instruction. Examples of evaluation include textbook, materials, course, and instructional evaluations. The purpose of evaluation is to improve teaching and learning, assess student progress, and identify weaknesses. Evaluation methods can be norm-referenced, comparing students, or criterion-referenced, assessing specific skills. Testing can directly assess skills or indirectly measure underlying abilities. Objective testing uses multiple choice while subjective uses human judgment. Proper testing is crucial for the teaching-learning process and provides feedback to improve curriculum and instruction.
The document discusses various topics related to testing, assessing, and teaching including the differences between tests, assessments, teaching, evaluation, formative and summative assessments, norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests, discrete-point and integrative testing, communicative language testing, performance-based assessment, and computer-based testing. Key points made include that assessment is an integral part of the teaching-learning cycle, both informal and formal assessments have roles to play, and tests when used appropriately can provide motivation and feedback to learners.
This document discusses key considerations for designing classroom language tests. It begins by outlining critical questions to guide the design process, including the purpose and objectives of the test. It emphasizes that test tasks and specifications should logically reflect the purpose and objectives. The document then discusses selecting and arranging test tasks, as well as scoring, grading and providing feedback. It also outlines different types of language tests and practical steps for test construction, including assessing clear objectives, drawing up specifications, devising tasks, and designing multiple choice items to measure specific objectives clearly.
Standardized tests aim to objectively measure students' mastery of prescribed competencies through standardized procedures and scoring. They are developed through a rigorous process including determining the test purpose, specifying objectives, designing test sections, developing and selecting test items, and evaluating items. Some advantages are they are pre-validated, can be administered to large groups efficiently, and scored quickly. Disadvantages include potential misuse and misunderstanding differences between direct and indirect testing.
The document provides an overview of test specifications and how to write test items and tasks. It discusses:
1. Test specifications (specs) guide the creation of test content and help ensure equivalence, reliability, and validity. Specs describe how to structure tests and make difficult authoring choices.
2. Effective test development is iterative and spec-driven. Specs evolve as tests are refined through discussion. Items and tasks should be written to fit evolving specs rather than independently.
3. Evidence-centered design (ECD) treats knowledge as scientific and provides a systematic framework for relating test performance to constructs. ECD models guide test design from defining constructs to assembling and delivering the full test.
The document outlines the steps for developing a valid and reliable test: 1) determining test specifications, 2) planning by preparing a table of specifications, 3) writing test items, 4) preparing appropriate test formats, 5) reviewing test items, 6) pre-testing the test, and 7) validating test items through analyzing item difficulty, discrimination, and facility. The goal is to design a test that accurately measures the intended objectives and skills at an appropriate level of difficulty without cultural bias.
The document discusses principles of language assessment. There are five key criteria a test should meet: practicality, reliability, validity, authenticity, and washback. Practicality means a test is inexpensive, time-efficient and easy to administer. Reliability refers to consistency of results and can be affected by students, raters, administration and the test itself. Validity means a test accurately measures the intended construct, which can be shown through content, criteria, construct and consequential evidence as well as face validity. Authenticity means a test resembles real-world language tasks. Washback refers to effects of a test on teaching and learning, including how students prepare.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in language testing and assessment. It defines language testing and distinguishes it from assessment. It outlines different types of tests (e.g. proficiency, achievement, diagnostic), testing methods (e.g. direct, indirect, discrete point, integrative), and scoring methods (e.g. norm-referenced, criterion-referenced, objective, subjective). It also contrasts classroom assessment with large-scale standardized testing and provides references for further information.
This document discusses key concepts in language testing and assessment. It defines language testing, outlines fundamental assessment concepts like measurement, evaluation, and the differences between tests, examinations and quizzes. It also covers the purposes of language assessment, types of tests like proficiency, achievement, diagnostic and aptitude tests. The document contrasts different testing methods such as direct vs indirect, discrete point vs integrative, and norm-referenced vs criterion-referenced testing. It also discusses high-stakes vs low-stakes testing and contrasts classroom assessment with large-scale standardized testing.
Language testing is the practice of evaluating an individual's proficiency in using a particular language. There are two main types of assessment: formative assessment which checks student progress, and summative assessment which measures achievement at the end of a term. There are five common types of language tests: proficiency tests which measure overall ability, achievement tests related to course content, diagnostic tests which identify strengths and weaknesses, placement tests for assigning students to class levels, and direct/indirect tests. The effect of testing on teaching is known as backwash, which can be harmful if not aligned with course objectives, or beneficial if tests influence instructional changes.
The document discusses key concepts related to testing, assessment, and teaching. It covers:
- The differences between assessment and tests, with assessment being broader and more ongoing while tests are more formal and administered.
- The importance of both formative and summative assessment in the learning process. Formative assessment helps students improve while summative evaluates learning.
- Approaches to language testing including discrete point tests, integrative tests, and communicative language testing which focuses on authentic performance.
- Current issues like new views that intelligence is multidimensional, and the benefits and challenges of traditional versus alternative and computer-based assessments.
This document outlines various topics related to language testing, including types of tests, approaches to testing, validity and reliability, and achieving beneficial backwash effects. It discusses proficiency tests, achievement tests, and diagnostic tests. It also covers direct and indirect testing, norm-referenced and criterion-referenced testing, and objective and subjective testing. Validity is defined as accurately measuring the intended abilities, while reliability is consistency of results. Achieving beneficial backwash means testing abilities you want to foster and ensuring students and teachers understand the test.
The document discusses testing, measurement, assessment, and evaluation. It defines what a test is as a tool to measure characteristics of individuals or groups. Measurement is assigning numeric values to what is being tested. Assessment involves obtaining information through tests or other means. Evaluation involves making judgements by comparing results to objectives. The key differences between these concepts are also explained. The document also discusses the characteristics of good tests including validity, reliability, and usability. It outlines the major steps in constructing achievement tests such as planning, preparing, analyzing, and revising tests.
This document discusses testing in educational settings. It begins by outlining 5 reasons why testing is important for educators, including that it allows educators to develop innovative programs by evaluating existing ones.
It then defines key terms related to testing, including that a test is a set of questions, measurement involves using tools to quantify characteristics, and evaluation is a process of making judgments based on goals and objectives while considering both qualitative and quantitative factors.
Finally, it provides reasons for why testing is necessary in educational settings, such as that it can positively motivate students by providing a sense of accomplishment and allowing students and teachers to identify weaknesses to address. It also compares teacher-made tests to standardized tests.
This document discusses approaches to language testing and types of language tests. It describes six main approaches: traditional, discrete, integrative, pragmatic, and communicative. It also outlines five main types of language tests based on their objective: selection tests, placement tests, achievement tests, diagnostic tests, and try-out tests. Achievement tests measure learning from a course, while proficiency tests measure skills for a future task. Diagnostic tests identify areas of difficulty.
Chapter 3(designing classroom language tests)Kheang Sokheng
This document discusses key considerations for designing classroom language tests. It begins by outlining 5 critical questions to guide test design: 1) purpose of the test, 2) objectives, 3) how specifications reflect purpose and objectives, 4) task selection and arrangement, and 5) scoring and feedback. It then elaborates on each question, providing guidance on defining the test purpose and objectives, ensuring specifications align, selecting authentic and practical tasks, and determining appropriate feedback. The document also outlines common test types like proficiency, placement, and achievement tests and gives practical steps for test construction, including assessing clear objectives, developing specifications, devising tasks, and designing multiple-choice items.
This document discusses different types of language tests and testing, including proficiency tests, achievement tests, diagnostic tests, placement tests, direct and indirect testing, discrete point and integrative testing, norm-referenced and criterion-referenced testing, objective and subjective testing, and computer adaptive testing. It provides details on the purpose and characteristics of each type of test.
The document discusses test specifications, which are written documents that provide essential background information to guide the test development process. Specifications are generative documents used to create equivalent test items. They make explicit the design decisions in the test and allow new versions to be created by others. Specifications should include a general description, prompt attributes, response attributes, sample items, and supplements if needed. Validity, reliability, practicality, washback, authenticity, transparency, and scorer reliability are important criteria for specifications. Scoring can be analytical by rating language components separately or holistic by an impressionistic method.
The document outlines the objectives of a language assessment presentation which include distinguishing assessment from testing, describing five principles of language assessment, identifying types of tests, discussing the historical development and current issues of language assessment, examining large-scale standardized tests like TOEFL, and considering the critical and ethical nature of testing. It then proceeds to define assessment and testing, outline five principles of assessment including practicality, reliability, and validity, identify five common types of tests, and discuss historical developments and current issues in language testing.
Reading tests may evaluate several skills:
1) Skimming to identify the main idea, scanning to find specific details, identifying the plot, or examples used.
2) Using context clues to understand unfamiliar words or structures.
3) Recognizing text features like organization or pronouns.
The passage discusses common reading skills assessed on tests like skimming, scanning, using context, and recognizing text features. It provides examples of test questions targeting these skills.
This document discusses language testing and evaluation. It defines formative and summative evaluation, with formative used to provide feedback during instruction and summative used to assess learning after instruction. Examples of evaluation include textbook, materials, course, and instructional evaluations. The purpose of evaluation is to improve teaching and learning, assess student progress, and identify weaknesses. Evaluation methods can be norm-referenced, comparing students, or criterion-referenced, assessing specific skills. Testing can directly assess skills or indirectly measure underlying abilities. Objective testing uses multiple choice while subjective uses human judgment. Proper testing is crucial for the teaching-learning process and provides feedback to improve curriculum and instruction.
The document discusses various topics related to testing, assessing, and teaching including the differences between tests, assessments, teaching, evaluation, formative and summative assessments, norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests, discrete-point and integrative testing, communicative language testing, performance-based assessment, and computer-based testing. Key points made include that assessment is an integral part of the teaching-learning cycle, both informal and formal assessments have roles to play, and tests when used appropriately can provide motivation and feedback to learners.
This document discusses key considerations for designing classroom language tests. It begins by outlining critical questions to guide the design process, including the purpose and objectives of the test. It emphasizes that test tasks and specifications should logically reflect the purpose and objectives. The document then discusses selecting and arranging test tasks, as well as scoring, grading and providing feedback. It also outlines different types of language tests and practical steps for test construction, including assessing clear objectives, drawing up specifications, devising tasks, and designing multiple choice items to measure specific objectives clearly.
Standardized tests aim to objectively measure students' mastery of prescribed competencies through standardized procedures and scoring. They are developed through a rigorous process including determining the test purpose, specifying objectives, designing test sections, developing and selecting test items, and evaluating items. Some advantages are they are pre-validated, can be administered to large groups efficiently, and scored quickly. Disadvantages include potential misuse and misunderstanding differences between direct and indirect testing.
The document provides an overview of test specifications and how to write test items and tasks. It discusses:
1. Test specifications (specs) guide the creation of test content and help ensure equivalence, reliability, and validity. Specs describe how to structure tests and make difficult authoring choices.
2. Effective test development is iterative and spec-driven. Specs evolve as tests are refined through discussion. Items and tasks should be written to fit evolving specs rather than independently.
3. Evidence-centered design (ECD) treats knowledge as scientific and provides a systematic framework for relating test performance to constructs. ECD models guide test design from defining constructs to assembling and delivering the full test.
The document outlines the steps for developing a valid and reliable test: 1) determining test specifications, 2) planning by preparing a table of specifications, 3) writing test items, 4) preparing appropriate test formats, 5) reviewing test items, 6) pre-testing the test, and 7) validating test items through analyzing item difficulty, discrimination, and facility. The goal is to design a test that accurately measures the intended objectives and skills at an appropriate level of difficulty without cultural bias.
The document discusses principles of language assessment. There are five key criteria a test should meet: practicality, reliability, validity, authenticity, and washback. Practicality means a test is inexpensive, time-efficient and easy to administer. Reliability refers to consistency of results and can be affected by students, raters, administration and the test itself. Validity means a test accurately measures the intended construct, which can be shown through content, criteria, construct and consequential evidence as well as face validity. Authenticity means a test resembles real-world language tasks. Washback refers to effects of a test on teaching and learning, including how students prepare.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in language testing and assessment. It defines language testing and distinguishes it from assessment. It outlines different types of tests (e.g. proficiency, achievement, diagnostic), testing methods (e.g. direct, indirect, discrete point, integrative), and scoring methods (e.g. norm-referenced, criterion-referenced, objective, subjective). It also contrasts classroom assessment with large-scale standardized testing and provides references for further information.
This document discusses key concepts in language testing and assessment. It defines language testing, outlines fundamental assessment concepts like measurement, evaluation, and the differences between tests, examinations and quizzes. It also covers the purposes of language assessment, types of tests like proficiency, achievement, diagnostic and aptitude tests. The document contrasts different testing methods such as direct vs indirect, discrete point vs integrative, and norm-referenced vs criterion-referenced testing. It also discusses high-stakes vs low-stakes testing and contrasts classroom assessment with large-scale standardized testing.
This document discusses the uses and types of language tests. It outlines two major uses: for education and research. For education, tests are used to make decisions about selection, placement, diagnosis, progress, and aptitude. The quality and amount of testing depends on the decisions needing to be made. Types of tests discussed include objective vs subjective, direct vs indirect, and discrete-point vs integrative. The document also covers features of language tests like purpose and use, content, frame of reference, scoring, and procedures.
"This file provides a concise overview of fundamental assessment concepts. It covers key topics such as assessment types, validity, reliability, and the importance of clear assessment objectives. Whether you're new to assessment or seeking a quick refresher, this document offers valuable insights to enhance your understanding."
This document discusses testing and assessment in language education. It addresses whether testing is good or bad, different forms of assessment like formative and summative assessment, and considerations when constructing tests like validity and reliability. Key points made include that assessment is a broader term than testing and includes feedback; the most common types of assessment are continuous, formative and summative assessment; and tests must be both valid in what they measure and reliable in producing consistent results.
A Brief History on the Approaches to
Language Testing
In the 1950s, an era of behaviorism and special
attention to constrastive analysis, testing focused on
specific language elements such as the phonological,
grammatical, and lexical contrasts between two
languages.
Between the 1970s and 1980s, communicative theories
of language brought with them a more integrative view of
testing in which specialists claimed that the whole of
communicative event was considerably greater than the
sum of its linguistic element (Clark, 1983; Brown, 2004: 8)
Definition of Language Testing
According to Oller (1979, 1-2), a language testing is a
device that tries to assess how much has been learned
in a foreign language course, or some part of a course
by learners.
According to Brown (2004: 3), a language testing is a
method of measuring a person’s ability, knowledge, or
performance in a given domain.
The document discusses the definition and purposes of language testing. It defines a test as an activity meant to convey how well a test-taker knows or can perform something. Tests serve several functions, including reinforcing learning, assessing student performance, and providing diagnostic information. There are two main types of assessment: formative, to check student progress, and summative, used at the end to measure achievement. The document also outlines five common types of language tests: proficiency, achievement, diagnostic, placement, and direct/indirect. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different testing methods.
The document describes a conversation between two students, Batool and Meerab, about testing and evaluation. Meerab is preparing for an assessment the next day and believes tests are a way to test knowledge. Batool initially thinks tests are a waste of time but comes to understand Meerab's point that tests directly check a student's abilities. The document then provides definitions and descriptions of different types of language assessments including formative and summative, proficiency tests, and communicative testing. It also discusses principles of language assessment such as practicality, reliability, validity, authenticity, and washback.
1. Assessment and testing are used to evaluate students' development and abilities, with tests being a type of assessment that provide information about students' knowledge and performance.
2. Measurement is used to quantify achievement and can be quantitative or qualitative, while evaluation involves making interpretations and decisions based on assessment results.
3. Informal assessment is spontaneous and without grades, while formal assessment is objective and based on standards. Formative assessment identifies strengths and weaknesses, and summative assessment evaluates learning at the end of a period.
4. Different types of language assessments serve different purposes, such as diagnostic tests identifying needs, placement tests determining levels, achievement tests measuring specific parts of a program, and proficiency tests evaluating overall competence.
Teachers primarily use achievement tests to measure students' abilities within a specific educational context like a lesson, unit, or complete program. These tests assess a particular part of the educational program and provide insights into how well students have grasped the material. Different types of tests exist for different purposes, such as proficiency tests to evaluate overall competence, diagnostic tests to identify skills to develop, and placement tests to determine an appropriate course level. Principles of effective assessment include practicality, reliability, validity, authenticity, and washback effect.
The document discusses key concepts related to assessment including definitions, purposes, types, and principles. It defines assessment as making judgments about students' performance based on data gathered through instruments or observation compared against standards. The main types of assessment discussed are informal assessment, formal assessment (testing), and self-assessment. It also covers the goals of assessment as providing feedback, accurate information, and data to inform instruction.
Group 1 - Devini.AR , Henny, Wahyuni - Language Testing - Mrs.Tiara Dian Sari...tiara dian
Testing, assessing, and teaching can be done through various methods. A test is a method to measure abilities, knowledge, or performance in a domain. Tests must be explicit, structured methods of measurement, such as multiple choice questions or writing prompts with rubrics. There are different types of assessments, including informal assessments without standard criteria, formal assessments designed to appraise skills and knowledge, formative assessments used throughout a course to aid learning, and summative assessments used at the end to assign grades in an evaluative way. Language testing has evolved from focusing on specific elements to more integrative and communicative approaches, and now performance-based assessments are used to simulate real-world tasks. Current issues include exploring different types of intelligence
Testing and Evaluation Strategies in Second Language Teaching.pptxSubramanian Mani
This document discusses various topics related to testing and evaluation in second language teaching. It begins by outlining principles for language testing proposed by Bachman, including relating tests to language use and teaching, designing tests to enable highest performance, and humanizing the testing process. Next, it defines key concepts like testing, assessment, evaluation and their purposes. The document then examines different types of language tests in detail, including achievement, diagnostic, discrete point, language aptitude, placement, proficiency and progress tests. It also discusses assessment and outlines principles of validity, reliability, practicality, equivalency, authenticity and washback. Finally, it explores the evolution of language testing approaches from pre-scientific to psychometric-structuralist periods
This document outlines key concepts in language assessment including evaluation, assessment, testing, informal assessment, formal assessment, self-assessment, formative and summative assessment, and different types of formal language tests. It discusses three generations of tests and contrasts their characteristics. Key distinctions discussed include competence vs performance, usage vs use, direct vs indirect assessment, discrete point vs integrative assessment, and objective vs subjective assessment. The document also covers desirable test characteristics like reliability, validity, utility, discrimination and practicality.
This document outlines different types of assessment used in English language teaching, including informal assessment, formal assessment (testing), and self-assessment. It distinguishes between evaluation, assessment, and testing, and describes first, second, and third generation tests. First generation tests were subjective and focused on grammar, while second generation tests objectively tested discrete points through multiple choice. Third generation tests integrate objective and subjective formats to emulate real-life language use through tasks like role plays or information transfers. The document also discusses principles of testing including reliability versus validity and competence versus performance.
This document provides an outline for a course on testing for language teachers. It covers various topics related to language testing including the purposes of different types of tests, approaches to testing, ensuring validity and reliability, and achieving beneficial backwash effects. The key points covered are the types of tests (proficiency, achievement, diagnostic, placement), approaches to testing (direct vs indirect, discrete point vs integrative), factors of validity and reliability, and how to design tests that motivate effective teaching practices.
Approach of lang. test and kinds of lang. test.pptxkikipambayun1
This document discusses different approaches and types of language tests. It covers:
1. Three main approaches to language testing - traditional, discrete-point, and integrative. Each has strengths and weaknesses in how they assess language ability.
2. Types of tests categorized by objective (selection, placement, achievement, etc.), timing (entrance, formative, summative), format (written, oral), construction (teacher-made, standardized), and scoring (subjective, objective).
3. Key differences between types include what skills they measure, when they are administered, how questions and answers are delivered, reliability of results, and subjectivity of grading. The document provides examples to illustrate the characteristics of each
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2. Tests are procedures for
measuring ability, knowledge or
performance.
Testing is the use of tests, or the
study of the theory and practice
of their use, development,
evaluation etc.
3. Before we can even begin to plan a language
test, we must establish its purpose and
purposes. The following list summarizes the
chief objectives of language testing:
1. To determine readiness for instructional
programmes. Some screening test are used to
separate those who are prepared for an
academic or training programme from those
who are not.
4. 2. To classify or place individuals in
appropriate language classes. Other
screening tests try to distinguish degrees
of proficiency so that examines may be
assigned to specific sections or activities
on the basis of their current level of
competence. Such tests may make no
pass-fail distinctions, since some kind of
training is offered to everyone.
5. 3.To diagnose the individual’s specific
strengths and weaknesses. Diagnostic
screening test generally consist of several
short but reliable subtests measuring
different language skills or components
of a single broad skill. On the basis of the
individual’s performance profile which
will show his relative strength in the
various areas tested.
6. 4.To measure aptitude for learning. Still
another kind of screening test is used to
predict future performance. At the time
of testing, the examinees may have little
or no knowledge of the language to be
studied, and the test is employed to
assess their potential.
7. 5. To measure the extent of student
achievement of the instructional goal.
Achievement tests are used to indicate
group or individual progress toward the
instructional objectives of a specific study
or training program. Examples are
progress tests and final examinations in a
course of study.
8. 6. To evaluate the effectiveness of
instruction. Other achievement tests are
used exclusively to assess the degree of
success not of individuals but of the
instructional program itself. Such tests
are often used in research, when
experimental and ‘control’ classes are
given the same educational goals but use
different materials and techniques to
achieve them.
9. Language tests are carried out with specific
purposes in mind. As we use them to obtain
information about the students, as we may
categories test according to the kinds of
information being sought. We may put them
into the following divisions:
1. Proficiency tests.
2. Placement tests.
3. Achievement tests.
4.Diagnostic tests.
5. Aptitude tests.
10. Proficiency tests are designed to measure people’s
ability in a language regardless of any training
they may have had in that language. The content
of a proficiency test is, therefore, not based on the
content or objectives of a language course.
In the case of some proficiency tests, ‘proficient’
means having sufficient command of the language
‘ for a particular purpose’. An example of this
would be a test used to determine whether a
student’s English is good enough to follow a
course of study at a British University.
11. Placement tests are designed to place students
at an appropriate level in a programme or
course on the basis of their current level of
competence.
The term ’Placement test’ does not refer to
what a test contains or how it is constructed.
The most successful of them are constructed for
particular situations depending on the key
features at different levels of teaching in the
institution.
12. Various types of test or testing procedure can
be used for placement purposes. Dictation, a
grammar test or an interview may be ideal.
As the objective of a placement is to place
students at the stage of the teaching
programme most appropriate to their abilities,
it is taken at the beginning of a course or
programme. Placement tests make no pass-fail
distinction.
13. Achievement tests measure how
much of a language someone has
learned with reference to a
particular course of study or
programme of instruction. They are
of two kinds:
A. Final Achievements tests
B. Progress Achievement tests.
14. Final achievement tests are those administered
at the end of a course of study. They are norm-
referenced since they show the standard which
a student has now reached in relation to other
students at the same stage. This standard may
be worldwide, as with the Cambridge
Examinations in EFL; or established for a
country, as with school-leaving certificates; or
it may relate to an individual school or group
of schools which issue certificates to students
attending courses.
15. Progress Achievement tests are intended to
measure the progress that students are making.
Like final achievement tests, these tests, too,
should relate to objectives. The best way of
measuring progress is to establish a series of well-
defined short –term objectives. These should make
a clear progression towards the final achievement
test based on course objectives. The result of the
progress tests will show if the syllabus and
teaching are in line with the course objectives. The
teacher’s responsibility would be to bring in
changes in the syllabus or teaching technique if
there is any incongruity or lack of fit is found in
entire system.
16. Aptitude tests assess learner’s ‘aptitude’ for
learning a language. They are designed to
measure the student’s probable performance
in a foreign language which he has not started
to learn.
Language learning aptitude is a complex
matter. It consists of such factors as
intelligence, age, motivation, phonological
sensitivity and sensitivity to grammatical
patterning. An aptitude test takes all these
factors into consideration.
17. Aptitude tests generally seek to
predict the student’s probable
strengths and weaknesses in
learning a foreign language by
measuring his performance in an
artificial language.
18. Diagnostic tests are those tests which are used
to identify student’s strengths and weaknesses
and to pinpoint the areas of difficulty they
encounter. They are intended primarily to
ascertain what further teaching is necessary or
what remedial action should be taken. Tests
used for diagnostic purposes may include
phoneme discrimination tests, grammar and
usage tests and certain controlled writing tests.
19. Testing is said to be direct when it
requires the candidate to perform
precisely the skill that we wish to
measure. If we want to know how well
candidates can write compositions, we
get them to write compositions. The tasks
and the texts that are used should be as
authentic as possible.
20. Direct testing is easier to carry out when it is
intended to measure the productive skills of
speaking and writing. The very acts of
speaking and writing provide us with
information about the candidate’s ability.
Direct testing has a number of attractions.
First, provided that we are clear about just
what abilities we want to assess, it is relatively
straightforward to create the conditions which
will elicit the behaviour on which to base our
judgement.
21. Secondly, at least in the case of the
productive skills, the assessment
and interpretation of students’
performance is also quite
straightforward.
Thirdly, since practice for the test
involves practice of the skills that we
wish to foster, there is likely to be a
helpful backwash effect.
22. The main appeal of indirect testing is that it
seems to offer the possibility of testing a
representative sample of a finite number of
manifestations of them.
The main problem with the indirect tests is that
the relationship between performance on them
and the performance of the skills in which we
are usually more interested tends to be rather
weak in strength and uncertain in nature.
23. Discrete point testing refers to the testing of one
element at a time, item by item. This might, for
example, take the form of a series of items, each
testing a particular grammatical structure.
Integrative testing, by contrast, requires the
candidate to combine many language elements in
the completion of a task. This might involve
writing a composition, making notes while
listening to a lecture, taking a dictation, or
completing a cloze passage. Discrete point tests
will almost always be indirect, while integrative
tests will tend to be direct.
24. The distinction here is between methods of
scoring and nothing else. If no judgment is
required on the part of the scorer, then the
scoring is objective. A multiple choice test, with
the correct responses unambiguously
identified, would be a case in point. If
judgment is called for, the scoring is said to be
subjective. There are different degrees of
subjectivity in testing.