The document provides an overview of terrorism in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. It discusses the geography and demographics of FATA. It then outlines the major militant groups operating in the region, including the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and Lashkar-e-Islam (LeI). The document also summarizes several military operations conducted in FATA to counter militancy, such as Operation Zarb-e-Azb and Operation Rah-e-Rast.

1. Terrorism in FATA
International islamic University, islamabad. pakistan
presented by:
Muzaffar Latif
M. Sahreef
M. Mohsin
M.Zaheer
Omer .Awais

2. Outlines
• Introduction
• Geography
• Major events
• Military operations
• Terrorist organizations
• Root causes
• Counter measures
• Conclusion

3. Introduction
• Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) lies on Pakistan’s western
border.
• FATA semi-autonomous region.
• After partition, majority of the Tribal elders joined Pakistan.
• Arms and weapons are considered as part of the dress of males
• Traditional and tribal society where literacy rate is low, development is at
infancy, and employment opportunities are rare.
• Like the Durand Line, FATA is also a symbol of British colonialism.
• Region is governed and ruled through the Frontier Crimes Regulations
(FCR).
• People living in FATA are called Pashtuns or Pathans.
• Pashtun tribes have experienced, but have always resisted, the invasions by
Aryans, Mongols, Mughals, and British.

6. Anti-Soviet Jihad
 During the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan FATA became a war zone.
 Whole area became heavily armed with weapons supplied by the US to the
Afghan mujahedeen to fight against the Soviet forces.
 After the Soviets withdrawal, FATA continued to be the center of activity of
various Afghan mujahdeen groups.
 During the Taliban rule a number of local Wazirs joined the Taliban forces
and fought against the Northern Alliance
 They came in contact with Arabs, Central Asians and other foreign
militants in different training camps.
 Also the rise of extremist religious movements like Sufi Mohammad’s
Tehrik-e-Nifaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi.

8. US War on Terror
• The 9/11 incident in USA has changed the entire global political framework.
• World Trade Centre (WTC) was regarded the hub of the corporate and
capitalist world.
• The 9/11 incident in USA brought terrorism to the top most concern of
international agenda which had its roots in previous centuries, more
particularly in the multi-national anti-Soviet Jihad.
• Attack on WTC was taken as attack on the heart of the USA.
• Within three hours of the attack on WTC, President Bush declared that Al-
Qaeda was responsible for the attacks.
• US urged the world powers against Al- Qaeda and Taliban and their
associated groups and supporters.
• USA demanded unconditional surrender of Osama bin Laden who was
based in Taliban Afghanistan.

9. • US urged the world powers against Al- Qaeda and Taliban and their
associated groups and supporters.
• The Al-Qaeda and the Taliban, have their sanctuaries in Afghanistan
and Pakistan Tribal areas.
• It has became an excuse for the US and her allies to attack Afghanistan
and to start an indiscriminate war on terror after 9/11.

11. Militancy development In FATA
 After the fall of Taliban government in Afghanistan in 2001, a number of
Al Qaeda/Taliban fighters fled to highly inaccessible area like Birmal,
Khamrand, Santoi, Bush mountains in South and North Waziristan
Agencies.
 FATA become a hub and breeding for militants.
 The militants regrouped and recuperated in FATA.
 The US and its allies prepared for military operation in tribal areas of
Pakistan
 US push Musharraf regime to pursue an aggressive policy against the
militants, operating from the tribal areas.
 In 2002 Pakistan launched military operations against the Taliban, al-Qaeda
and other foreign elements in the Tribal Areas.

13. Drone Strikes
 The CIA drone program began quietly under Bush with one strike in Yemen
in 2002, and then a smattering of strikes in Pakistan between 2004 and 2007.
 The US carried out the first drone strike in June 2004
 Drones operated thousands of miles away from their actual operative
locations can remain in the air for around 20 hours and provide live videos.
 From the mountainous region of FATA, the militants initiated and
commenced attacks against the governments, military and civilians of both
Pakistan and US.
 Drone strike are carried to kill the high profile leader of Al Qaeda &
associates.
 During the Bush administration, from June 2004 till 2009 the total number of
drone strikes was 45 (some says 52).
 326 have been carried out till 1 November, 2013, during Obama
administration.

14. Pakistan Approach Towards Drone Attacks
 Pakistani government does not have a clear policy towards the drone
strikes.
 The Pakistani government officials denounce and condemn the US drone
strikes in the western border of Pakistan.
 No official agreement on drone attacks in tribal areas between the
US and Pakistan.
 Pakistani government supported the drone campaign, by providing both
logistic as well as intelligence support to the US.
 Pakistani public consider the drone campaign as violation of international
laws and breaching of Pakistan’s sovereignty.
 In drone strike more then innocent civilian were also killed.

16. Geography
The Federally Administered Tribal Areas are bordered by:
1. Afghanistan to the north.
2. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the east.
3. Balochistan to the south.
4. west with the border marked by the Durand Line.
• Covers an area of 27220 square kilometers
• Population is 3.17 million people.
• Most rural administrative unit in Pakistan.
• Main language spoken in FATA is Pashto.
• Divided in 7 agencies and 6 Frontier Regions.

19.  Total Area27,220
sq.km.
 Miran shah is tribal
capital.
 Parachinar is the largest
city.

20. 1) Khyber Agency 2)Kurram Agency
 Established in 1879.
 Area 2576 sq. km.
 Population of 546730
 Afridi, Shinwari,
Mulagoori and
Shalmani tribes.
 Created in 1892,
 Area of 2296 sq. km
 Population of 448,310.
 Tribal composition
being the Turi, Bangash,
Parachinari and Masozai
- both Sunni and Shia
sects.

21. 3)South Waziristan Agency
4)North Waziristan
Agency
 Largest of all tribal
agencies
 Area 6,620 sq. km
 Population 429,841.
Mehsud and Ahmadzai
Wazir tribes.
 Agency is the second
largest agency in size,
covering an
 Area of 4,707 sq. km.
 Population of 361,246.
 People mainly from the
Utmanzai Wazir and
Dawar.

22. 5)Mohmand Agency 6)Bajaur Agency
 Created in 1951,
 Area of 2,296 sq. km.
 Population is estimated
to be around 334,453.
 The major tribes
inhibiting the area are
the Mohmand, Safi and
Uthmankhel tribes.
 Bajaur Agency, the
smallest in size
 Area 1290 sq. km,
 Created in 1973.
 Population of 595,227
 Tribal composition
drawing from the
Uthmankhel and Tarkani
tribes.

23. 7)Orakzai Agency
 Created in 1973.
 Area of 1538 sq. km.
 Population of 225,441 .
 The major tribal
groups are the Orakzai
and the Bangash – both
Shia and Sunni sects.

24. Literacy rate (2007)
Male Female Total
 Khyber 57.2% 10.1% 34.2%
 Kurram 37.9% 14.4% 26.5%
 Southw 32.3% 4.3% 20%
 Orakzai 29.5% 3.4% 17%
 Mohmand 28.5 3.5% 16.6
 Bajur 27.9% 3.1% 16.5%
 Northw 26.77% 1.47% 15.88%

25. Population
1951 1,332,005
1972 2,491,230 0.53%
1998 3,176,331 2.69%

26. Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR)
 It comprises a special set of laws of Pakistan which are
applicable to the FATA .
 Under the FCR, disputes between tribes and the Pakistani state
are managed through the interaction of political agents and
tribal elders.
 The law states that three basic rights are not applicable to the
residents of FATA .
1. Appeal
2. Wakeel
3. Daleel

27. FATA “A dispute region”

28. List of Militant Groups in FATA
1. Tehrik Taliban Pakistan (TTP)
2. Lashkar E Islam (LeI)
3. Jamaat Ul Ahrar (Ahrar Ul Hind)

29. Tehrik Taliban Pakistan (TTP)
 Maulana Fazlullah, "or "Mullah Radio" is the new Amir (Chief) of
TTP and head of Swat Taliban.
 Total number of operatives between 30,000 and 35,000
 Believed to be supported by Indian Intelligence Agency
 RAW and they do have some ties with Al-Qaida, Boko Haram
and ISIS
 TTP is operating in all seven agencies of FATA.

30. Leaders of Respective Regions
 Shahryar Mehsud - Commander of North Waziristan TTP
 Khan Said - Commander of South Waziristan TTP
 Abdul Wali – Amir of TTP Mohmand Agency.
 Hafiz Dolat Khan - TTP Amir of Kurram Agency.
 Hafiz Saeed Khan – TTP Amir in Orakzai Agency.
 Maulana Gul Zaman - TTP Amir in Khyber Agency.
 Maulana Abu Bakr - Amir of TTP in Bajaur Agency.

31. Deceased Leaders
 Baitullah Mehsud - Founder leader of TTP - deceased August 2009.
 Hakimullah Mehsud – Chief of TTP - deceased November 1, 2013.
 Maulvi Saifuddin - TTP commander in FR Bannu - deceased November
19, 2013.
 Mullah Dadullah - TTP commander in Bajaur Agency - Deceased
August24, 2012.

32. Lashker E Islam (LeI)
 LeI was founded in 2004 by Mufti Munir Shakir.
 The most recent leader was Mangal Bagh.
 On April 17, 2008, Bagh claimed that LeI has over
180,000 volunteers in Khyber Agency.
 On March 12, 2015, Lashkar-e-Islam announced that
it was joining Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.

33. Continued
 On April 27, 2008, it was reported that a "Lashkar-e-Islam" has
changed its name to "Jaish-e-Islami".
 It is unclear whether this is the same group, or another which
happened to use the same name
 The reports stated that this LeI is located in Bajaur Agency and
headed by Wali Rehman.

34. Continued
 In October, a key commander of the militant group surrendered
to security forces along with 80 of his men.
 During Operation Khyber-1 numerous militants had laid down
their arms and surrendered to authorities.
 On November 10, 2014, Official sources say that three key
commanders of the group, newly appointed spokesman of the LI
Saifullah Saif, Commander Ilyas and Commander Wajid, have
announced that they were leaving the LI have surrendered to
authorities.

35. Jamaat Ul Ahrar (Ahrar Ul Hind)
 Jamaat-ul-Ahrar was a militant Islamist group that split away from
the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan in August 2014 with
 Omar Khalid Khorasani as its commander.
 In March 2015, the group's spokesman announced
that it was rejoining the Pakistani Taliban.

36. Reason Why it was formed?
 In September 2014, TTP chief Mullah Fazlullah ousted Mohmand
Agency chief Omar Khalid Khorasani (former leader of Ahrar-ul-
Hind).
 Omar Khalid Khorasani and his associates in Mohmand Agency
had accused the TTP leadership of deviating from the TTP
ideology
 The group had announced they would no longer recognize or
obey Mullah Fazlullah as their Emir.

37. Major Military operations in FATA

38. Causes of military operations
 Deterring the terrorist groups
 Protecting the Civilians
 Advancing the political agenda of country

39. Military operations in Pakistan
1. Operation Al MIZAN
2. Operation Sherdil
3. Operation Rah e rast
4. Operation Rah e nijat
5. Operation Zarb e azb

40. Operation Al mizan
 This operation was carried out across the 36 km area of
wanna.
 It was 13days cordon and search operation.
 More then 70,000 army was deployed by armed forces to
conduct this operation.

41. Operation Al mizan(continued)
 The area was under command of several Pakistani
militants.
 Including Nek Mohammad Wazir, Noor ul Islam, Haji
Mohammad Sharif, Maulvi Abbas and Maulvi Abdul Aziz.
 They were suspected to support foreign fighters.

42. Operation SHERDIL
 This operation was carried
out in bajaur agency in the
beginning of August 2008.
 It was initially aimed at
preventing the imminent
fall of Khar, headquarters
of Bajaur District, to the
Taliban.

43. Operation SHERDIL
 This operation was intended to reclaim bajaur agency from
militant groups.This operation was only limited to khar.
 Later on it was expended in all over bajaur district to
recapture it from Taliban.
 It continued for two months.
 More then 3000 militants were killed in this operation.
 Some 8000 soldiers 20 cobra gunships and F16 jets
pounded the enemy.

44. Operation Rah e rast
 This operation was launched in Malakand division and
lasted for 60 days.
 In spite the peace deal signed between the government of
Pakistan and so called Tehrik-e-Nifaz-e-Shariat-e-
Mohammadi (TNSM) the security situation was not
satisfactory in this area.
 Within 53 days, the leader of TNSM, Sufi Muhammad,
unilaterally denounced the peace deal on April 9, 2009.

45.  It was successful operation military forces hunted more
then 2500 militants with in the Short time.
 168 Pakistani soldiers were martyred and 454 got injured
in this operation.
 In the result of this operation 1.6 million people returned
back to their home.

46. Operation Rah e nijat
 This operation was launches in South Waziristan against
TTP in the command of Betullah Mehsud.
 It was officially launched on 28 April 2009 when Taliban
refused to deweaponise themselves .
 Religious political parties also stood with Pak Army at that
time and supported the operation against militants.

47.  29,000 troops took part in this operation against 6000-
7000 well equipped militants including Taliban-allied
Mehsud tribesmen as well as Uzbek and Arab foreign
fighters.
 The PAF SSW 4th SOS Squadron used attack helicopters
and fighter jets to force the Taliban into the mountains
when they put up resistance.

48. Operation Zarb e azab

49.  This operation is still under progress and was started in
the Mid of June 2014.
 The operation is being conducted by Pakistan military
forces against TTP, Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan,
the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, Lashkar e
Jhangvi, Al Qaida , Jundullah and Haqqani network.
 It was started after the killing of 23 FC soldiers by
Taliban who were insurgents by Taliban since February
2010.
 So the negotiations were broken down between Taliban
and Pakistan.

50.  Military forces between 14,000 to 20,000 has been
deployed in North Waziristan against militant groups.
 As a result of this military operation many civilians has
lost their lives as a result of reaction by militants.
 APSACS Peshawar attack in one of its worse Example.
In which 200 children along with faculty members were
brutally killed.
 Other then this 60,000 civilians has lost their lives since
the beginning of military operations.

51. CAUSES OF TERRORISM
1. Strategic location of FATA.
2. Role of Mullahs And Madrassas.
3. Illiteracy.
4. Poverty.
5. Foreign interference.
6. Support to US during afghan war.

52. 1.Strategic location of FATA
 Pakistan shares its 2200km border with afghanistan.
 It is too difficult to seal this border.
 It is conflicted region between pakistan and
afghanistan.
 Terrorists are come from afghaniatan by crossing
border.

54. 2.Role of Mullahs And Madrassas
 Some Mullahs mis brief their students.
 They interpret islam in wrong ways and convinced
the innocent people to be millitant.
 They show the dream of heaven to their student
and assure them heaven.

55. 03.Illiteracy
 Only 3 percent girls and 29 percent man are educated
in FATA.
 Over all litracy rate is 17 percent.
 There are no educational institutions.
 Illiteracy is very common.
 They are unable to understand their benefits and
loses.

56. 4.Poverty
• Their source of income is agriculture.
• 60 percent people are below the line poverty.
• per capita income is 25000 per year.
• People are unemployed due lack of education.
• An easy prey for millitants.

57. 5.Foreign interference
 RAW, MOSAD and CIA is collectively involve in
terrorism in tribal areas.
 India wants to withdraw our attention from kashmir
issue.
 Isreal and America want to weaken and destabilise
Pakistan economically as we have lost billions of
dollars on war on terror.

58. 6.Support to US during afghan war
 Pakistan decided to support in afghan war despite of
strong public protest.
 Pakistan openly support US after 9/11.
 Pakistan caught high profile Al Qaeda leaders and hand
over them to America.
 In reaction, terrorism emerge and spread out across
pakistan.

59. Counter Measures
• Comprehensive counter-terrorism strategy to deal
with the issue.
• Change old administrative structure of FATA
• Should be given provincial status.
• Religious and ideological awareness should be given.
• Establish special investment and industrial zones.
• Should be imposed educational emergency.
• Improve infrastructures.

60. Conclusion
 Peace and conflict resolution in FATA is vital for the security and
prosperity of both Afghanistan and Pakistan.
 Problem of militancy is complex and multidimensional.
 Government needs to devise a multipronged and comprehensive
strategy to deal with the issue
 Urgent steps for socio-economic development of FATA particularly
for improving educational facilities, building basic infrastructure
and creating employment opportunities
 Government must review its internal and external policies which
create extremist sentiments in the country