The document discusses the rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan and Pakistan. It argues that the Taliban are not a product of Pashtun nationalism but rather a specific interpretation of Islam. It traces the roots of the Taliban to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s, when Pakistan and the US supported militant groups like the mujahideen. After the Soviets withdrew, these groups battled each other and the Taliban rose to power in the 1990s with support from Pakistan. The 9/11 attacks caused the US to work with Pakistan against the Taliban. This led to insurgencies by groups like the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan in the Pashtun areas along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. While some Pasht
Benazir Bhutto promised greater press freedom when she became Prime Minister in 1988, but her government violated those promises and curtailed press freedom. Journalists faced threats, attacks on newspaper offices, and some were killed during her 1988-1991 term. Press freedom declined further during her second term from 1993-1996, which saw increased violence against journalists, including murders. Nawaz Sharif's governments from 1990-1993 and 1997 also imposed restrictions on the press through intimidation, corruption of journalists, and other coercive measures. Violence against the press remained high during military rule as well.
1) The document discusses Pakistan's first period of elected civilian rule from 1988-1999, referred to as the "Troika period", which alternated between governments led by Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif.
2) Under Nawaz Sharif's leadership from 1997-1999, Pakistan became the world's seventh nuclear power and the first Muslim country to acquire nuclear weapons.
3) However, tensions rose between Sharif and the military, culminating in a coup in 1999 led by Pervez Musharraf that ended the period of civilian democratic governance.
This document discusses the history and origins of Afghanistan and the Taliban. It notes that Arabs introduced Islam to Afghanistan in the 7th century. It then discusses the various dynasties that ruled Afghanistan and the wars with Persia. It notes that modern Afghanistan was established in 1774 when Afghans retook Kandahar from Persia. The document also discusses the emergence of the Taliban in 1994 during Afghanistan's civil war following the Soviet withdrawal and the group's rise to power in 1996 under Mullah Omar.
Operation Rah-e-Rast was a military operation conducted from May 16 to July 15, 2009 in Swat, Pakistan to defeat militant groups like Tehreek-e-Nifaz-e-Sharia-e-Mohammadi (TNSM) led by Maulana Fazlullah. Over 3 million civilians were displaced during the operation which included battles in Mingora that led to 286 militant casualties. Key militant commanders were captured or killed, though Fazlullah escaped. The operation restored government control and improved security, but challenges remained around rehabilitation, guerilla threats, and training local police.
The document provides information about two historical movements in Bangladesh - the 1952 Language Movement and the 1971 Liberation War. It summarizes the key events and outcomes of each movement. For the Language Movement, it describes the declaration of Urdu as the sole official language of Pakistan which sparked protests. It outlines the events of 1952 that led to deaths of student protesters and later recognition of Bengali language. For the Liberation War, it gives background of discrimination faced by East Pakistan, Operation Searchlight that began genocide, formation of Mukti Bahini forces, fighting back against Pakistan army and Rajakars, and eventual surrender of Pakistani forces on December 16, 1971.
1) Sir Sikander Hayat Khan was a prominent Muslim leader from Punjab who was educated in Aligarh.
2) In 1921, he was elected to the Punjab Legislative Council and became a leader of the Punjab Unionist Party.
3) In 1937, he signed the Jinnah-Sikander Pact agreeing to support the Muslim League, which boosted the League's strength and paved the way for the 1940 Lahore Resolution calling for independent Muslim states.
This document provides an overview of the history of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and their relationship. It discusses [1] how Britain previously tried to control Afghanistan but could not, using it as a buffer against Russia. [2] It outlines the borders established by Britain and how the Durand Line dividing Pashtun lands was not accepted by Afghanistan. [3] After the fall of the Soviet-backed government in Afghanistan, the country descended into civil war, while Pakistan supported the rise of the Taliban regime.
Benazir Bhutto promised greater press freedom when she became Prime Minister in 1988, but her government violated those promises and curtailed press freedom. Journalists faced threats, attacks on newspaper offices, and some were killed during her 1988-1991 term. Press freedom declined further during her second term from 1993-1996, which saw increased violence against journalists, including murders. Nawaz Sharif's governments from 1990-1993 and 1997 also imposed restrictions on the press through intimidation, corruption of journalists, and other coercive measures. Violence against the press remained high during military rule as well.
1) The document discusses Pakistan's first period of elected civilian rule from 1988-1999, referred to as the "Troika period", which alternated between governments led by Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif.
2) Under Nawaz Sharif's leadership from 1997-1999, Pakistan became the world's seventh nuclear power and the first Muslim country to acquire nuclear weapons.
3) However, tensions rose between Sharif and the military, culminating in a coup in 1999 led by Pervez Musharraf that ended the period of civilian democratic governance.
This document discusses the history and origins of Afghanistan and the Taliban. It notes that Arabs introduced Islam to Afghanistan in the 7th century. It then discusses the various dynasties that ruled Afghanistan and the wars with Persia. It notes that modern Afghanistan was established in 1774 when Afghans retook Kandahar from Persia. The document also discusses the emergence of the Taliban in 1994 during Afghanistan's civil war following the Soviet withdrawal and the group's rise to power in 1996 under Mullah Omar.
Operation Rah-e-Rast was a military operation conducted from May 16 to July 15, 2009 in Swat, Pakistan to defeat militant groups like Tehreek-e-Nifaz-e-Sharia-e-Mohammadi (TNSM) led by Maulana Fazlullah. Over 3 million civilians were displaced during the operation which included battles in Mingora that led to 286 militant casualties. Key militant commanders were captured or killed, though Fazlullah escaped. The operation restored government control and improved security, but challenges remained around rehabilitation, guerilla threats, and training local police.
The document provides information about two historical movements in Bangladesh - the 1952 Language Movement and the 1971 Liberation War. It summarizes the key events and outcomes of each movement. For the Language Movement, it describes the declaration of Urdu as the sole official language of Pakistan which sparked protests. It outlines the events of 1952 that led to deaths of student protesters and later recognition of Bengali language. For the Liberation War, it gives background of discrimination faced by East Pakistan, Operation Searchlight that began genocide, formation of Mukti Bahini forces, fighting back against Pakistan army and Rajakars, and eventual surrender of Pakistani forces on December 16, 1971.
1) Sir Sikander Hayat Khan was a prominent Muslim leader from Punjab who was educated in Aligarh.
2) In 1921, he was elected to the Punjab Legislative Council and became a leader of the Punjab Unionist Party.
3) In 1937, he signed the Jinnah-Sikander Pact agreeing to support the Muslim League, which boosted the League's strength and paved the way for the 1940 Lahore Resolution calling for independent Muslim states.
This document provides an overview of the history of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and their relationship. It discusses [1] how Britain previously tried to control Afghanistan but could not, using it as a buffer against Russia. [2] It outlines the borders established by Britain and how the Durand Line dividing Pashtun lands was not accepted by Afghanistan. [3] After the fall of the Soviet-backed government in Afghanistan, the country descended into civil war, while Pakistan supported the rise of the Taliban regime.
This document provides information about the politics of Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. It lists the four Governor-Generals of Pakistan during this period - Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin, Sir Ghulam Muhammad, and Iskander Mirza. It also lists the seven Prime Ministers of Pakistan during this time period and provides their names, dates in office, political parties, and durations of their tenures. The document appears to be part of a presentation about the political history of Pakistan's early years after independence.
Zia-ul-Haq's regime from 1977-1988 was the worst period for press freedom in Pakistan's history. The regime tightly controlled and censored media. Journalists who criticized the government faced imprisonment, flogging, and bans on their publications. Over 100 journalists participated in hunger strikes protesting the censorship in 1977-1978. Economically, Pakistan saw little growth under Zia, remaining one of the poorest developing nations. The regime also propagated an extremist Islamic ideology through state media, reviving censorship of radio, TV, and print. This period marked the beginning of women's activism against Zia's repressive laws.
The document summarizes the history and phases of the Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz (PMLN) political party. It describes the party's origins in the All India Muslim League before partition. It then outlines the party's three phases of achieving and holding power in the national government of Pakistan from 1990-1997, 1997-1999, and 2013-2017. However, on each occasion Nawaz Sharif's term as Prime Minister was cut short due to conflicts with other institutions like the President and military. Despite facing challenges, the PMLN under Nawaz Sharif accomplished significant infrastructure projects including the Metro bus network and supported the military's counterterrorism operation Zarb-e-Azb.
The document provides an overview of the history of Bangladesh in 3 parts:
1) It discusses the arrival of Muslims in Bengal in the 12th century and the rule of various dynasties until the 18th century.
2) It then covers the British rule over Bengal from the 18th century until partition in 1947.
3) The final part summarizes the creation of Pakistan and Bangladesh, the language movement, the war of independence in 1971 and political developments since.
The Soviet-Afghan War began in 1978 when the Soviet Union intervened to support the communist government in Afghanistan against anti-communist mujahideen rebels. The intervention sparked condemnation from Western nations and the US began supporting the mujahideen to resist the Soviets. The war led to over 1 million Afghan deaths and the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1989, marking the beginning of the end of the Soviet Union. For Afghanistan, it was the beginning of decades of continued conflict.
Group: AKS's Talent
Members: Karimjan, Ebad_ur_Rehman, Bilal, Muhammad Ali
The document discusses the rule of Nawaz Sharif in Pakistan between 1990-1993 and 1997-1999. It summarizes his key policies including privatization, criticisms of corruption at BCCI, loss of US aid after Pakistan's stance in the Gulf War. It also discusses the growth of crime, failures of cooperatives, and his dismissal in 1993 due to a power struggle with the president. His achievements including building motorways are also noted.
Nawaz Sharif served 3 terms as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1990-1993, 1997-1999, and 2013-2017. His first term focused on economic reforms but was cut short due to tensions with the president. In his second term, he carried out nuclear tests in 1998 in response to India but was ousted by a military coup in 1999. His third and longest term saw both successes like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor as well as failures to resolve political tensions that led to his disqualification and end of his political career in 2017.
The document summarizes the events of the 1947-48 Kashmir War between Pakistan and India over control of the princely state of Kashmir. It describes how initially in late 1947, Pakistani tribesmen and militias supported by Pakistani officials gained control of parts of Kashmir, including capturing Muzaffarabad. However, opportunities for further advances towards Srinagar were lost due to disagreements among Pakistani leaders and the tribesmen stopping to celebrate Eid, allowing India to airlift troops to Srinagar and stabilize the front. While Pakistan had initial geographical and other advantages, failures of leadership and coordination prevented them from capitalizing on opportunities to win control of all of Kashmir early in the conflict.
This document compares the leadership styles and policies of two former Pakistani leaders - General Zia-ul-Haq and General Pervez Musharraf. Zia-ul-Haq ruled from 1978 to 1988 after declaring martial law, while Musharraf was president from 2001 to 2008 after launching a coup. Both focused on Islamization but Zia emphasized it more, enacting strict sharia laws. Economically, GDP grew steadily under both leaders through foreign aid and development projects. However, Zia relied more on religion to prolong his rule, while Musharraf took a more secular approach and prioritized national interests over personal ambitions. Their rules were similar in being military dictatorships but differed in religious emphasis and how they balanced
General Musharraf carried out a brilliant strategic deception of the US after their occupation of Afghanistan. The US failed to understand key realities, including that Pakistan saw Afghanistan as strategic depth and its proxies like the Taliban controlled much of the Pashtun south. The US wasted years with unrealistic objectives and failed to address the core issues of Pakistan's role and its dispute with India over Kashmir. As a result, the US surge was futile and they suffered unnecessary casualties while the Taliban recovered in Pakistan. A compromise respecting Pakistani influence may have avoided US failure in Afghanistan.
Nawaz Sharif was born in 1949 in Lahore, Pakistan. He received his law degree from Punjab University. Sharif served as Finance Minister of Punjab province and later became the Chief Minister of Punjab in 1985. Sharif was elected Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1990 and 1997, but his governments were dismissed in 1993 and 1999 via judicial rulings and a military coup respectively. As Prime Minister, Sharif reformed the constitution to limit presidential powers and prevent lawmakers from changing parties.
power point document on general zia ul haq's policies, his early life, his governance, afghan miracle, zia as president and chief martial law administrator
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was a prominent Pakistani politician who served as the 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977 and as the 4th President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. He founded the Pakistan People's Party in 1967. Bhutto received an education in law from Oxford University and had a long political career serving in various ministerial roles before entering electoral politics and founding the PPP. As Prime Minister and President, he pursued socialist economic policies and strengthened Pakistan's foreign relations, but his rule also saw economic stagnation and a military crackdown in Balochistan that killed thousands. He was later overthrown in a military coup and executed in 1979.
This presentation is uploaded to give a scope to all Bangladeshi to know the history of our Liberation War . Hope you find it interesting. If you like it please share with others
This document provides a summary of the history of Pakistan. It describes how Pakistan gained independence from British rule in 1947 following the partition of British India. Muslim leaders like Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Allama Iqbal played key roles in establishing Pakistan as a separate homeland for Muslims in South Asia. The national anthem and independence day of Pakistan on August 14th are also discussed.
The document summarizes the political events in Pakistan surrounding Ali Bhutto and the imposition of martial law in 1977. It discusses how Bhutto tried to establish democracy and reduce the military's role after previous periods of military rule. However, opposition protests and violence following a disputed election led the military to intervene and detain Bhutto. The document also outlines the legal challenges to Bhutto's detention, with his wife Nusrat Bhutto filing a habeas corpus petition in the Supreme Court.
1) The document discusses the history of conflict and foreign intervention in Afghanistan over recent decades, including the Soviet invasion and withdrawal, civil war, and rise of the Taliban.
2) It notes that Pakistan has supported the Taliban and wants a Taliban-dominated government in Afghanistan, despite the Taliban only representing 42% of the population.
3) The document expresses concerns that the recent US withdrawal could lead to increased violence and conflict as the Taliban seeks to gain more control over the country.
The document summarizes the rise of the Taliban in Waziristan, Pakistan. After the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, al-Qaeda and Taliban elements fled to Waziristan, which provided a favorable environment for them due to its terrain, traditions, lack of government control, and local sympathies. As the Pakistani military attempted to expel these elements, it led local Taliban groups to organize in self-defense. Over time, several prominent Taliban groups emerged in Waziristan, culminating in the formation of the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan in 2007. These groups have established control over parts of Waziristan and imposed their version of Sharia law.
This document provides information about the politics of Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. It lists the four Governor-Generals of Pakistan during this period - Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin, Sir Ghulam Muhammad, and Iskander Mirza. It also lists the seven Prime Ministers of Pakistan during this time period and provides their names, dates in office, political parties, and durations of their tenures. The document appears to be part of a presentation about the political history of Pakistan's early years after independence.
Zia-ul-Haq's regime from 1977-1988 was the worst period for press freedom in Pakistan's history. The regime tightly controlled and censored media. Journalists who criticized the government faced imprisonment, flogging, and bans on their publications. Over 100 journalists participated in hunger strikes protesting the censorship in 1977-1978. Economically, Pakistan saw little growth under Zia, remaining one of the poorest developing nations. The regime also propagated an extremist Islamic ideology through state media, reviving censorship of radio, TV, and print. This period marked the beginning of women's activism against Zia's repressive laws.
The document summarizes the history and phases of the Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz (PMLN) political party. It describes the party's origins in the All India Muslim League before partition. It then outlines the party's three phases of achieving and holding power in the national government of Pakistan from 1990-1997, 1997-1999, and 2013-2017. However, on each occasion Nawaz Sharif's term as Prime Minister was cut short due to conflicts with other institutions like the President and military. Despite facing challenges, the PMLN under Nawaz Sharif accomplished significant infrastructure projects including the Metro bus network and supported the military's counterterrorism operation Zarb-e-Azb.
The document provides an overview of the history of Bangladesh in 3 parts:
1) It discusses the arrival of Muslims in Bengal in the 12th century and the rule of various dynasties until the 18th century.
2) It then covers the British rule over Bengal from the 18th century until partition in 1947.
3) The final part summarizes the creation of Pakistan and Bangladesh, the language movement, the war of independence in 1971 and political developments since.
The Soviet-Afghan War began in 1978 when the Soviet Union intervened to support the communist government in Afghanistan against anti-communist mujahideen rebels. The intervention sparked condemnation from Western nations and the US began supporting the mujahideen to resist the Soviets. The war led to over 1 million Afghan deaths and the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1989, marking the beginning of the end of the Soviet Union. For Afghanistan, it was the beginning of decades of continued conflict.
Group: AKS's Talent
Members: Karimjan, Ebad_ur_Rehman, Bilal, Muhammad Ali
The document discusses the rule of Nawaz Sharif in Pakistan between 1990-1993 and 1997-1999. It summarizes his key policies including privatization, criticisms of corruption at BCCI, loss of US aid after Pakistan's stance in the Gulf War. It also discusses the growth of crime, failures of cooperatives, and his dismissal in 1993 due to a power struggle with the president. His achievements including building motorways are also noted.
Nawaz Sharif served 3 terms as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1990-1993, 1997-1999, and 2013-2017. His first term focused on economic reforms but was cut short due to tensions with the president. In his second term, he carried out nuclear tests in 1998 in response to India but was ousted by a military coup in 1999. His third and longest term saw both successes like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor as well as failures to resolve political tensions that led to his disqualification and end of his political career in 2017.
The document summarizes the events of the 1947-48 Kashmir War between Pakistan and India over control of the princely state of Kashmir. It describes how initially in late 1947, Pakistani tribesmen and militias supported by Pakistani officials gained control of parts of Kashmir, including capturing Muzaffarabad. However, opportunities for further advances towards Srinagar were lost due to disagreements among Pakistani leaders and the tribesmen stopping to celebrate Eid, allowing India to airlift troops to Srinagar and stabilize the front. While Pakistan had initial geographical and other advantages, failures of leadership and coordination prevented them from capitalizing on opportunities to win control of all of Kashmir early in the conflict.
This document compares the leadership styles and policies of two former Pakistani leaders - General Zia-ul-Haq and General Pervez Musharraf. Zia-ul-Haq ruled from 1978 to 1988 after declaring martial law, while Musharraf was president from 2001 to 2008 after launching a coup. Both focused on Islamization but Zia emphasized it more, enacting strict sharia laws. Economically, GDP grew steadily under both leaders through foreign aid and development projects. However, Zia relied more on religion to prolong his rule, while Musharraf took a more secular approach and prioritized national interests over personal ambitions. Their rules were similar in being military dictatorships but differed in religious emphasis and how they balanced
General Musharraf carried out a brilliant strategic deception of the US after their occupation of Afghanistan. The US failed to understand key realities, including that Pakistan saw Afghanistan as strategic depth and its proxies like the Taliban controlled much of the Pashtun south. The US wasted years with unrealistic objectives and failed to address the core issues of Pakistan's role and its dispute with India over Kashmir. As a result, the US surge was futile and they suffered unnecessary casualties while the Taliban recovered in Pakistan. A compromise respecting Pakistani influence may have avoided US failure in Afghanistan.
Nawaz Sharif was born in 1949 in Lahore, Pakistan. He received his law degree from Punjab University. Sharif served as Finance Minister of Punjab province and later became the Chief Minister of Punjab in 1985. Sharif was elected Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1990 and 1997, but his governments were dismissed in 1993 and 1999 via judicial rulings and a military coup respectively. As Prime Minister, Sharif reformed the constitution to limit presidential powers and prevent lawmakers from changing parties.
power point document on general zia ul haq's policies, his early life, his governance, afghan miracle, zia as president and chief martial law administrator
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was a prominent Pakistani politician who served as the 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977 and as the 4th President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. He founded the Pakistan People's Party in 1967. Bhutto received an education in law from Oxford University and had a long political career serving in various ministerial roles before entering electoral politics and founding the PPP. As Prime Minister and President, he pursued socialist economic policies and strengthened Pakistan's foreign relations, but his rule also saw economic stagnation and a military crackdown in Balochistan that killed thousands. He was later overthrown in a military coup and executed in 1979.
This presentation is uploaded to give a scope to all Bangladeshi to know the history of our Liberation War . Hope you find it interesting. If you like it please share with others
This document provides a summary of the history of Pakistan. It describes how Pakistan gained independence from British rule in 1947 following the partition of British India. Muslim leaders like Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Allama Iqbal played key roles in establishing Pakistan as a separate homeland for Muslims in South Asia. The national anthem and independence day of Pakistan on August 14th are also discussed.
The document summarizes the political events in Pakistan surrounding Ali Bhutto and the imposition of martial law in 1977. It discusses how Bhutto tried to establish democracy and reduce the military's role after previous periods of military rule. However, opposition protests and violence following a disputed election led the military to intervene and detain Bhutto. The document also outlines the legal challenges to Bhutto's detention, with his wife Nusrat Bhutto filing a habeas corpus petition in the Supreme Court.
1) The document discusses the history of conflict and foreign intervention in Afghanistan over recent decades, including the Soviet invasion and withdrawal, civil war, and rise of the Taliban.
2) It notes that Pakistan has supported the Taliban and wants a Taliban-dominated government in Afghanistan, despite the Taliban only representing 42% of the population.
3) The document expresses concerns that the recent US withdrawal could lead to increased violence and conflict as the Taliban seeks to gain more control over the country.
The document summarizes the rise of the Taliban in Waziristan, Pakistan. After the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, al-Qaeda and Taliban elements fled to Waziristan, which provided a favorable environment for them due to its terrain, traditions, lack of government control, and local sympathies. As the Pakistani military attempted to expel these elements, it led local Taliban groups to organize in self-defense. Over time, several prominent Taliban groups emerged in Waziristan, culminating in the formation of the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan in 2007. These groups have established control over parts of Waziristan and imposed their version of Sharia law.
The document provides information on terrorism in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. It discusses the geography of FATA, major militant groups operating there like Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Lashkar-e-Islam and Jamaat-ul-Ahrar, military operations against these groups, and root causes of militancy such as weak governance and proximity to conflict in Afghanistan.
The document provides an overview of terrorism in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. It discusses the geography and demographics of FATA. It then outlines the major militant groups operating in the region, including the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and Lashkar-e-Islam (LeI). The document also summarizes several military operations conducted in FATA to counter militancy, such as Operation Zarb-e-Azb and Operation Rah-e-Rast.
Presentation on War on Terror in FATA, PakistanUroojilyas3
This presentation talks about the history of the war on terror in Federally Administrative Tribal Areas (FATA), Pakistan. This Presentation helps with how to apply Conflict Profiling and do conflict analysis.
This document discusses the history and origins of Afghanistan and the Taliban. It notes that Arabs introduced Islam to Afghanistan in the 7th century. It went through various dynastic rules and wars with Persia until the modern state of Afghanistan was established in 1774. The Taliban emerged in 1994 during Afghanistan's civil war following the Soviet withdrawal. Within two years, they gained control of most of the country under harsh Islamic rule. The US invaded Afghanistan in 2001 to eliminate al-Qaeda in response to 9/11 and remove the Taliban from power. However, the Taliban regained strength and the US withdrawal agreement in 2020 did not stop their attacks on Afghan forces and civilians.
This document summarizes Afghanistan's history of foreign occupation and resistance, as well as its complex relationships with regional actors like Pakistan, India, Iran, China, and Russia. It notes that Afghanistan has historically been a battleground for imperial powers and a target of militancy. More recently, regional countries have competed for influence in Afghanistan but now recognize the need for cooperation. The future stability of Afghanistan depends on finding a regional solution that incorporates the Taliban and addresses Pakistani security concerns regarding India.
This document provides an analysis of the strategic dynamics of Pakistan by Agha H Amin. Some key points:
- The author argues that religion was used as a political tool starting in the 19th century by Muslim aristocracy in northern India to safeguard their interests.
- The Muslim League was initially dominated by UP Muslims but later became jointly dominated by UP and Punjabi Muslims. Religious appeals were used in the 1946 election campaign.
- While Jinnah himself may have been secular, the campaign promoted a religious vision of Pakistan. However, US aid later caused Pakistan's elite to forget about Islam until 1965.
- The author asserts that Zia's 1977 coup established the military's dominance over politics
This document provides an overview of key political events and issues in Pakistan between 2007-2008. It discusses the Nazariya-e-Pakistan ideology, the FATA war against militants, the Baloch civil war, terrorist groups operating in Pakistan like the Taliban, MQM, and historical geopolitical influences. It also covers the Indian role in Afghanistan, the Mumbai terrorist attacks, and the major economic crisis facing Pakistan.
Struggle for Rights and Reforms in Pakistan Tribal Areas (Nov 2014 Report)fatanews
Link: http://bit.ly/fatareport | As Printed in the November 2014 Report: FATA Faces FATA Voices.
Shackled for more than one hundred years under an outdated British law, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan has been plagued by instability extending well beyond its colonial-era border with Afghanistan. Excluded from essential provisions of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the tribal areas are administered through a legal and administrative regulation known as the Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR), originally imposed in 1901. No act of the Parliament of Pakistan applies to FATA unless extended by special orders from the President of Pakistan. Furthermore and despite the continuous struggle of the people there, FATA enjoys no elected representation at local or provincial levels, and until 1996 tribal citizens had no universal voting rights in elections for the National Assembly of Pakistan.
This document outlines Hassan Habib's presentation on terrorism in Pakistan. It discusses the key terrorist group TTP (Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan), providing its history, leadership, connections to al-Qaeda and Afghan Taliban, motives, and how it has increased attacks. It also examines the Pakistani military operation Zarb-e-Azab against TTP, differing views on former president Musharraf's policies, and concludes that drone attacks and Pakistan's support of the US have contributed to the rise of terrorism in the country.
Success of Jinnah and Zia in Pakistan and failure of others.M Akram Niazi
1) The document analyzes why religious leaders like Jinnah and Zia had success in Pakistan while more recent non-religious leaders like Musharraf and Zardari have failed.
2) It attributes the success of Jinnah and Zia to their strong commitment to Islam and serving the interests of Muslims, which gained them trust and support among the people.
3) In contrast, leaders like Musharraf and Zardari are seen as lacking ideology and insincerity towards Islam and the people. Their policies are argued to have destabilized Pakistan and damaged its institutions and integrity.
This document provides an introduction and background to the author's account of the US Army in Afghanistan. The author has observed Afghanistan closely since 2004 as a consultant based in Kabul. Drawing from his experience in the Pakistani military and conversations with ISI officers, the author analyzes the geopolitical factors influencing the US presence in Afghanistan and Pakistan's view of its "strategic depth" in Afghanistan. The author argues that the real obstacle to US goals in Afghanistan has been the Pakistani establishment centered in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, not minor players attacked by drones or in the Afghan surge.
Political Reforms in FATA: Will it End Militancy? (Sayed Wiqar Shah 2012)fatanews
This document summarizes a working paper about political reforms in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. It discusses the history of FATA's governance under British colonial rule and its continuation after independence. It notes the high levels of militancy and presence of al-Qaeda and Taliban in FATA. Recent political reforms aim to introduce mainstream political activities, but their implementation faces issues. The document explores questions around how various stakeholders may react and whether the reforms can help end the current militancy in the region.
Pakistan and Afghanistan have a long and complex relationship. The Durand Line border was established in 1893 but disputed by Afghanistan. Relations were initially strained but improved after visits by leaders in the 1950s. The 1965 and 1971 India-Pakistan wars saw Afghanistan support or remain neutral towards Pakistan. The Soviet invasion of 1979 threatened Pakistan's security and it supported the US-backed mujahideen. After 9/11, Pakistan had to choose between supporting the US war on terror or facing retaliation, and opted to back the US-led operation in Afghanistan. Relations have continued with high-level visits and agreements but tensions remain due to militant activity and Indian influence in Afghanistan.
Similar to Pashton nationalism and taliban insurgency (15)
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Pashton nationalism and taliban insurgency
1. Course Contents
Abstract
Introduction
Pashtun ethnonatinaisam
After part ion
The Rise of Taliban
Pakistan Tehrike Taliban
Conclusion
References
2. Pashton ethno nationalism and Taliban insurgency
Abstract
The article examines the rise of Taliban and argue that it’s not product of
Pashton nationalismbut basically it’s product of a specific interpretation of Islam.
The role of Pakistan during soviet intervention in Afghanistan and after the
defeat of soviet Pakistan role in Afghanistan and its effects on Pakistan spicily
in pashtuns.
Introduction
This article examines insurgency in Khyber Pukhtonkhwa and Federal
administered tribal areas and the rise of Taliban ,the article argue that the
Taliban are not product of Pashtun ethno nationalism .The fact is that the
Taliban insurgency is not on base on linguistic or cultural . But it’s a product of
specific interpretation of Islam . The majority of Taliban ware Pashtuns but there
are many other groups also involve with them like punjabis, balochis etc. if we
trace root of Taliban we can find Afghani Taliban and simply it was product of
Pakistan but Pakistan did not handle it on proper way .The current insurgency in
KPK and FATA is because of USA and NATO presence in region.
The Taliban are Muslims but their way of Islam is different they have killed many
moderate Muslims who opposed their strict implementation of Islam .Their main
goal to impose their strict Islamic sharih not Pashton code of conduct its true
that there are majority of Taliban are Pashton but they did not demand for
Pashton their demand is always for Muslims .They want a free Afghanistan from
foreign intervention and want Islamic state.
If we looked past of this region it was ground of great power they played their
games in this region in which majority of population are pashtun suffer from
these games .Thus why pashtun involve in these games from time to time the
3. soviet intervention in 1979 mujahidin who fought against soviet from support of
other actors like US and suodia Arabia .
The seed of current Taliban ware from 1980 when US provide arms and
financial support while Pakistan trained militant they successful defeated soviet .
But after these groups can’t handle Afghanistan and as a result civil war started
in Afghanistan. Pakistan and US supported Taliban for a strategic partner .This
led victory of Taliban over mujahiden.Taliban rule was short because of their
strict rule of religious and politics and soon after 9/11 attacked the whole world
enter to new world order . As a result Pakistan become allay of US in war of
terror against Taliban it was a major u turn in Pakistan policy against Taliban .as
a result Khyber Pukhtunkhwa and its adjoing area federal administrative area
become the frontline of this global war.
Pashtun ethnonatinaisam
Pakistan is multi language and multi ethnic country. Pashtun the major ethnic
group in KP have a brought history of an active ethnonatinalist before the part
ion KHUDAYE KHITMATGAR Movement led by Ghaffar khan known as Bacha
khan from 1929 it was a social as well political movement against Briton. The
KKM played important rule in Briton raj their struggle was against Briton .Ghffar
khan was against part ion of India and struggle for independent india.He was
friend of Mahatma Gandhi and known as Gandhi of NWFP.
Ghaffar khan was active in verity of religious and political movements like khlifat
movement, Indian nationalcongress and struggle with congress leaders against
Briton. He did not support Muslim league because it was pro Briton party and it
was difficult for him to support them because Muslim leagues ware against KKM
in NWFP.
After partion
4. When the Pakistan came into being Pashtun felt it would be Punjabi dominance
state then KKM demand for Azad Pushtunsiton , in 1947 the khudaye khitmat
ghar boycotted from referendumbecause they want include pushtunistan option
in referendum. The NWFP officially became part of Pakistan through referendum
however after he accepted referendum and show loyalty to Pakistan but having
some demands. in 1928 KKM was banned by provincial government and
imprisoned Ghaffar khan .
In 1957 Ghaffar khan , Abdul hammed khan bashani (Bengali ladder) And G M
syed (sindhi nationalist ) formed NAP .Ghffar khan was against one unite
scheme he critsixe one unite . Many other leftist parties merge in NAP their
demands was more autonomy for provinces .Wali khan son of Ghaffar khan
enter politics in 1967.
In 1972 NAP formed coalition government with JUI in NWFP and Baluchistan
but Bhutto dissolved their governed .NAP started strikes against Bhutto . Bhutto
banned NAP for destabilizing country this time fall down of KKM was started .
People of NWFP involve in different religious and other parties and at last KKM
become ANP Awami National party.
The Rise of Taliban
Soviet invasion in Afghanistan change the scenario of this region specially FATA
and NWFP (KPK) . The pashtun areas in Pakistan ware base for mujahedeen
.They were trained by Pakistan by support of US and Saudi Arabia to defeat
soviet there were many other groups of mujahedeen also involve in these jihads
like Arabs .Uzbeks ,tajaks but majority of them ware pashtun.
When Mujahedeen successfully defeated soviet union there are many groups
play important rule in jihads now every group want their rule in Afghanistan
Pakistan support pro Pakistani mujahedeen for their interest in region as a
5. result civil war started in Afghanistan . Eventually mullah become powerful and
Malik’s lose powers .
In 1994 Taliban a new group rise in Afghanistan leading by Mullah umar with
support of Pakistan capture two-third of territory without any major resistance .
Their aim was to impose Islamic sharih in Afghanistan .Taliban government
ware recognized by Pakistan ,suadia Arabia and UAE.from 1995 to 2001
Pakistan support Afghani Taliban in international community . Pakistan support
Taliban because of two resones one that Taliban would recognize Durand line
the other was Taliban ware anti-India anti-shia . The whole scenario changed
after attacked on world trade centre in September 09 2001. .
The new world order ‘’War on terror’’ started by USA their main target was Al
Qaeda but Taliban not ready to give Osama and did not ready to broke up
relation with al Qaeda they started fighting against USA while Pakistan was the
front line ally of USA in this war .
Pakistan Tehrike Taliban
The emergence of Pakistan Taliban when Pakistan army started operation in
tribal area against foreigner many of them ware Afghani ,Arabs and central Asia
.it was demand of USA to started operation in tribal area because they thought
that Osama and other al Qaeda leader ware in these area.. Many of TTP
leaders ware fought against Soviet Union and now fighting against NATO and
USA. They did not ready to broke up their relation with those forghiner whose
ware now setup their from last 30 ,40 years .in 2007 about 13 groups of militant
established TTP leading by bitullah masood . Pakistan lunched many operation
against Taliban they success little bit but the process of peace agreements gave
time to Taliban established themselves effectively in tribal areas as well as other
areas of Pukhtunkhwa like in swat mullah fazal ullah challenge rat of
government but the operation Rah-e-haq was fought against Taliban but the
operation was soon ended by peace agreement which critsize by west and the
6. second operation was started in 2009 as know as Rah-e-Rast and secure the
whole areas. Time to time Taliban attacked on public places and govrement
officials. They kidnapped many innocent people and slaughter them in public
places and some areas they impose jazyea on non Muslims. FATA was now
perceived as a global threat, as many plans for terrorist attacks discovered in
Europe were traced back to training or contacts in the tribal region...
The Pakistan government tried to dialogue with all militant but did not
succeeded as a result Pakistan lunched operation zarb azab against various
militant groups including TTP in June 2014. The oprtion has support all over
Pakistan politicians as well as peoples of Pakistan.
Conclusion
The Taliban insurgency in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa badly destroy the Pashtuns
nationalist some people argue that it is because of pashtun ethnuntionalist but in
fact it stress realigues identity.pashtun ethnunationlist such as ANP condemned
TTP and do not support them.
The Pakistan state as responsible for that they started policy against soviet and
become a close ally of USA .they trained thousand of militant in province and
provide a place to all over the world extremist to come here and start fighting
against communism to stopped the communism many actors ware involve in this
game and USA was the champion of this game while Pakistan was the main
player of this game. Pashtun was the main community suffers from these all it
was a very critical time for pashtun now the province has become more
dangerous for the Pashtuns themselves.
Refrences
Abubakar Siddique.(2014). The Pashtun Question: The Unresolved Key
to the Future of Pakistan : c hurts & co : united kingdom .
7. Ahmed Rashid (2012). Pakistan on the Brink: The Future of America,
Pakistan, and Afghanistan .Penguin Publishing
Zahid hussain. (2007). Front line Pakistan . inby I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd
.London.
Rasul bakhsh,(2008). Recovering the frontier state :war, ethnicity and
state un Afghanistan .oxford university press.
Pashtuns suffer as messy war rages nearby . 2011. Matthew Green in
Jalozai Camp.
Nasreen Ghufran .(2009) Pushtun Ethnonationalismand the Taliban
Insurgency in the North West Frontier Provinceof Pakistan.
University of California .