The document defines an antenna as a metallic device for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves between free space and a transmission line. It discusses basic antenna parameters such as radiation resistance, input impedance, polarization, radiation pattern, gain, beamwidth, bandwidth, and efficiency. It also describes common RF connectors and their specifications. Finally, it outlines a test setup using a vector network analyzer to measure antennas and provides formulas for evaluating antennas.
Tech Vidhya is the premier IT and Telecom training institute of India that is running its quality training courses since last decade and we deliver what we promise. Tech Vidhya is the leading training institute in telecom and IT sector that offers various Telecom, telecommunication, Networking and IT/Software courses in an efficient and friendly manner. We are having the highly qualified and experienced trainers for all the courses. The trainers are updated with the latest technologies and they are working on various live projects on India’s top telecom/IT companies.
Tech Vidhya is the premier IT and Telecom training institute of India that is running its quality training courses since last decade and we deliver what we promise. Tech Vidhya is the leading training institute in telecom and IT sector that offers various Telecom, telecommunication, Networking and IT/Software courses in an efficient and friendly manner. We are having the highly qualified and experienced trainers for all the courses. The trainers are updated with the latest technologies and they are working on various live projects on India’s top telecom/IT companies.
The AM Receiver and Audio Amplification ProjectAndrew Robson
A Year 1 Media Technology report looking at AM Transmission and Audio amplification.
This written report was submitted as well as an online version which can be found at https://sites.google.com/site/radio2radioproject/home
January 2010
The presentation focuses on the components/concepts that build up any basic radio receiver. The presentation focuses on the concepts and characteristics of Receiving Antenna, LC or oscillatory circuits, rectifiers and Audio Amplifiers.
An antenna is a specialized transducer that converts radio-frequency (RF) fields into alternating current (AC) or vice-versa. ... At frequencies below 3 GHz, many different types of antennas are used. The simplest is a length of wire, connected at one end to a transmitter or receiver
The AM Receiver and Audio Amplification ProjectAndrew Robson
A Year 1 Media Technology report looking at AM Transmission and Audio amplification.
This written report was submitted as well as an online version which can be found at https://sites.google.com/site/radio2radioproject/home
January 2010
The presentation focuses on the components/concepts that build up any basic radio receiver. The presentation focuses on the concepts and characteristics of Receiving Antenna, LC or oscillatory circuits, rectifiers and Audio Amplifiers.
An antenna is a specialized transducer that converts radio-frequency (RF) fields into alternating current (AC) or vice-versa. ... At frequencies below 3 GHz, many different types of antennas are used. The simplest is a length of wire, connected at one end to a transmitter or receiver
Working Processes Of Radar
History – Before Radar
Principle Of Operation
Radio Detection And Ranging
Radar Functions
Radar Bands And Usage
Terminology Of Radar Systems
Radar Range Equation
Types Of Radar
Pulse RADAR
Duplexer Using Pin Switches
Doppler Effect
Principle Of Continuous Wave Radar
Principles Of MTI RADAR
Different Types Of RADAR & It’s Applications
ALL INDIA RADIO LATEST 2017 BY ABHISHEK BAGVAAbhishek Bagva
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It was our first real life based designing experience on this platform. From the mentioned designed we tried to develop a prototype of Dipole antenna of 600 Mhz for practical uses. For the further development we’ve a got plan to use a simulation software like CST microwave studio or ADS to simulate our developed design in the long term . We had to work very hard to complete this design in time! But in the end, the challenge and learning experience were well worth it.
Fundamental of Radio Frequency communications.pptginanjaradi2
Fundamentals of Radio Frequency (RF) communications encompass the principles and techniques used to transmit and receive information wirelessly using electromagnetic waves within the radio frequency spectrum. Here's a breakdown of the key components:
1. **Electromagnetic Spectrum**: RF communications utilize a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. This spectrum ranges from low frequencies used for power transmission to high frequencies used in technologies like microwaves and beyond. RF typically occupies the frequency range from about 3 kHz to 300 GHz.
2. **Modulation**: Modulation is the process of impressing information onto a radio wave by varying one or more of its properties such as amplitude, frequency, or phase. Common modulation techniques include Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), and Phase Modulation (PM).
3. **Transmitters**: Transmitters generate radio frequency signals carrying the information to be transmitted. They typically consist of an oscillator to produce the carrier frequency, modulation circuitry to impress the information onto the carrier, and amplifiers to boost the signal for transmission.
4. **Receivers**: Receivers capture radio frequency signals, extract the desired information, and convert it into a usable form. Receivers include components such as antennas to capture the incoming signal, amplifiers to boost weak signals, demodulators to extract the information from the carrier, and filters to remove unwanted noise and interference.
5. **Antennas**: Antennas are crucial components for both transmitting and receiving RF signals. They convert electrical signals into electromagnetic waves for transmission and vice versa for reception. Antennas come in various designs optimized for different applications, such as dipole antennas, patch antennas, and parabolic antennas.
6. **Propagation**: RF signals propagate through the atmosphere, and their behavior is influenced by factors such as frequency, distance, terrain, and environmental conditions. Understanding propagation characteristics is essential for designing efficient communication systems.
7. **Propagation Models**: Propagation models describe how RF signals propagate in different environments. These models help engineers predict signal strength, coverage areas, and potential sources of interference. Common models include free-space path loss, multipath fading, and terrain-based models.
8. **Spectrum Management**: Since the radio frequency spectrum is a finite and shared resource, its allocation and usage are regulated by government agencies such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States. Spectrum management involves allocating frequency bands to different users, enforcing regulations to prevent interference, and promoting efficient spectrum utilization.
9. **Applications**: RF communications find applications in various fields, including broadcasting, telecommunications, wireless networking.
2. DEFINITION
A metallic apparatus for sending and receiving
electromagnetic waves.
Usually it is a metallic device (rod or wire) for radiating or
receiving radio waves.
An antenna is a transitional structure between free-space
and a guiding structure.
4. BASIC ANTENNA PARAMETERS
Radiation Resistance RA: The equivalent resistance which
would dissipate the same amount of power as the antenna
radiates.
Input impedance ZA : The ratio of the voltage to the current
at the antenna terminals.
Polarization: The direction of the E-field.
5. BASIC ANTENNA PARAMETERS
Radiation pattern: The relative distribution of radiated power
as a function of direction in space – an (hypothetical) isotropic
antenna radiates equally in all directions.
Gain G : The ratio of the radiated power in the maximum
direction to the radiated power of an isotropic antenna. The
gain of an antenna represents the ability to focus its beam in a
particular direction – an isotropic antenna has a gain of 0 dB.
6. BASIC ANTENNA PARAMETERS
Beam width: The angle between the two directions in which
the radiated power is half of the maximum value of the beam.
Bandwidth: Half-power frequency band.
Antenna efficiency: e = Prad / Pin
Effective aperture: It describes the effectiveness of an antenna
in the receiving mode. It is defined as the ratio of the power
delivered to the load to the incident power density.
7. RF CONNECTORS
TYPES OF CONNECTOR
1) STANDERD TYPES:
N Connector [Neill]
Designed : 1940
Designer : Paul Neill
Pass Band : 0-18 GHz
BNC Connector [Bayonet Neill Concelman]
Designed : 1951
Designer : Paul Neill,
Pass Band : 0-3 GHz
8. RF CONNECTORS
1) STANDERD TYPES:
7/16 DIN Connector:
Designed :
Designer : Spinner
Pass Band : 0-18 GHz
C Connector [Carl Concelman]
Designed :
Designer : Carl Concelman]
Pass Band : 0-11 GHz
9. RF CONNECTORS
1) STANDERD TYPES:
F Connector :
Designed : 1950
Designer : Eric E. Winston
Pass Band : 0-1 GHz
GR Connector:
Designed : 1960
Designer : General Radio Corporation
Pass Band :
10. RF CONNECTORS
1) STANDERD TYPES:
TNC Connector [Threaded Neil Concelman]
Designed : 1950
Designer : Paul Neill & Concelman
Pass Band : 0-11 GHz
UHF Connector:
Designed : 1930
Designer :E.Clark Quackenbush
Pass Band : 0-300 MHz
12. RF CONNECTORS
2) MINIATURE TYPES:
UFL Connector :
Designed : 1990
Designer :
Pass Band : 0-6 GHz
IPX Connector:
Designed : 1990
Designer :
Pass Band : 0-6 GHz
13. RF CONNECTORS
2) MINIATURE TYPES:
SMA Connector[Sub Miniature Version A]
Designed : 1960
Designer :
Pass Band : 0-26 GHz
SMB Connector[Sub Miniature Version B]
Designed : 1960
Designer :
Pass Band : 0-4 GHz
14. TEST SETUP FOR ANTENNA MEASUREMENT
VNA
TX’r RX’r
PORT 1 PORT 2
D
D= Distance Between Antenna In KM
TX’r= Transmitting Antenna
RX’r= Receiving Antenna
VNA= Vector Network Analyzer
15. FORMULAS REQUIRED FOR ANTENNA EVALUATION
Free Space Loss(FSL)=92.5+20 log(Freq in GHz)+20 log(D in KM)
Total Loss(TL)= FSL + Measured Cable Loss
Gain(G)= (TL - RSL)/2 If both TX’r and RX’r are same.
Gain(G)= TL-RSL-Gr
Front to Back Ratio(FBR)=RSL@0° - RSL@180°
RSL= Received Signal Level
Gr= Gain of Reference antenna
16. Parabolic Dish Antenna : A parabolic antenna is an antenna that
uses a parabolic reflector, a surface with the cross-sectional
shape of a parabola, to direct the radio waves.
Sector Antenna : A sector antenna is a type of directional
microwave antenna with a sector-shaped radiation pattern.
Omni Antenna : An Omni directional antenna is an antenna
which radiates power uniformly in all directions in one plane,
with the radiated power decreasing with elevation angle above
or below the plane, dropping to zero on the antenna's axis.
17. Patch Panel Antenna : A patch antenna is a type of radio
antenna with a low profile, which can be mounted on a flat
surface.
Yagi Antenna : A Yagi-Uda array, commonly known simply as a
Yagi antenna, is a directional antenna consisting of a driven
element and additional parasitic element.
Grid Antenna : A Grid antenna is a directional antenna similar
to parabolic dish antenna with narrow beam width.
18. Parabolic Dish Antenna:
Microwave Relay links that carry Telephone and Television
Signals
Wireless WAN/LAN links for data communication
Satellite and Spacecraft communication antenna
Sector Antenna:
Antennas for cell phone base station sites
Used for limited range distance of around 4 to 5 Km.
WiFi Application
19. Patch Panel Antenna :
WiFi/WiMAX
LAN
Omni Antenna:
Radio broadcasting
Mobile Devices that use radio such as Cell Phones, FM
Radios, Cordless Phones… etc
Grid Antenna :
WiFi/ WiMAX
LAN
Video and Audio Transmission
21. Wireless systems becoming an important infrastructure in our
society.
A virtual global system is a good solution that can efficiently
connect many dedicated wireless systems including 2G to 4G
cellular systems, wireless LAN, broadcasting systems, etc.