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The document discusses leveraging social networks to enhance organizational performance by understanding and managing both formal and informal networks. It emphasizes the importance of trust, reciprocity, and network structure in influencing knowledge exchange, power dynamics, and individual career progression. Additionally, it highlights strategies for analyzing and improving connectivity within organizations to foster innovation and collaboration.
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- 1. Leveraging Social Networksfor Improved Performance Dr. Robin Teigland, aka Karinda Rhode in SL Stockholm School of Economics www.knowledgenetworking.org www.slideshare.net/eteigland RobinTeigland December 2010 www.hhs.se
- 2. Today’s discussion Background Understanding organizational networks “ Managing” organizational networks Leveraging social media and virtual worlds
- 3. Everyone is talkingabout networks National Innovation Networks Formal Networks Entrepreneurial Networks Facebook. LinkedIn, Twitter Regional Networks Infrastructure Networks Social Networks FAS.research Electronic Networks Informal Networks Networks of Practice Networked organization
- 4. Did You Know:Shift Happens http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cL9Wu2kWwSY&feature=search What trends do you recognize? How are these trends affecting you and your organization?
- 5. Human capacity cannotkeep up… Growth Time Information and knowledge Human absorptive capacity Adapted from Cohen & Levinthal 1989
- 6. ” No oneknows everything, everyone knows something, all knowledge resides in humanity.” networks Adapted from Lévy 1997 Six degrees of separation - Milgram, 1967
- 7. What is anetwork? A set of actors connected by ties Ties/Links Knowledge, trust, team, sit by, dislike, etc. Alliance, customer, investment, etc. Tie Actors/Nodes Individuals Teams, organizations, etc. Actor
- 8. Swedish hip hopartists – mid 2000 Liljeros 2006 ?? Timbuktu
- 9. Social network analysishas a long history and is based on matrix algebra http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network
- 10. Today’s discussion Background Understanding organizational networks “ Managing” organizational networks Leveraging social media and virtual worlds
- 11. Uncovering networks inan organization Teigland et al. 2005 Formal organization Informal organization
- 12. Central connectors withinone location Bottleneck Teigland 1998 Surprise!! Stockholm
- 13. Individuals within afirm Mattsson 2004 < 1 yr 1-5 yrs 5-10 yrs 10-15 yrs > 15 yrs Time at firm
- 14. ” Birds ofa feather flock together” “ Lika barn leka bäst” People find similar people attractive and develop relations with people like themselves Our networks tend to be homogeneous and not heterogeneous Marsden 1987, Burt 1990
- 15. Boundary spanners betweenlocations Stockholm London Brussels Helsinki Madrid Copenhagen Transferred from Stockholm Teigland 1998 San Francisco
- 16. Proximal collaboration Whenpeople are more than 50 feet apart, the likelihood of them collaborating more than once a week is less than 10%. - Allen 1984
- 17. Organizational communication stilloccurs within formal silos US-based MNC with 30 product divisions 30,328 people for 3 months in 2006 > 114 mln emails and meetings Where does communication occur? Vast majority is within business unit and functional boundaries, not across them Who are the boundary spanners? Women Mid- to high-level executives Sales & marketing executives Kleinbaum et al 2008
- 18. Trust & reciprocityare essential for knowledge exchange in networks
- 19. Peripheral players betweenorganizations San Francisco Stockholm London Brussels Helsinki Madrid Copenhagen Teigland 1998 Other firms Electronic communities
- 20. Dual loyalties LoyaltyLoyalty Organization Professional network Teigland 2003
- 21. Managing information overloadWhelan & Teigland 2010
- 22. What is therelationship between networks and power? Power: Access to and control over resources
- 23. How does informalpower arise? Krebs 2004 Jack gains informal power, weakening the boss Lisa’s formal power… Jill Jack Bob Lars Anna Sue Lisa Mira Sam Fred
- 24. How does informalpower arise? … and now Jack’s informal power is greater than the boss Lisa’s formal power Krebs 2004 Jill Jack Bob Lars Anna Sue Lisa Mira Sam Fred
- 25. Your network positionis related to power Betweenness Control over what flows in the network How often are you on the shortest path between 2 individuals? Closeness Access to what flows in the network How quickly can you reach all others in the network? Krebs 2004 Jill Jack Bob Lars Anna Sue Lisa Mira Sam Fred
- 26. What is therelationship between networks and performance?
- 27. Two individuals withthe same number of contacts… B A
- 28. … but withvery different access to resources B A
- 29. Bridging unconnected groupsbrings advantages More rapid promotions Greater career mobility Higher salaries More adaptable to changing environments Brass, Burt, Podolny & Baron, Sparrowe et al, Gargiulo & Benassi
- 30. Performance differs basedon one’s network Firm A Low on-time High Creative High on-time Low creative Teigland 2003 High creative Virtual community Firm B
- 31. When you hiresomeone,… … ..you “hire” his or her network.
- 32. Network structure affectsperformance Division 1 Division 2 Improved efficiency over time Stagnant performance over time Schenkel & Teigland 2008 Two divisions within Sundlink (Öresund Bridge)
- 33. Comparing performance acrossfirms Teigland et al 2000
- 34. Hewlett-Packard Networking activities recognized and rewarded at individual and unit levels Management support for informal and formal networking activities across internal and external boundaries Best practice task group Personal initiatives Extensive socialization : personnel rotation, cross-office teams, “open” office layout A visionary organization Clearly defined mission: ”To make technical contributions for the advancement and welfare of humanity” Supporting core values, e.g., teamwork, helpfulness Company-wide goal of World’s Best Laboratory Teigland et al 2000
- 35. Other network outcomes?Individual level Improved effectiveness Improved job opportunities Higher salaries Faster promotions Increased influence & power Improved health Organizational level Organizational learning Improved innovation Increased sales Decreased employee turnover Painting by Idahlia Stanley
- 36. Avoid creating insularnetworks http://www.enronexplorer.com/focus/19185#
- 37. Today’s discussion Background Understanding organizational networks “ Managing” organizational networks Leveraging social media and virtual worlds
- 38. So, what doesthis mean for you? An actor’s position in a social network, i.e., social capital, determines in part the actor’s opportunities and constraints Casper & Murray 2002 German biotech scientists
- 39. Develop three formsof networking Ibarra & Hunter, HBR Jan 2007 Operational Personal Strategic Purpose Getting work done efficiently Enhancing personal and professional development Developing and achieving future priorities Members Mostly internal contacts and focused on current demands Mostly external contacts and focused on current and future interests Both internal and external contacts and focused on future Network attributes Depth through building strong working relationships Breadth through reaching out to contacts who can refer you to others Leverage through creating inside-outside links
- 40. Build relationships withpeople at all hierarchical levels Look for complementary skills while maintaining a balance! Cross, Parise, & Weiss 2006 Higher: Help with making decisions, acquiring resources, developing political awareness, explaining organizational activities beyond local setting Equal: Help brainstorm and provide specific help, support, and needed information Lower: Provide best sources of technical information and expertise
- 41. Build relationships beforeyou need them Strong ties Weak ties Outside organization Inside organization
- 42. Myths about networksI already know what is going on in my network We can’t do much to help informal networks To build networks, you have to communicate more Adapted from Cross et al. 2002
- 43. Myths and realitychecks I already know what is going on in my network Those who think they know their network the best are usually the ones who know the least We can’t do much to help informal networks Informal networks can be “managed” through changing the organizational context To build networks, you have to communicate more Networks can be strategically developed Adapted from Cross et al. 2002
- 44. What do younotice about the informal network? Cross, Introduction to organizational network analysis
- 45. More social get-togethersand coffee breaks are not the solution
- 46. “ Managing” networksin your organization Before After Anklam & Welch 2005 1. Uncover networks 2. Analyze networks 3. Improve connectedness
- 47. Conduct your ownONA Uncover strategically important networks Collaboration generally poor across functional, physical, hierarchical, and organizational lines Meaningful, actionable relationships, e.g., information flow, knowledge sharing, trust, decision-making Collect and analyze data E.g., email, survey, interview, observation Visually map data Improve connectedness Create meaningful feedback sessions Cross, Introduction to organizational network analysis
- 48. Some questions toask Communication : How often do you talk with the following people regarding (topic x)? Information : Who do you typically seek work-related information from? Problem-solving : Who do you typically turn to for help in thinking through a new or challenging problem? Know : How well do you understand this person’s knowledge and skills? Access : Who is generally accessible to you within a sufficient amount of time to help solve a problem? Cross et al 2002
- 49. Analyze and visualizedata http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_analysis_software18
- 50. Knowledge sharing acrossclient teams
- 51. Knowledge sharing acrossclient teams
- 52. Network of toptwo leadership layers Cross, Introduction to organizational network analysis
- 53. Multinational best practicesteam Cross, Introduction to organizational network analysis
- 54. Conduct your ownONA Uncover strategically important networks Collaboration generally poor across functional, physical, hierarchical, and organizational lines Meaningful, actionable relationships, e.g., information flow, knowledge sharing, trust, decision-making Collect and analyze data E.g., email, survey, interview, observation Visually map data Improve connectedness Create meaningful feedback sessions Cross, Introduction to organizational network analysis
- 55. IBM’s Atlas showsthe social network of a topic and how to get to someone Poole 2008
- 56. Create forums: Improvinginternal operations and increasing loyalty at Intuit http://billives.typepad.com/portals_and_km/2009/10/intuit-brainstorm-offers-innovation-management.html
- 57. Today’s discussion Background Understanding organizational networks “ Managing” organizational networks Leveraging social media and virtual worlds
- 58. "...when the rateof change outside an organization is greater than the change inside, the end is near...." Jack Welch…
- 59. ” No oneknows everything, everyone knows something, all knowledge resides in humanity.” networks Adapted from Lévy 1997 Six degrees of separation - Milgram, 1967
- 60. The wisdom ofthe crowd Closed Expensive Complex Accurate Open Inexpensive Simple Close enough Hinton 2007 Accurate
- 61. History tends torepeat itself…. Innovation, financial crisis, industrial revolution, … Steam engine Internal combustion engine Microelectronics Late 18 th C Late 19 th C Late 20 th C Schön 2008 Third industrial revolution?
- 62. Industrial Economy AssumptionsWork and private life are separate Work should be serious Roles and responsibilities are appointed Learning occurs behind the desk Value is created by firm’s employees Firms are primary source of value creation Competition is a zero-sum game Etc….. Breaking free from “industrial chains”?
- 63. A new workforceis appearing… Prensky 2001, Beck and Wade 2004, Mahaley 2008 “ Digital Immigrants” “ Digital Natives” Company loyalty Work ≠ Personal Learning=Behind the desk Professional loyalty Work = Personal Learning=Fun and games
- 64. Building skills invirtual environments My CV Leading a virtual team of 30 individuals from across the globe Creating and successfully executing strategies under pressure Managing cross-cultural conflict without face-to-face communication Teigland 2010
- 65. “ u ralways on….” Adapted from FredCavazza.net
- 66. Management cannotmandate social relationships My company has blocked my computer from accessing most of the social media sites. But I feel so cut off from my network. So, now I just connect through my phone.
- 67. Empower and trustemployees Policies written by IBM employees based on IBM’s Business Conduct Guidelines Apply internally and externally Available on ibm.com “ blogging guidelines” Adapted from Poole 2008
- 68. Transparency: There isnowhere to hide… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8XxcOj3Seo Fortune, Rey 2008
- 69.
- 70. Where are thesources of sustainable competitive advantage? Kaye 1993 #1 Innovation Networks of relationships Brand & Reputation FIRM
- 71. Where are thesources of sustainable competitive advantage? #1 Innovation Networks of relationships Brand & Reputation FIRM Teigland 2010
- 72. Access to aglobal workforce 24x7 Average wage approx. USD 1.40 / hour http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~drand/
- 73. Finding solutions and solving unsolved problems A shift from being problem solvers to solution finders
- 74. Social media canbe used for so much more Finding and connecting with experts Building communities Sharing information & knowledge Developing new ideas, products, and services Learning informally Attracting and retaining talent Adapted from FredCavazza.net
- 75. Creating value throughexternal conversations
- 76. Use social mediato strengthen internal and external relationships #1 Applications Lifecycle Management (ALM) & business mashup 96 of Fortune 100 as customers 800 employees in 18 countries across globe Facebook Fridays: One hour every Friday on Facebook to find fun and connect with co-workers, customers, family, and friends Average employee age: 46 29 year old Silicon Valley company >90% of employees on FB
- 77. Using twitter asa leadership tool http://twitter.com/#!/zappos
- 78. Work with studentsto develop new solutions http://www.thetransitwire.com/2010/04/02/lighten-up-using-social-media-make-to-transit-fun/
- 79. Exploitation Improving existing value creation activities Exploration Developing new value creation activities Adapted from March 1991
- 80. What came first– the community or the company? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VKRbmnqXR4
- 81. eZ 230+ Partners37,000+ Community members 5,000+ Customers in 130 countries Open source content management software Customers include Financial Times, Wall Street Journal, UN, Vogue, Hitachi, 3M, MIT 70 employees in 9 countries (US, Europe & Asia) Skien, Norway
- 82. eZ Philosophy Connectingpeople who share a passion for something they do so that they can collaborate, share ideas, learn, and create knowledge
- 83. The backbone ofeZ Systems is social media - throughout the value chain
- 84. Innovation in theeZ ecosystem
- 85. Some things donot change…. Interaction Relationships Relationships Trust Trust Exchange Exchange Innovation Innovation Awareness
- 86. http://slideshare.net/missrogue "E-connection isprocessed in the brain like an in-person connection."
- 87. Here comes theImmersive Internet O’Driscoll 2009
- 88. Facilitating the virtualworkforce through virtual worlds Completely private virtual business worlds offering tools to conduct business and collaborate Fortune 500: IBM, Intel, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Motorola, Sun Microsystems, Unilever Welch et al 2010
- 89. Tomorrow’s education &training? Learning virtual teaming skills through experience http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8XPmp0qGyg
- 90. Innovation workshops bringtogether users from across the globe Teigland et al. 2010 Integrating the users in the development process
- 91. Exploring VW affordancesNonaka & Toyama 2003, Teigland et al 2010 Simulation Avatar design Multi-modal communication Co-creation Archiving Immersion
- 92. “ Clearly ifsocial activity migrates to synthetic worlds, economic activity will go there as well.” Castranova, 2006 http://www.flickr.com/photos/rodenberger/5085364909/in/pool-popartlab/#/photos/rodenberger/5085364909/in/pool-1240578@N23/ US $ 3 bln in virtual good sales in 2009 to grow to US $ 12 bln in 2012 US $222,000 raised at American Cancer Society Relay in Second Life Swedish government granted b ank license to Mind Bank in 2009
- 93. USD 635,000 foran asteroid! http://blogs.forbes.com/oliverchiang/2010/11/13/meet-the-man-who-just-made-a-cool-half-million-from-the-sale-of-virtual-property/ USD 500,000 profit in 5 years -Jon “Neverdie” Jacobs
- 94. The rise ofAvapreneurs (avatar+entrepreneur)? Global markets Micropayments Microemployees Teigland 2010
- 95. Which professions andindustries will not be revolutionized?
- 96. From the mobilityof goods to the mobility of financial capital to … ...the “mobility” of labor? Teigland 2010
- 97. DN Aug 20,1996
- 98. What should youthink about? How to leverage the power of networks to create value inside and outside the boundaries of the firm? How to let go of control and open up your organization? How can you have fun?
- 99. Interested in learningmore about Virtual Worlds?
- 100. Karinda Rhode akaRobin Teigland [email_address] www.knowledgenetworking.org www.slideshare.net/eteigland www.nordicworlds.net RobinTeigland Photo: Lindholm, Metro Photo: Nordenskiöld Photo: Lindqvist If you love knowledge, set it free…
Editor's Notes
- #4 Networks find everywhere… From Fas.research at www.fas.at Where do we find networks? physics, chemistry, biology : network laws of physics, animal food chains, metabolic networks of cells, neural networks of brain… technology, information technology : phone networks, information networks, railway networks… communication, sociology : communication networks, social networks, relationship networks… mathematics : network theory, graph theory… management, economics : networked enterprise, network strategy, supplier network… It’s a small (but complex) world… Better understanding of networks helps us in the modern world, as more complex phenomena demand faster reactivity (and preferably proactivity) every day Networks are everywhere – organizations are networks as well Every one of us is a part of a global network that connects all people
- #6 RT: One of the major results of the internet is that the growth of information and knowledge now exceeds human capacity to absorb this..and while research shows that the part of our brain that deals with processing signals from the environment has indeed grown and is now larger in the younger generation, we are still unable to keep up. So how do we handle this? (Next slide) Cohen, WM och Levinthal, D A, Absorptive Capacity: A new Perspective on Learning and Innovation, Working paper, Carnegie Mellon University and University of Pennsylvania, October 1989
- #7 RT: Here is a quotation from Pierre Levy, a researcher who studies collective intelligence, or …. He says, ”No one knows……”, but I have adapted this to be that “all knowledge resides in networks”. What good is knowledge if you cannot access it? Knowledge is created and transferred through networks. How many of you have heard of six degrees of separation? (raise hands)…this means that we are collected to all other human beings on the face of the planet through six links, where a link is from me to person x in audience. Thus, each of us actually has access to all knowledge and resources that exist. (Next slide) mobile phone, internet, here could have farmer in Asia, President Obama, Zlatan, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbX_I2fuqJk&feature=PlayList&p=079F3CFE9701D083&index=0 Pierre Lévy, Collective Intelligence: Mankind's Emerging World in Cyberspace , 1997 My example of how this presentation was made. Asked a question on Socnet and received many good answers with people’s presentations and links to interesting sources
- #8 Refer to social networks here One of first Jacob Levy Moreno in the 1930s in attempt to quantify social relationships. Based on matrix algebra. Advanced statistics… Nodes can be people, departments, or organizations Networks consist of links that form a structure Links between nodes have different purposes , e.g., task or general advice, expertise, strategic information, navigating the organization (procedures, know-who, etc.) Links can be one or two directional Links can be both formal and informal Links can have different strengths
- #9 Source: Fredrik Liljeros, 2006 A tie is defiend as participated on the same record. The data was collected by some undergraduates for course paper during their first semester.
- #10 A summary of the progress of social networks and social network analysis has been written by Linton Freeman. [7] Precursors of social networks in the late 1800s include Émile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tönnies . Tönnies argued that social groups can exist as personal and direct social ties that either link individuals who share values and belief ( gemeinschaft ) or impersonal, formal, and instrumental social links ( gesellschaft ). Durkheim gave a non-individualistic explanation of social facts arguing that social phenomena arise when interacting individuals constitute a reality that can no longer be accounted for in terms of the properties of individual actors. He distinguished between a traditional society – &quot;mechanical solidarity&quot; – which prevails if individual differences are minimized, and the modern society – &quot;organic solidarity&quot; – that develops out of cooperation between differentiated individuals with independent roles. Georg Simmel , writing at the turn of the twentieth century, was the first scholar to think directly in social network terms. His essays pointed to the nature of network size on interaction and to the likelihood of interaction in ramified, loosely-knit networks rather than groups (Simmel, 1908/1971). After a hiatus in the first decades of the twentieth century, three main traditions in social networks appeared. In the 1930s, J.L. Moreno pioneered the systematic recording and analysis of social interaction in small groups, especially classrooms and work groups ( sociometry ), while a Harvard group led by W. Lloyd Warner and Elton Mayo explored interpersonal relations at work. In 1940, A.R. Radcliffe-Brown 's presidential address to British anthropologists urged the systematic study of networks. [8] However, it took about 15 years before this call was followed-up systematically. Social network analysis developed with the kinship studies of Elizabeth Bott in England in the 1950s and the 1950s–1960s urbanization studies of the University of Manchester group of anthropologists (centered around Max Gluckman and later J. Clyde Mitchell ) investigating community networks in southern Africa, India and the United Kingdom. Concomitantly, British anthropologist S.F. Nadel codified a theory of social structure that was influential in later network analysis. [9] In the 1960s-1970s, a growing number of scholars worked to combine the different tracks and traditions. One group was centered around Harrison White and his students at the Harvard University Department of Social Relations : Ivan Chase, Bonnie Erickson, Harriet Friedmann, Mark Granovetter , Nancy Howell, Joel Levine, Nicholas Mullins, John Padgett, Michael Schwartz and Barry Wellman . Also independently active in the Harvard Social Relations department at the time were Charles Tilly, who focused on networks in political and community sociology and social movements, and Stanley Milgram, who developed the &quot;six degrees of separation&quot; thesis. [10] Mark Granovetter and Barry Wellman are among the former students of White who have elaborated and popularized social network analysis. [11] Significant independent work was also done by scholars elsewhere: University of California Irvine social scientists interested in mathematical applications, centered around Linton Freeman, including John Boyd, Susan Freeman, Kathryn Faust, A. Kimball Romney and Douglas White ; quantitative analysts at the University of Chicago , including Joseph Galaskiewicz, Wendy Griswold, Edward Laumann, Peter Marsden, Martina Morris, and John Padgett; and communication scholars at Michigan State University , including Nan Lin and Everett Rogers . A substantively-oriented University of Toronto sociology group developed in the 1970s, centered on former students of Harrison White: S.D. Berkowitz, Harriet Friedmann, Nancy Leslie Howard, Nancy Howell, Lorne Tepperman and Barry Wellman , and also including noted modeler and game theorist Anatol Rapoport .In terms of theory, it critiqued methodological individualism and group-based analyses, arguing that seeing the world as social networks offered more analytic leverage. [12]
- #12 Large majority of work done through informal networks, some even say approx 80%.
- #13 Can use this to look at one organizational unit, this picture shows the programmers of the stockholm office of one IT multinational. See that well-connected. Good knowledge flows here as well. The Icon Stockholm programmer community was very well connected, indicating a high degree of knowledge flow. But I use this example, bc want to illustrate key players in this network. They are the central connectors. Central information source for everyone in network. In most cases, these individuals are not formally designated go-to people in unit. Provide help or pointers to others if can’t help. In many cases these individuals are high performers. Interestingly when we showed this picture to management, they knew of three of these but the fourth one was a total surprise. Interesting bc this person was different from mgt, woman programmer. Challenge with these individuals is that even though recognized by their colleagues, often their efforts go unrecognized and unrewarded, yet spend a good amount of time filling this task. Organizations use different kinds of rewards, nominated for best helper, one example is bank that changed its bonus scheme rewarded individuals for their ability to improve communication within unit, to be connectors based on evaluations by fellow employees. McK in semi-annual evaluation process. Mostly positive roles but these individuals can also play power games, using connecting role for private benefit, pitting networks against each other, hoarding information. Sometimes even people just overloaded . Found that this person was a bottleneck, while many people went to this person for help, could not help everyone, so people frustrated. Think about how design teams or redesign jobs, rotating people also. One organization conducted analysis and restaffed teams combining members of both networks. If overloaded, can implement mailing lists, discussion boards to try to reduce workload on central connector Bottlenecks continue to create problems when trying to implement change bc people continue to go to them.
- #14 How well members of this organization are aware of each other’s skills and capabilities? Mari Mattsson, Master's Thesis. Transactive Memory - &quot;know-who&quot; as resource in work organization. 2004
- #16 Here show the multinational’s networks of programmers. While large office of Stockholm was very well connected, c an see with this that many isolated islands of competence. Even though management spent considerable effort on IT systems to get people to communicate across units, very few doing so. However, we can see few individuals who did act as boundary spanners. These individuals serve as conduits of information between units. Rarely many boundary spanners in an organization. Difficult to become part of network across organization, time consuming, personality traits. Important because bring together different kinds of knowledge. Mgt often does not appreciate these inds. Have to spend considerable time maintaining network. Organizational stress because sitting often between two areas, different demands, etc. Or overload. To our surprise, after interviewing several key people in the community, we found that the boundary spanners, known as global advisors, were more information bottlenecks than connection facilitators. Are they making the right connections? Are they connected to connectors in own and other networks? But what happens if these individuals leave organization? Should reward individuals and acknowledge what doing. One company performed analysis and discovered who these boundary spanners are and helped them further develop their networks, also greater bonuses Can design work processes to bring individuals together. In this example, these inds talked with one another because the two in SF had been rotated from the Stockholm office.
- #18 Growth opportunities come from ability to coordinate and collaborate across product, functional, and geographic lines 78% of approx 7300 executives McK & Company But organizations are ineffective at or experience difficulty in cross-boundary collaboration 79% of approx 7300 execs
- #19 This because feels awkward to just call up someone don’t know or if called. Why should I help you?
- #20 If we return to our Stockholm office of programmers, I found that some of these communicated to a high degree with others outside of their firm. Some serve as experts in org, but do not connect a lot with others . Remember story about programmer in SF, easier and faster to go outside and ask question than to bother person at next desk. But why else are these people on periphery? What doing? Could be new to organization, Interested in staying on ”bleeding edge”. Organization have old friends there. Electronic network – embarassed in asking question internally. No one knows your a monkey on the internet. Many managers want to bring these people into the organization. Some may want to, e.g., those who new. But these individuals might not want to be brought into the group. Some want to stay at the cutting edge of their field, demands that they spend a lot of time in outside networks. Others may not be able to due to personal reasons, family, etc. Some organizations try to bring in these individuals by asking to attend internal events, be on committees, etc. But this may frustrate them. Role conflict, increased stress
- #21 Higher turnover at companies these days. Not life-time employee, many restructurings, acquisitions, etc. People always thinking about where go next. Inds bells and whistles Don’t know if working on your problem or someone else’s, including the competition’s Also often project managers leading technical specialists and do not understand what working with. Difficult to know whether really should take so much time or not. Individual working on computer, often don’t know what working on or for whom.
- #24 Below are two groups – A and B, each organized as a hierarchy. A node represents a person in each group. A grey line indicates the prescribed structure of the organization – the formal network or hierarchy1. All information and resources flow through each group’s leader – nodes 010 and 015. Measuring each node’s Power, our InFlow™ software reveals the obvious. Each leader is in complete control of their group – they each have a perfect Power score of 1.00. We see two equivalent groups – same size, same structure. The leaders decide to form a tie between themselves for possible collaboration, or exploitation. By creating this informal tie [purple line], each leader can now monitor the other group. Each leader remains dominant over their respective group and neither leader loses power relative to the other – they have equal power scores. Yet, both leaders have lost some power by joining their groups! Person 014 having learned to trust 016 decides to introduce the new friend to the leader of Group A. Node 015 is currently unaware of this new connection. Person 016 now has more links to the other group than to their home group.
- #25 Soon word gets out in Group B, that 016 is well connected! Networks often, but not always, follow the law of increasing returns – the rich get richer. 2004, Valdis Krebs People who are well connected new ties from others hoping to take advantage of the many connections. 016’s colleagues [017, 018, 019] soon form a tie with the emergent boundary spanner[016]. Person 016 lets the tie to node 014 atrophy or weaken – it is no longer critical. One can only maintain a small number of active strong ties. Node 015 finally senses the loss of power. In frustration, 015 cuts the tie to the other formal leader 010, resulting in even more power to node 016! While clinging to formal authority, leader 015 starts making plans to remove 016 from the group. Will this succeed?
- #26 Both nodes 010 and 016 have the same pattern of, and the same number of, connections. Yet, node 010 has more power! Why? Node 010 is taking advantage of structural holes in the network. A structural hole is anywhere in the network where two nodes could be connected, but are not. There are structural holes between any combination of nodes 011, 012, 013, and 014. This leaves node 010 in a position of total control over the local cluster. A hub[010] controls all spokes[011,012,013,014] attached to it – like the formal hierarchy we saw in the first diagram. A combination where a node has easy access to others, while controlling the access of other nodes in the network, reveals high informal power.
- #30 http://www.ux-sa.com/2007/09/structural-holes-and-online-social.html But avoid becoming a bottleneck!
- #31 Back to performance. Interesting results here as well. Similar to intra-organizational networks. See creative performance but interesting to see other Why do you think so? Someone who interested in developing first solution, being seen as guru. Helping others all time with problems. Prestige. Also, difficulty of knowledge, applying external knowledge to own organization’s problems. Have to maintain connections. Interesting example of company that hired one of these gurus. Guy who fired bc all time working on someone else’s problems.
- #32 Interesting now that companies changing from hiring fresh graduates to mid-career professionals Everyone knows that when you hire one talented programmer, you get 20 for free! Anders L.
- #33 Here I would like to show the results of a study in the construction industry with colleague, Andy Schenkel. This illustrates how two departments can have completely different informal networks and connectedness. The one to left did not meet the structural properties of a community, while the one to the right did . As you can visually see D epartment 1 is disconnected no clear core or periphery not particularly dense In contrast, D epartment 2 is well connected has a core with numbers 77 and 82 forming it and a periphery it also appears to be dense
- #34 While research that shows this relationship, thought it would be best to show what I have found in my research. Here have rd operations of three multinationals, Xerox, Ericsson, and HP. Found that HP had highest of three in terms of perf indicators that looked at. Can even talk about regional level – silicon valley vs rte 128 in Boston.
- #35 Did some research in which HP one of companies. Found that this company really understood the importance of informal networks both in terms of ”managing” the informal structure but also in terms of the visionary organization. Interestingly, HP doing network maps based on email communication. Would like to do something similar here.
- #36 I found this picture of a painting in a presentation by Steve Borgatti on social networks, National Academy of Science Presentation, 2005. http://www.analytictech.com/mb874/Slides/Overview.pdf Position in a network partially determines access to resources and knowledge flows which has effect on performance
- #37 Kenneth Lay delegated responsibility to those in his old boys network – failed to listen to someone outside the club – Sherron Watkins.
- #39 Picture courtesy of Richard McDermott, http://www.mcdermottconsulting.com/ Text from Steve Borgatti on social networks, National Academy of Science Presentation, 2005, http://www.analytictech.com/mb874/Slides/Overview.pdf FAS.Research (www.fas.at): The availability of resources (money, knowledge, relationships) is determined by where one stands, which position one assumes. For the costs of -access to these resources (= the costs of a “link”) as well as the yields to be expected are also defined by the position in the network and by the general structure of the network. This is the central economic and business-related message of network analysis. The second message in this context is that the methods of network analysis can be used to measure and depict both dimensions (position and structure) in quantitative terms. Social capital also reveals both of these dimensions which must also be taken into account in a SWOT analysis based on the methods of social network analysis. The possibilities of added value, of innovation, chances for successful search processes for better solutions as well as the costs of adaptation to changes are distributed differently for each actor within one and the same network. This is not just because each actor assumes a different position and thus the costs of access to the limited resources vary, but also because with each position the immediate environment changes. Thus the character of the network (the “network profile”) is a different one from the local perspective of the actor. Each actor in the network finds a different space of possibilities and has better or worse access to the existing resources by virtue of his relationships to the other actors. The network thus creates the social infrastructure of the opportunities offered to an actor. Networks – relationships iwth others, Political, economical social relationship All have relationships with others, we are all embedded in nws, We retrieve information and knowledge to arrange our lives Decide on success of our activities SNA Networks and underlying relationships – network analysis – Talk about unique relationships that make each individual. Here is a network - can be medicament, interlocking directors of companies. Network is system of relationships Look at people and re Have to look beyond your friends, who are their friends and relatinoshsip
- #43 Rob Cross, Nitin Nohria and Andrew Parker, Six Myths About Informal Networks -- and How to Overcome Them, Sloan Management Review, 2002 Most often managers do not know what going on. Moreover, we do not know what going on in our network beyond our first set of contacts.
- #44 Rob Cross, Nitin Nohria and Andrew Parker, Six Myths About Informal Networks -- and How to Overcome Them, Sloan Management Review, 2002
- #45 First, the ONA identified mid-level managers that were critical in terms of information flow within the group. A particular surprise came from the very central role that Cole played in terms of both overall information flow within the group and being the only point of contact between members of the production division and the rest of the network. If he were hired away, the efficiency of this group as a whole would be significantly impacted as people in the informal network re-established important informational relationships. Simply categorizing various informational requests that Cole received and then allocating ownership of these informational or decision domains to other executives served to both unburden Cole and make the overall network more responsive and robust. Second, the ONA helped to identify highly peripheral people that essentially represented untapped expertise and underutilized resources for the group. In particular, it became apparent that many of the senior people had become too removed from the day-to-day operations of this group. For example, the most senior person (Jones) was one of the most peripheral in the informal network. This is a common finding. As people move higher within an organization their work begins to entail more administrative tasks that makes them both less accessible and less knowledgeable about the day-to-day work of their subordinates. However, in this case our debrief session indicated that Jones had become too removed and his lack of responsiveness frequently held the entire network back when important decisions needed to be made. Third, the ONA also demonstrated the extent to which the production division (the sub-group on the top of the diagram) had become separated from the overall network. Several months prior to this analysis these people had been physically moved to a different floor in the building. Upon reviewing the network diagram, many of the executives realized that this physical separation had resulted in loss of a lot of the serendipitous meetings that occurred when they were co-located. Structured meetings were set up to help avoid operational problems the group had been experiencing due to this loss of communication between production and the rest of the network.
- #46 Interesting to think that just a few years ago, everyone was saying get people together informally, create venues for them to meet. But research in US has found that need to do more than random interventions. This not enough to align with organizational goals. Yes, this gets inds meeting, but may result in coups or negative spirals if mgt does not understand them.
- #47 Source: https://webapp.comm.virginia.edu/NetworkRoundtable/Portals/0/NR04-05/Networks_and_Organizational_Change.pdf There is a structured way of going about ”managing” informal networks. Today share with you some of the findings from my research and from the gurus in the US. Identify informal network where effective collaboration adn kn sharing has sig impact on organization’s operations and strategy. So many networks out there but you don’t need to understand all of them. Good for up to 50 individuals, then should look at sub-networks Simple, 10-15 minutes to do, make list of people and ask all to characterize relationship with one another Make sure think through sensitivity of issues, do pretest Uncover networks Identify which networks are important to understand E.g., product development, merger integration Collect network data E.g., observe, interview people, conduct questionnaire Ask appropriate questions, e.g., advice, trust, innovation Analyze the causes of fragmented networks Leadership style, office layout, virtual work, politics, knowledge sharing attitudes, workflow processes, job descriptions Improve connectedness and u nplug bottlenecks Reevaluate formal structure, e.g., team desi gn, roles Rethink work processes Reassign tasks, rotate individuals, s hift responsibilities Are central connectors hoarding info? Is unit too isolated? Are boundary spanners talking with right people? Is unit losing technical expertise? Think about how design teams or redesign jobs, rotating people also. Restaff teams to override hoarding connectors. One organization conducted analysis and restaffed teams combining members of both networks. If overloaded, can implement mailing lists, discussion boards to try to reduce workload on central connector Shift responsibilities, Put in mailing list, discussion boards, socnet example
- #48 Cross, Intro to ONA Identify a strategically important group. The first step is to identify a group within the organization where investments made to improve collaboration have the potential to yield a significant payback either strategically or operationally. We typically look for groups crossing functional, physical, hierarchical and organizational lines because networks often fragment at these junctures. 2. Assess meaningful and actionable relationships. The second step is to identify relationships that will meaningfully reveal a group's effectiveness as well as be actionable for managers once results are disclosed. Most companies are keenly interested in work-related collaboration. As a result, we almost always map information flow. We can also look at relationships that reveal the information sharing potential of a network, decision-making or power relations, or those that reveal well-being and supportiveness in a network such as friendship or trust networks. Organizational network information can be obtained in a variety of ways, from tracking e-mails to observing people over time. Often the most efficient means is to administer a 10-20 minute survey designed to assess relationships within and outside of a group. 3. Visually and quantitatively analyze results. Once the data have been collected, it can be analyzed using a network software package. There are a variety of different packages available, some of which combine drawing functionality with quantitative analysis and some of which specialize in one or the other. For more information on visual assessment see the interpreting a network diagram section. 4. Create meaningful feedback sessions. We typically conduct feedback sessions in two phases. In the first half of the workshop, we present an overview of network analysis to orient the participants, and then provide a summary presentation highlighting important points from the analysis of the specific group. The second half of the workshop consists of breakout sessions with smaller groups that brainstorm ways to promote appropriate connectivity and ensure that organizational design, culture and leadership will not push the network back to ineffective patterns. These subgroups then debrief the larger group, and ideas are catalogued for action planning. In this process, it is always important to focus on what can be done to improve the effectiveness of the group. Rather than questioning why someone or some department is peripheral or central, it is more constructive to focus on how the organization can overcome unproductive patterns. 5. Assess progress and effectiveness. Conducting an organizational analysis of a group indicates the level of connectivity only at a specific point in time. Repeating this process after six to nine months can reveal whether appropriate change has occurred in the network. It is also a good idea to track objective measures of performance over time.
- #53 Core competencies or capabilities in knowledge-intensive work are usually a product of collaboration across functional or divisional boundaries. ONA allows executives to determine if the appropriate cross-functional or departmental collaborations are occurring to support strategic objectives. Challenge: We conducted an organizational network analysis of a large health services organization. This was an organization that had grown by acquisition over several years with the intent that acquired companies combine their expertise in developing and taking to market new products and services. The CEO of this organization had become acutely aware of the need to create a leadership network that was able to recognize opportunities in one sphere of the network and know enough of what others in the conglomerate knew to combine appropriate resources and expertise. As there was some evidence that this was not happening, we were invited to conduct an organizational network analysis of the conglomerate's top two layers of leadership (114 executives). Key Findings: The table above is an alternative to the diagram format. Each cell indicates the percentage of connections that exist out of a possible 100% if all people within a given cell were connected. This simple summary of collaborative activity within and between divisions provided a great deal of insight into the inner-workings of the organization. The company had acquired various organizations with the intent that they collaborate in bringing their offerings to market. However, the organizational network analysis showed that there was only limited collaborative activity in pockets of the organization. For example, a quick review of the table shows that divisions 3 and 4 had reasonable levels of collaboration, whereas divisions 1 and 7 did not. Changes: Various reasons existed for this. In some settings members of the executive team were not sure what a given division did and so did not know how to even think about involving them in their projects. In others, cultural norms or incentives kept people from seeking information outside of their own division. And in some the complementarity of product offerings that was presumed when an acquisition was made did not exist. As a result, different interventions were applied as appropriate throughout the network; however, it was the view of collaborative activity afforded by the organizational network analysis that allowed the organization to intervene appropriately at each of these strategic junctures
- #54 Promoting Innovation Most innovation of importance today is a collaborative endeavor. Whether concerned with new-product development, process improvement or R&D departments, ONA can be particularly insightful in both assessing how a group is integrating its expertise and the effectiveness with which it is drawing on the expertise of others within and outside of an organization. Challenge: The following group had been formed from highly skilled subject-matter experts drawn from across the organization to develop and disseminate leading-edge manufacturing processes and technologies. In the old structure, these experts were dispersed in myriad functions and business units. In the new, they were brought under one leader to ensure focus and consistency in manufacturing processes and technologies. The network analysis was conducted to find out the extent to which collaboration and innovation was occurring across the new group. Key Findings: The ONA provided a great deal of insight to the incoming executive. For example, he was surprised by the central role some employees were playing and concerned with the extent to which some of the leading experts were peripheral members of the group. And while he was pleased to learn of practices in some countries that promoted effective collaboration, he was very concerned with clustering in the network, which indicated that the division was not yet well integrated. The employees were still mostly collaborating only with others in their own country. In fact, the only connections across countries were those of the leadership team and a few relationships formed during past projects. Changes: In this case, an offsite meeting of the division's leaders resulted in some recommendations. First, a meeting of all employees was held that consisted of a series of workshops focused on projects under way in various countries. In these joint problem-solving sessions, people not only found solutions and shared recent successes but also learned about one another's expertise. And to make sure that this was not a one-off event, monthly conference calls were initiated to follow up on the projects discussed during the workshops. Just as important, the firm's leaders began to adopt policies and procedures that encouraged collaboration throughout the network. First, in hiring they began to target collaborative behaviors in interviews rather than focusing too heavily on individual accomplishment. Second, they changed project management and evaluation practices to ensure that people reached out to relevant colleagues for advice at the start of a research program. Third, the leaders centralized staffing to facilitate cross-group collaboration and to ensure that the best expertise was placed on each research project (rather than staffing locally from each country). Finally, they redesigned individual performance metrics to focus less on individual productivity and more on collaborative behaviors.
- #55 Cross, Intro to ONA Identify a strategically important group. The first step is to identify a group within the organization where investments made to improve collaboration have the potential to yield a significant payback either strategically or operationally. We typically look for groups crossing functional, physical, hierarchical and organizational lines because networks often fragment at these junctures. 2. Assess meaningful and actionable relationships. The second step is to identify relationships that will meaningfully reveal a group's effectiveness as well as be actionable for managers once results are disclosed. Most companies are keenly interested in work-related collaboration. As a result, we almost always map information flow. We can also look at relationships that reveal the information sharing potential of a network, decision-making or power relations, or those that reveal well-being and supportiveness in a network such as friendship or trust networks. Organizational network information can be obtained in a variety of ways, from tracking e-mails to observing people over time. Often the most efficient means is to administer a 10-20 minute survey designed to assess relationships within and outside of a group. 3. Visually and quantitatively analyze results. Once the data have been collected, it can be analyzed using a network software package. There are a variety of different packages available, some of which combine drawing functionality with quantitative analysis and some of which specialize in one or the other. For more information on visual assessment see the interpreting a network diagram section. 4. Create meaningful feedback sessions. We typically conduct feedback sessions in two phases. In the first half of the workshop, we present an overview of network analysis to orient the participants, and then provide a summary presentation highlighting important points from the analysis of the specific group. The second half of the workshop consists of breakout sessions with smaller groups that brainstorm ways to promote appropriate connectivity and ensure that organizational design, culture and leadership will not push the network back to ineffective patterns. These subgroups then debrief the larger group, and ideas are catalogued for action planning. In this process, it is always important to focus on what can be done to improve the effectiveness of the group. Rather than questioning why someone or some department is peripheral or central, it is more constructive to focus on how the organization can overcome unproductive patterns. 5. Assess progress and effectiveness. Conducting an organizational analysis of a group indicates the level of connectivity only at a specific point in time. Repeating this process after six to nine months can reveal whether appropriate change has occurred in the network. It is also a good idea to track objective measures of performance over time.
- #57 Currently, there are over 200 ideas preparing for release, representing a wide variety of innovations for both internal use and the marketplace. There are over 4,000 comments on these ideas. One of the new products is ViewMyPaycCheck which allows the employees of small businesses to view the details behind their pay check in the same detailed manner often offered by large organizations with comprehensive HR systems. This new product was developed in three months through Brainstorm. Within Brainstorm there is an auto-generated activity stream where anyone can see comments on ideas in the pipeline in a real time manner. You start the process by adding your idea through a lightweight submission form. Brainstorm will instantly show related ideas to your idea upon submission. So you can connect with those team members. Team members can edit the details of a registered idea and others can provide comments. These comments can start a threaded conversation. Contributors take these comments seriously and Brainstorm added the ability to edit comments at the request of users. You can recruit people and people can also request to join a team. The system also makes recommendations on who might be a best fit for the team based on their activity and tags within the system. You can place help wanted ads asking for help. You can also get updates on the tags you follow. They added Outlook integration to allow you to reach out to other employees and bring them into the Intuit Brainstorm network. The system also indentifies top contributors to provide recognition. You can see the most active, top commentors, and top taggers over the last week, last month or all time. Adding this “leaderboard” increased comments by thirty percent. Brainstorm increased participation in innovation by 500% and increased ideation by 1,000% at Intuit. Here is a sample leaderboard.
- #60 RT: Here is a quotation from Pierre Levy, a researcher who studies collective intelligence, or …. He says, ”No one knows……”, but I have adapted this to be that “all knowledge resides in networks”. What good is knowledge if you cannot access it? Knowledge is created and transferred through networks. How many of you have heard of six degrees of separation? (raise hands)…this means that we are collected to all other human beings on the face of the planet through six links, where a link is from me to person x in audience. Thus, each of us actually has access to all knowledge and resources that exist. (Next slide) Left and right screens: pictures of digital natives using different technologies: mobile phone, internet, here could have farmer in Asia, President Obama, Zlatan, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbX_I2fuqJk&feature=PlayList&p=079F3CFE9701D083&index=0 Pierre Lévy, Collective Intelligence: Mankind's Emerging World in Cyberspace , 1997 My example of how this presentation was made. Asked a question on Socnet and received many good answers with people’s presentations and links to interesting sources
- #61 Ency picture from www.versandantiquariat-schmitz.de/Lexika-Brit... http://s3.amazonaws.com/ppt-download/architectures-for-conversation-ii-what-communities-of-practice-can-mean-for-information-architecture-5733.pdf An essential difference between britannica and wikipedia is >>britannica is a one-way medium, handed down from authorities, >> While wikipedia is conversational. It fulfills more of what human beings want in their daily life. That’s not to say that wikipedia is better than britannica, or that the old way is evil or irrelevant. It’s just to say that technology has tapped into a latent need people have to be part of conversations.
- #62 I always like to put things into perspective. I think that what is interesting and relevant here is that several economic historians had actually predicted the crisis that we are experiencing now. I don’t have time to go into all the details, but what we are seeing is a pattern repeating itself. As in the late 18 th and 19 th Centuries there was a technological innovation that led to a period first of transformation as the innovation began to be diffused, then a period of rationalization leading to an imbalance, and then to a financial crisis coming around 40 years after the innovation. However, in the past, these financial crises have then led to periods of great economic development – industrial revolutions, in which industry profitability has been restored through a redistribution of the value-added between capital and labor. But more importantly, these crises filtered out those organizations that could not adapt and change to stay competitive in the new industrial environment. And one of the most important things that is of interest for today’s discussion is that in one of the factors facilitating these new phases of economic growth following the crisis has been that a generation of people that had never experienced life without the innovation starts to enter the workforce – thus they are not restricted by old ways of thinking. experiencing now some economic historians claim to be due to the innovation of the microprocessor and microelectronics in the 1970s. Similar to what we experienced with the innovation of the steam engine in the late 18 th C and the internal combustion engine and electric motor in the late 19 th C, there was a subsequent crisis about due to various forces converging. We saw that as these basic innovations were diffused, people stopped investing in the existing industrial structure and instead focused on investing in a new generation of competitive machinery, which then led to an industrial revolution in both cases as the innovations became embedded in society. At the same time, the crisis served to release the negative pressure that had been built up as well as to restore industry profitability through the redistribution of value-added between capital and labor. Other notes Notes from article - Schön, L, Economic Crises and Restructuring in History A crisis is connected with changes in the long term or structural conditions built up during a rather long period of time and effects behavior for a long time to come Transformation – changes in industrial structure – resources are reallocated between industries and diffusion of basic innovations with industry that provides new bases for such reallocation Rationalization – concentration of resources to most productive units within the branches and measures to increase efficiency in different lines of production Shifts between transformation and rationalization have occurred with considerable regularity in structural cycle of 40 years – 25 years on transformation, and 15 years on rationalization. Crises been part of this cycle as well International crisis in 1840s – How go from crisis to expansion quickly – went quite rapidly in 1930s for Sweden – but Sweden in opposite corner in 1970s 1850s – upswing of industrial and infrastructural investments was linked to breakthrough of mechanized factories in Sweden, modernization of steel processes and construction of railways 1930s and more marked after WWII late 1940s - expansion of electrification and diffusion of automobiles, processing of electrosteel to small motors in handicraft and household – combination with motorcar – new styles in living and consumption Waves of investments around development of an infrastructure from basic innovation of preceding cycle mid 1970s – microprocessor – knowledge and information in production of goods and services It is not the basic innovation itself – but the diffusion of the innovation that counts! When invented, then expensive to implement, have a narrow range of application – Following generalization – A structural crisis (that has been preceded by an early development of basic innovations) has put an end to old directions of investments mainly in rationalization of existing industrial structure and given rise to investments in ne and devt of new tech that after one decade (the length of the classical Juglar cycle of machinery investments) has created a new generation of economically competitive machinery Reallocation of labor occurs approx 15-30 years after the structural crisis Development of markets – distribution of value added between capital and labour is one mirror of these changes Diffusion of innovations leads to expansion of markets and arrival of new competitors – Structural crises – release negative pressure and restored profitability in industry – get rid of those who not competitive
- #63 Picture source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_assembly_line_-_1913.jpg
- #64 Speaker notes: And that is exactly what we are seeing now. Here on this chart you can see the distribution of the population (US figures). On the right of the red line are the “digital immigrants” or those who did not grow up with digital technology such as the computer and the internet, while on the left of the red line we see the “digital natives” or those who have grown up with the internet always there. I would just like to say that I am not wild about this categorization, especially since I belong to the baby boomers but I see myself more of a digital native – I used to visit the university computer center with my father in the early 1970s, but I think that it works as a generalization to help explain the changes we are seeing. The interesting thing is that this new generation of workers is huge and is even larger than the babyboomers and in fact in the US, 56 mln are old enough to be employees with 7 million already managers. Those that are 38 and younger are the gamers and those that are 28 years and younger are the net-generation and we now have a new generation that is entering the workforce that has grown up with mobile phones. These generations have a different outlook on work, learning, and play. On the right hand side, we have individuals with a high degree of company loyalty and in which there was a clear line between work and one’s personal or social life and play was something to be done only in one’s free time. However, in these new generations we have individuals who are more loyal to their peers and their professions – choosing to mix their working life with their personal life while also not seeing such a clear line between work and play. And anyway, who ever said that we cannot combine work and play? (Next slide) danah boyd: Unlike adults, who are relearning how to behave in public because of networked technologies, teens are simply learning how to behave in public with networked publics in mind. Other notes The new generation is huge - 90 million people in USA alone Larger than baby boomers 81% of US business population ≤ age 34 are gamers 56 million old enough to be employees 7 million already managers CNRS – isabelle berrebi Points: we are looking at a wave of Digital Natives that are already in our workforce. That design of learning will in large part be for some portion of these 90 million americans, not to mention the internationals. 38 years old and younger – they are the gamers. 28 years old and younger – these are the net-generation, having grown up with the internet always being there. These are people for whom the technology has always been available to provide them with engaging experiences, connections beyond the realm of their home towns to people and information that otherwise would never have been available or accessible.
- #66 While we have always had networks, what has changed dramatically is that now with social media we have the ability to easily and quickly reach out to individuals across the globe whom we have never met before. And another significant change is that previously while we had one to one two-way communication, this did not enable group communication, and while we also had one to many communication, this did not enable two way communication, but now with social media we can have many to many conversations. So for me the definition of social media are online communication channels that enable many to many interactions and conversations. And as no surprise the most active users of social media are younger people, those who have become skilled at using computers and the internet for all kinds of purposes – to build relationships, find information and knowledge, solve problems, and learn. An extensive study that was just completed by one of the gurus in this area, danah boyd, found that the digital world really is changing the way that young adults and youths socialize and learn. These younger generations are using these new media to explore their own interests and experiment with self-expression – while at the same time they are developing both technical skills and a new form of social skills – solving complex problems online in virtual teams. As a result, these individuals are not only used to but expect more freedom and autonomy in their problem-solving activities at work enable communication & collaboration … through user-generated content …. from one-to-one to many-to-many people … - across all boundaries (Next slide) Other notes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbX_I2fuqJk creating new opportunities for youth to grapple with social norms, explore interests, develop technical skills, and experiment with new forms of self-expression. These activities have captured teens' attention because they provide avenues for extending social worlds, self-directed learning, and independence. Extending friendships online while some developing shared interest communities. Change way that youth socialize and learn - Youth engage in peer-based, self-directed learning online. – Youth respect one another's authority online, and they are often more motivated to learn from peers than from adults. Their efforts are also largely self-directed, and the outcome emerges through exploration, in contrast to classroom learning that is oriented by set, predefined goals. Increased degree of freedom and autonomy Not just receivers of knowledge but creators of knowledge as well danah boyd study We are happy to announce the online release of the findings from our three-year Digital Youth project (http://digitalyouth.ischool.berkeley.edu ). All of the researchers who have worked on this project will be writing up individual publications, but this report represents a synthesis of the findings across the 22 different case studies. It has been over three years in the making, and is the result of a truly collaborative effort with 28 researchers and research collaborators. This project is part of the MacArthur Foundation Digital Media and Learning initiative. http://digitallearning.macfound.org. You can find all the details in the documents linked below, and a summary of our report below. Two-page summary of report: http://digitalyouth.ischool.berkeley.edu/files/report/digitalyouth-TwoPageSummary.pdf White paper: http://digitalyouth.ischool.berkeley.edu/files/report/digitalyouth-WhitePaper.pdf Full report: http://digitalyouth.ischool.berkeley.edu/report Press release and video: http://digitallearning.macfound.org/ethnography -------- RESEARCH SUMMARY Over three years, Mimi Ito and her 28-person research team interviewed over 800 youth and young adults and conducted over 5000 hours of online observations as part of the most extensive U.S. study of youth media use to date. They found that social network sites, online games, video-sharing sites, and gadgets such as iPods and mobile phones are now fixtures of youth culture. The research finds today's youth may be coming of age and struggling for autonomy and identity amid new worlds for communication, friendship, play, and self-expression. Many adults worry that children are wasting time online, texting, or playing video games. The researchers explain why youth find these activities compelling and important. The digital world is creating new opportunities for youth to grapple with social norms, explore interests, develop technical skills, and experiment with new forms of self-expression. These activities have captured teens' attention because they provide avenues for extending social worlds, self-directed learning, and independence. MAJOR FINDINGS - Youth use online media to extend friendships and interests. - Most youth use online networks to extend the friendships that they navigate in the familiar contexts of school, religious organizations, sports, and other local activities. They can be always &quot;on,&quot; in constant contact with their friends through private communications like instant messaging or mobile phones, as well as in public ways through social network sites such as MySpace and Facebook. With these &quot;friendship-driven&quot; practices, youth are almost always associating with people they already know in their offline lives. The majority of youth use new media to &quot;hang out&quot; and extend existing friendships in these ways. A smaller number of youth also use the online world to explore interests and find information that goes beyond what they have access to at school or in their local community. Online groups enable youth to connect to peers who share specialized and niche interests of various kinds, whether that is online gaming, creative writing, video editing, or other artistic endeavors. In these interest-driven networks, youth may find new peers outside the boundaries of their local community. They can also find opportunities to publicize and distribute their work to online audiences, and to gain new forms of Visibility and reputation. - Youth engage in peer-based, self-directed learning online. - In both friendship-driven and interest-driven online activity, youth create and navigate new forms of expression and rules for social behavior. By exploring new interests, tinkering, and &quot;messing around&quot; with new forms of media, they acquire various forms of technical and media literacy. Through trial and error, youth add new media skills to their repertoire, such as how to create a video or game, or customize their MySpace page. Teens then share their creations and receive feedback from others online. By its immediacy and breadth of information, the digital world lowers barriers to self-directed learning. Some youth &quot;geek out&quot; and dive into a topic or talent. Contrary to popular images, geeking out is highly social and engaged, although usually not driven primarily by local friendships. Youth turn instead to specialized knowledge groups of both teens and adults from around the country or world, with the goal of improving their craft and gaining reputation among expert peers. While adults participate, they are not automatically the resident experts by virtue of their age. Geeking out in many respects erases the traditional markers of status and authority. New media allow for a degree of freedom and autonomy for youth that is less apparent in a classroom setting. Youth respect one another's authority online, and they are often more motivated to learn from peers than from adults. Their efforts are also largely self-directed, and the outcome emerges through exploration, in contrast to classroom learning that is oriented by set, predefined goals. IMPLICATIONS New media forms have altered how youth socialize and learn, and raise a new set of issues that educators, parents, and policymakers should consider. -Adults should facilitate young people's engagement with digital media. Contrary to adult perceptions, while hanging out online, youth are picking up basic social and technical skills they need to fully participate in contemporary society. Erecting barriers to participation deprives teens of access to these forms of learning. Participation in the digital age means more than being able to access serious online information and culture. Youth could benefit from educators being more open to forms of experimentation and social exploration that are generally not characteristic of educational institutions. Because of the diversity of digital media, it is problematic to develop a standardized set of benchmarks against which to measure young people's technical and new media literacy. Friendship-driven and interest-driven online participation have very different kinds of social connotations. For example, whereas friendship-driven activities centers upon peer culture, adult participation is more welcomed in the latter more &quot;geeky&quot; forms of learning. In addition, the content, behavior, and skills that youth value are highly variable depending on what kinds of social groups they associate with. In interest-driven participation, adults have an important role to play. Youth using new media often learn from their peers, not teachers or adults. Yet adults can still have tremendous influence in setting learning goals, particularly on the interest-driven side where adult hobbyists function as role models and more experienced peers. To stay relevant in the 21st century, education institutions need to keep pace with the rapid changes introduced by digital media. Youths' participation in this networked world suggests new ways of thinking about the role of education. What, the authors ask, would it mean to really exploit the potential of the learning opportunities available through online resources and networks? What would it mean to reach beyond traditional education and civic institutions and enlist the help of others in young people's learning? Rather than assuming that education is primarily about preparing for jobs and careers, they question what it would mean to think of it as a process guiding youths' participation in public life more generally.
- #71 Kay, J. (1993) Foundations of Corporate Success , Oxford, Oxford University Press.
- #72 RT: Walls are breaking down – value added coming from across boundaries of the firm .
- #74 GoldCorp ... a mining company, 50 years old. Geologists couldn't tell him where the gold was. The CEO was ready to shut down the company. Heard about Linux ... and embraced the principles. Took his geological data, published it on the Internet, and held a contest on the Internet called the &quot;GoldCorp Challenge&quot;. Offered $500K for those who could find the gold. Found $3.4 billion of gold. Value jumped from $90 million to $10 billion. Wikipedia…The Canadian gold mining group Goldcorp made 400 megabytes of geological survey data on its Red Lake, Ontario property available to the public over the internet. They offered a $575,000 prize to anyone who could analyse the data and suggest places where gold could be found. The company claims that the contest produced 110 targets, over 80% of which proved productive; yielding 8 million ounces of gold, worth more than $3 billion.
- #77 Serena Software Adopts Facebook as Corporate Intranet &quot;Facebook Fridays&quot; Foster Fun and Community Spirit at Serena Software SAN MATEO, Calif. — November 2, 2007 — Serena Software, Inc. is breaking out of the corporate mold by announcing today that its 800 employees around the globe will participate each week in a company-wide program called “Facebook Fridays,” which encourages employees to find fun and personal connections in the workplace. Each Friday, employees are granted one hour of personal time to spend on their Facebook profiles and connect with co-workers, customers, family and friends. This initiative will start on Friday November 2nd and will be rolled out in 18 countries where the company has offices. As Web 2.0 technologies such as instant messaging (IM), wikis, and texting make communication faster and more efficient, the “human” element of communication can feel increasingly removed. How can people bring that sense of personal interaction and community back into the workplace? Surprisingly, through one of the hottest technologies around—Facebook, a social utility that connects people with friends and others who work, study and live around them. Fanatic for Facebook Serena President and CEO Jeremy Burton is an avid user of Facebook, using it to keep in touch with employees, friends, and business partners from wherever he is in the world—in Japan visiting customers or racing cars at Laguna Seca. He wants to bring the benefits he gains from using Facebook to his company, and allow employees to have more fun combining their personal and professional lives. He is doing this by making Facebook his company’s intranet—a place where employees can find everything from a list of company holidays to the CEO’s favorite movie. Burton believes that colleagues who get to know one another on a more personal level will work together better. The company already has more than 30% of its global workforce on Facebook prior to the launch of Facebook Fridays. “ As our business continues to grow, the workplace becomes more and more distributed, which can make us feel disconnected from one another,” said Burton. “Social networking tools like Facebook can bring us back together, help us get to know each other as people, help us understand our business and our products, and help us better serve our customers—on demand. A corporate culture that fosters a sense of community and fun will ultimately help us get more done. Companies that do not embrace social networking are making a huge mistake.” Recent studies indicate there are roughly 70 million Gen Y’ers (born between the years 1980-2000), and Burton believes it’s critical to understand and embrace “their world,” including on-demand Internet applications and an “innovation without permission” mentality. Serena is using new methods of recruiting, like Facebook, to tune into this next generation of workers who are, ultimately, the corporate leaders of tomorrow. About Serena Software, Inc. Serena Software, Inc. is the leading global independent software company focused on Business Mashups and Application Lifecycle Management (ALM). More than 15,000 organizations around the world, including 96 of the Fortune 100, rely on Serena solutions to automate the application development process and effectively manage their IT portfolio. Serena is headquartered in San Mateo, California, and has offices throughout the U.S., Europe, and Asia Pacific. For more information on Serena solutions and services, visit www.serena.com . Serena is a registered trademarks of Serena Software, Inc. All other product or company names may be trademarks of their respective owners, and their use is intended for identification purposes only and not in association with or as sponsorship or endorsement by such owners Copyright © 2007 Serena Software, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- #80 (1) teaching people how to do things we already know how to do and (2) creating collaborative environments that allow people to develop new ideas and concepts to address unanticipated opportunities or challenges. Productive learning focuses mostly on the individual and on helping that individual to adopt a pattern of behavior that improves productivity. Generative learning, by contrast, is a collaborative endeavor. Shared meaning and insights are developed at the group level, and these insights drive enterprise transformation to ensure growth and sustainability. Today, the learning function is focused primarily on productive learning. As a result, it appears that trainers are more likely to want to maintain the status quo, rather than challenge it. Learning is a far more complicated phenomenon than can ever be limited to the classroom context. If we convey knowledge about tasks we already know how to do, we call it productive learning . If we share knowledge about tasks that are new and different, we call it generative learning . Productive learning serves largely to maintain the status quo within an enterprise by conveying what is already known, while generative learning involves not only absorbing existing information but also creating new solutions to unanticipated problems. Information age learning requires that individuals and organizations change the way they think about and act on what is known and what needs to be known in order to innovate, change, and win.
- #82 http://ez.no/company/news/ez_systems_wins_the_red_herring_global_100 Selected as a Red Herring 100 winner is a mark of distinction and high honor. Only 200 companies are chosen as finalists out of a pool of thousands. Of those finalists Red Herring selected 100 companies as winners. To decide on these companies the Red Herring editorial team diligently surveys entrepreneurship around the globe. Technology industry executives, investors, and observers regard the Red Herring 100 lists as invaluable instruments to discover and advocate the promising startups that will lead the next wave of disruption and innovation. Past award winners include Google, Yahoo!, Skype, Netscape, Salesforce.com, and YouTube.
- #86 I can’t find the source for this, it would be great if someone could point this out to me.
- #88 RT: the 3D internet characterized by …. (next slide)
- #89 Virtual conferences becoming a reality Christopher J. Welch*, Sanjoy Ray*, Jaime Melendez, Thomas Fare and Martin Leach, nature chemistry | VOL 2 | MARCH 2010 | www.nature.com/naturechemistry http://www.protonmedia.com/ www.teleplace.com VOIP Chatrooms Wikis, blogs Social networking avatars
- #91 http://flickr.com/photos/secondsweden/2110677418/
- #93 RT: traditional leadership further challenged as we move to a world of web 3.0 or the immersive internet… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ahqjBeknT0
- #94 As soon as the Facebook generation wake up and embrace virtual reality, we are going to see a giant wave of virtual world millionaires
- #95 http://journals.tdl.org/jvwr/article/view/866
- #96 RT: We are already beginning to see dramatic changes in several professions such as architecture and fashion.
- #97 http://www.protonmedia.com/ www.qwaq.com VOIP Chatrooms Wikis, blogs Social networking avatars
- #98 RT: Remember where we were just 14 years ago…. Where will be tomorrow with social media and virtual worlds?