Technical Competency And My Disposition Towards Mathematics
Introduction
This units has improved my mathematical competency and my disposition towards mathematics. I
now feel a lot more confident in many specific mathematical areas and in mathematics in general.
Also, I am much more aware of the progress in my mathematical understanding as I have identified
my current strengths and weakness as well as created solid plans to improve the weaker areas. A
negative disposition or anxiety towards mathematics, can hinder improvement. Students who are
anxious, bored, fearful, or simply believe that mathematics is unimportant, are likely to avoid the
study of mathematics (Metje, Frank, & Croft, 2007). This then becomes the real challenge of
mathematics classes as the main emphasis is diverted from teaching the mathematics content to
giving the students confidence in their mathematical skills. A reoccurring notion throughout this unit
is the 'big ideas' of mathematics. A big Idea is an idea that is central to the learning of mathematics
and a statement that links numerous mathematical understandings into a coherent whole (Charles,
2005). Charles (2005) believes that these big Ideas should be the "foundation for one's mathematics
content knowledge, for one's teaching practices, and for the mathematics curriculum". This is
because grounding one's mathematics content knowledge on these big ideas establishes a robust, in
depth and advanced understanding of mathematics.
Number
A number is a word or symbol that represents a specific amount or
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Apa Plagiarism Essay
APA Citation Style and Plagiarism
Maria Carolina Manalili
Introduction to Computer – – AP 108
International College of Cayman Islands
The librarian visited our class to do a presentation regarding the APA Citation Style and Plagiarism.
I have learned a lot more information on how to avoid plagiarism and how to cite it appropriately.
APA offers guidelines for overall paper layout, citations, abstract, style, and references. Students are
often asked to adhere to the APA guidelines when writing papers, research essays, and reports.
Understanding and following the rules of APA can assist a student in writing a well–formatted and
professional looking academic paper. Preparing a paper using APA format creates a presentation that
is uniform in appearance, which can make a paper easier to follow. According to the 6th Edition of
the APA Publication Manual, papers have 1 inch margins, are double–spaced and use a 12–point
font. There are also guidelines for running headers and proper numeration, which adds to overall
presentation. A formatted title page ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
APA recommends four major sections of a paper: title page, abstract, body and reference page. A
properly formatted abstract, which is a precise summary of the research conducted, will give the
reader an idea of what will come in the body of the paper. A reference page will allow the reader to
further investigate the research presented.
Learning APA format can improve the writing skills of students, by asking them to consider word
choice and writing style. An APA–formatted paper follows guidelines in regards to voice, point of
view, and clarity. For example, APA suggests that a writer aim for a clear and concise voice, absent
of bias and poetic language. The guidelines also suggest using the active voice in papers, which
makes a writer more aware of sentence

Comparing The Seven Wonders Of The Ancient World
The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World fascinate and baffle the modern world. The list is
comprised of the Great Pyramids of Giza, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Statue of Zeus at
Olympia, the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Colossus of
Rhodes, and lastly the Lighthouse of Alexandria (history). Ancient civilizations had developed and
grown without being as connected as countries in today's society are. Thus, cultures and societies
remained unique from the others. Ancient communities such as the Greek are both similar and
different from other ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians in many ways; some similarities are
their interests in geometry and mathematics, having an insular society, and religious beliefs and
some differences are religious structures, art style, and finally government structures. A similarity
between the ancient Egyptians and Greek is the use of what is now known as geometry. It is
currently thought that the Egyptians had introduced the earliest fully–developed base–ten
numeration system, this system was introduced around 2700 BCE, and was based. On people having
ten fingers (story of mathematics). A famous document of the time was the Rhind Papyrus, created
1650 BC, and contained information and exercises to show the "Correct method of reckoning, for
grasping the meaning of things and knowing everything that is, obscurities and all secrets."
(Washington.edu). The Egyptians had also approximated the area of

What Makes An Effective Mathematical Educator? Essay
Introduction
What makes an effective mathematical educator? What knowledge and skills are required to teach
the mathematical concept of patterns effectively? Are educators impacting the development of
children's understanding of patterns? This essay will embody the skills and knowledge required to
be an effective educator of mathematics and the concept of patterns. It looks and the role of an
educator in the development of a child's understanding of patterns in the classroom setting. It
explains the need for an educator to have a positive attitude towards mathematics and patterns as
children are very perceptive and negative attitudes and feelings can be transferred to the students we
are teaching.
Key Understandings of Patterns
The First Step in Mathematics (FSiM, 2004) states there are six key understandings of patterns, each
part as equally important as the next. These six key understandings outline the mathematical
concepts associated with patterns, they provide educators with the curriculum content and with the
pedagogical guidance, to make informed decisions on what and how they will to teach patterns to
their students. Educators are given the task of ensuring each student is exposed to and is developing
their knowledge of patterns, allowing them to achieve the desired outcome through these six key
understandings'. Educators need to have knowledge of the six key understandings of patterns to be a
valuable support to a child's learning. My results on my Early

Ribot's Nine Intelligences
According to Ribot (2007) the nine intelligences are as follows:
Verbal–Linguistic intelligence speaks to an individual's ability to understand and manipulate words
and language. This intelligence is possessed by everyone at the same level and includes reading,
writing, speaking and other forms of verbal and written communication. Logical–Mathematical
intelligence refers to an individual's ability to do things with data: collect, and organize, analyze and
interpret, conclude and predict. Individuals strong in this intelligence see patterns and relationships.
These individuals are oriented toward thinking: inductive and deductive logic, numeration, and
abstract patterns. Visual–Spatial intelligence refers to the ability to form and manipulate ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These individuals often daydream, imagine and pretend. They are good at reading diagrams and
maps and enjoy solving mazes and jigsaw puzzles. Bodily–Kinesthetic intelligence refers to people
who process information through the sensations they feel in their bodies. These people like to move
around, touch the people they are talking to and act things out. They are good at small and large
muscle skills; they enjoy all types of sports and physical activities. They often express themselves
through dance. Musical–Rhythm intelligence refers to the ability to understand, create, and interpret
musical pitches, timbre, rhythm, and tones and the capability to compose music. Teachers can
integrate activities into their lessons that encourage students' musical intelligence by playing music
for the class and assigning tasks that involve students creating lyrics about the material being taught.
Composers and instrumentalists are individuals with strength in this area. Naturalistic intelligence is
seen in someone who recognizes and classifies plants, animals, and minerals including a mastery of
taxonomies. They are holistic thinkers who recognize specimens and value the unusual. They are
aware of species such as the flora and fauna around them. They notice natural and

Behavioral Science Article Review
Article review In behavioral science, there has been a long time interest in the method biases. This
article in concerned with the influence that the biases have in the research results in the field of
behavioral science. The paper also looks at the aspects that cause the occurrence of the biases. The
paper also expounds on the human cognitive process that allows the human behavior and response
to measures in the research to be influenced by the biases. The article also evaluates the various
statistical techniques and procedural techniques that can be employed towards controlling the biases
that may exist in such human behavioral science research. At the end of the paper, there are various
recommendations that are given in connection to selection of the best procedures in such researches
as well as the statistical remedies that can be employed depending on the setting of the research
being conducted. Method biases are pointed out to be one of the reasons behind the measurement
errors. These measurement errors therefore contribute to weakening of the validity of conclusions
particularly the conclusions on the relationships between measures that are used in the research.
These measurement errors are here grouped into random and systematic components. The common
method biases are indicated to be emanating mainly from having a common rater, using a common
measurement context, employing a common item context or even emanate from characteristics of
the characteristics of

Inductive Reasoning: Course Analysis
As a teen, I often thought mathematics was primarily a subject you take in school and it wouldn't
affect any aspect of my daily life. However, mathematics I have learned throughout this course is in
every aspect of my life, personal and professional. For instance, if I were to conclude a decision I
made in my personal and professional life, there are two types of reasoning I might use, inductive or
deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is the process of arriving at a general conclusion based on
observations of specific examples and deductive reasoning, is the process of proving a specific
conclusion from one or more general statements. (Blitzer, 2014, pgs. 3 & 8). I have applied
inductive reason, when deciding which way would be best to take, either the highway or the main
roads, to arrive at work on time. I took the highway for several weeks and the main roads. Each time
on the highway I would arrive 10 to 15 minutes late for work and on the main road, I would arrive 5
to 10 minutes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Blitzer, R. (2014) noted the theory of "Sex Degrees of Separation is anyone in the world can be
joined to any other person through a chain of no more than four intermediate connections. I can use
the theory in my personal life to understand the connections I have with others or recognized a
connection characters in a novel or television series may have with each other. In my professional
life, I can use the theory to show a connection to a type of behaviour children are exposed to, such
as abuse or/and violence. I can likewise use diverse types of functions, in my professional life, by
modeling a data, to show behaviours increase or/and decrease, for the duration, the children are in
the Intensive Support Program, I currently

The History of Zero: Indian and Mayan Cultures
Zero is usually recognized today as being originated in two geographically separated cultures: the
Maya and Indian. If zero was a place–holder symbol, then such a zero was present in the Babylonian
positional number system before the first recorded occurrence of the Indian zero. If zero was
represented by an empty space within a well–defined positional number system, such a zero was
present in Chinese mathematics a few centuries before the beginning of the Common Era. The
absence of a symbol for zero in China did not prevent it from being an efficient computational tool
that could handle solution of higher degree order equations involving fractions.
However, the Indian zero was a symbol, a number, a magnitude, a direction separator and a place–
holder, all in one operating within a fully established positional numeration system. Such a zero
occurred only twice in history – the Indian zero which is now the universal zero and the Mayan zero
which occurred in solitary isolation in Central America at the beginning of the Common Era. To
understand the first appearances of the Indian and Mayan zeroes, it is necessary to examine them
both within the social contexts in which both of these inventions occurred. Because of the popular
difficulties with the zero, there has occurred over time a series of avoidance mechanisms to cope
with the presence of zero. The word zero comes from the Arabic meaning void or empty which
became later the term for zero. The ancient Egyptians never

Comparison Between Roman And Modern Era
From calculating digital computations to setting the foundation of modern applications, the number
system is more relevant in life and culture than most people realize. For example, people use the
number system to organize sections and chapters from literature, keep financial affairs orderly and
neatly, and compute numerous types of everyday costs. Also, it dictates how modern applications
function and how programming languages work seamlessly. Despite these incredible
accomplishments, the world would lack all knowledge of it were it not for ancient number systems.
These systems include three of the most famous ones in the world: Roman numerals, Mayan
numerals, and Egyptian numerals. Through innovation, technology, and ingenuity, ancient ... Show
For example: IV = 4, IX = 9, XXXIV = 34, CIX = 109, CD = 400, and MCMIV = 1904. The key to
handling this exception is to subtract the digit ahead of the power from the numeral itself [4].
Now that the basic numbers and rules have been covered, the arithmetic for addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division can be understood. To calculate addition, one must first rewrite the
numbers to arrange them in descending order after putting them together. Next, one must learn to
ignore the subtractive system and write out individual numbers when appropriate. For example: 4 =
IIII, 9 = VIIII, 34 = XXXIIII; but 3 still equals III, 6 still equals VI, and 37 still equals XXXVII.
Third, evaluating in ascending order, one must rewrite trailing "I" digits into a simplified version.
Finally, any further required simplification is performed. To demonstrate this, consider two numbers
in addition, 13 + 66. The numbers are written side–by–side (XIII + LXVI), then put together in
descending order (LXXVIIII). The four trailing "I" digits are rewritten as IV, and this number is
rewritten as LXXVIV. The last three digits, the "VIV," is equivalent to "IX (9)," so the number is
rewritten one final time as LXXIX (79).
For subtraction, one must borrow numbers by marking out common symbols in the second number.
For example, LXVIII – XII (68–12) =

Poem Analysis : ' Surrogating While Storytelling '
Fleming 1
Heather Fleming
Professor Drobney
Structure
Oct 28, 2016
Surrogating while Storytelling
Surrogating while storytelling is quite common in the Deaf world. It is when you take on the role of
someone else in a story. A big part of storytelling is role shifting; now known as surrogating. When
you surrogate; you are taking on the personality of the character. When you surrogate you take the
story from a narrative perspective to first person perspective, as if you were actually there to witness
what happened. The function of space and the story's perspective can change how the audience
understands it.
The use of role shifting in American Sign Language plays a critical part. It 's highly important and
necessary. To make sure you accurately take on the role of your character these requirements are
needed. Body shifting, eye gaze, facial expressions, and mannerisms. Body shifting is one of the
crucial parts in role shifting because that is setting where your taking upon your character. You're
either looking "(right/left/center/up/down) and you have to remember to remain there constantly
while you're taking on that specific character". (administrator, 1970) Meaning if you continue to
look sight of that location for your character we will lose sense of what you're saying in your story.
Eye gazes will let the audience know where, and what you're looking at in your signing
Fleming 2 space. Facial expressions are going to be the second most important requirement because

Disadvantages Of Multiplication In Mathematics
Based on the Council of Teacher of Mathematics,(1993) "Multiplication involves the counting of
units of a size other than one." The repeated addition definition while is a useful link between
multiplication and addition is limiting if it is students' only concept of multiplication.
The meaning of the multiplication sign, "×", depends on the language of the speaker. In Japanese it
always means "multiplied by." "3 × 4" and "3 times 4" mean, "Three multiplied by four," or four
groups of three items. In English, however, the sign means either "times" or "multiplied by,"
where"3 times 4," denotes three groups of four items, and "three multiplied by four" means four
groups of three items. Therefore, in English the sign "×" has two interpretations ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Basic knowledge on numbers and Mathematical skills.
4. Pedagogical readiness is the "Students" understanding of the materials they use as they learn
Mathematics.
5. Maturation readiness is the "Students" level of mental maturity (each person passes through four
stages of mental maturity).
The use of games and concrete materials can aid in pupils' recognition of the importance of
Mathematics and its many different real applications.
Educators views on the use of concrete materials and Manipulatives in the classroom
Manipulative materials are objects that pupils can feel, touch, handle and move. The National
Council of Teacher of Mathematics( 1993), proposes that pupils and teachers often view the use of
manipulatives"as play time", but stress that using manipulatives is any excellent way to help
learners make faster connection between mathematical ideas. It is also established that learning is
enhanced when pupils are exposed to concepts in varying manipulative context. Learners who are at
the concrete level deal with manipulative materials as they discover solution to problems. Many if
not all games, involve object manipulation at some

The History Of Mathematics In A Large Nutshell
Math through the Ages provides an interesting and concise analysis of the mathematical culture of
different societies in history. The section "The History of Mathematics in a Large Nutshell" provides
an interesting discussion of Greek mathematics. The mathematics of the culture both influenced and
was influenced by the culture of the society. The Greeks were most likely the most important
historical society in the Western world. They spread their vast knowledge and affected the
mathematical traditions of the world. According to Greek historians, their mathematical pursuits
began somewhere around 600 B.C.E. Our earliest record of Greek mathematics, however, is from
300 B.C.E. Unfortunately, most of what we know about the Greek mathematical tradition comes
from the 3rd and 4th century. These works seem to do a decent job at preserving the past, but how
well they preserve the works scholars cannot know (Berlinghoff & Gouvea, 2004, p. 14). One
reason for the Greeks' extensive influence on mathematics was the broad range of Greek speaking
people. Greek mathematics is not limited to Greece, but rather extends throughout the
Mediterranean world. Greek was the language of the educated in most of the Mediterranean.
Building on the work of the Egyptians, the Greeks made many great mathematical achievements
(Berlinghoff & Gouvea, 2004, p. 15). The Greek numeration system was very similar to the Roman's
and rather primitive compared to that of the Babylonians. The system used the

The History of Algebra
The History of Algebra The history of algebra has been around for several decades, this method of
mathematics has been used during the beginning of time. The development of algebraic notation
progressed through out three stages: the rhetorical stage, the syncopated stage, and the symbolic
stage with which we are use to using in our daily usage of algebra. In ancient civilization math was
used to help leaders to strategically form how their troops should be lined up for battle and help
decide how to attack their enemies. Algebra was used in the many of these civilizations: Egypt,
Babylon, Greece, India, Europe, and most parts of the Middle East. In Egypt, the Egyptians used
mathematics which included Algebra to solve equivalent to a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They also were able to prove that the quadratic equations have two roots, and included the negative
as irrational roots. The Hindus used the astrology and astronomy to help determine directions in
which they should live their lives as if it was an almanac. The Hindus used this method of algebraic
equations to determine directions, farming, and behavior among their peers.
The Arabs in the Middle East helped improve the Hindus number symbols and was able to adopted
the same method of algebraic reasoning as the Greeks they reject the negative solutions that the
Hindus were using and would solve the quadratic equations by recognizing two solutions, possibly
irrational. The algebra of the Arabs in the Middle East was entirely rhetorical and like the Hindus,
the Arabs worked freely with irrationals. The Arabs used and improved the Hindus number symbols
and the idea of positional notation. These numerals (the Hindu–Arabic system of numeration) which
are used throughout the world today, however the Arabs contribution to the methods that are used in
algebra is the solution of cubic equations by geometric methods involving the intersection of conics.
In the 16th century of the European nations there were great theories about algebra, they rejected the
method that negative numbers could be used in an algebraic equation and many of the
mathematicians would quickly accepted zero as a number but

Unit 1 Case Study Of Egypt
Core task #2 language
2. check your understanding
1. In AD 324, Egypt officially became a Christian county.
In AD 641 Arab invaders introduced their religion Islam to Egypt. This saw the end of the many
gods religion. Because of the closing down of temples took 12 centuries before anyone could work
out how to read the hieroglyphics.Only priests, scribes and craftsmen had been taught to understand
hieroglyphics. As they died nobody could understand them.
2. hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek
3. The Rosetta Stone is one of the most important objects in the British Museum as it holds the key
to understanding Egyptian hieroglyphs.
3. Full name in hieroglyphics
4. Egyptian hieroglyphics numerals and Japanese kanji numerals
6. The

Why Is Mental Computation?
Mental computation refers to the process of working out and determining the exact answer to a rapid
calculation mentally. It is through this practice, that children learn and understand how numbers
work, are able to make decisions about procedures and how through selecting different strategies
they are able to solve maths problems (Varol & Farran 2007; Vershaffel et al. 2007), therefore
developing number sense. Number sense refers to the "general understanding of numbers and
operations and the ability to use this understanding in flexible ways" (McIntosh, Reys & Reys, 1992
in Varol & Farran, 2007) to master mathematical problems. A child's number sense is developed in
their early years through informal ways however once the child starts ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These ideas are: number sense, models to support a child's development proficiency of mental
computation strategies, their conceptual understanding and whether or not mental computation skills
is crucial to teach to children. However, this review will focus on research conducted on children's
specific understandings of addition and subtraction. Number sense refers to a child's understanding
of numbers and operations and their ability to use this understanding to make decisions and create
strategies when working with numbers and operations (Reys & Yang 1998, p. 225–226 in Whitacre,
2015). Research has shown that mental computation and number sense "have strong links" (Rogers,
2009) with one another, as through a child's performance they are able to demonstrate and reflect
their conceptual understanding of how numbers operate and relate to one another. It is pivotal that
students develop number sense as it allows them to respond flexibly to mathematical problems and
that there can be more than one algorithm applied. This is agreed to by Whitacre (2015), as through
this students can display their skills of using different strategies rather than applying a standard
algorithm to the problem. Those who have developed a deep understanding of number sense are
more capable of identifying the relationship between numbers, determine which form of operation is
appropriate to apply and which strategy is most effective when solving the problem. Morgan (1999)
and Whitacre (2015)

Alexander Nevsky Research Paper
Alexander Nevsky (fourth son of Grand Prince Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich of Vladimir), born May
13th, 1221 and dying on the 14th of November, 1263 has been ascribed various attributes
throughout his life and history, the predominate narrative being the decisive victory against the
Swedish and Finnish invaders during the Battle of Neva (July 17th, 1240), his tactical decision of
capitulation to the Golden Horde (specifically to Batu Khan), his established companionship with
Batu Khan's son Sartaq which subsequently led to the installation of Nevsky as the Grand Prince of
Vladimir in 1252, and his heroic defense during the Battle of the Ice on April 5th, 1242.
Demonstrating geopolitical context is a necessity when analyzing the influence of a ... Show more
The former established Alexander Nevsky (the battle in where his sobriquet was derived from) as a
competent leader of the Novgorodian people and commander, the latter resulting in the two
eventually became anda (blood brothers), indicating the magnitude of their relationship. The
bestowment of yarlyk was a direct result of his relationship with Batu Khan's son, granting
Alexander Nevsky control of the Principality of Vladimir, enhancing his political dominance of
Rus'. Alexander Nevsky's claim to historical eternity is not political acumen, but his defeat of the
Teutonic Knights attempting to seize Novgorod and enforce the conversion of the peasants to
Roman Catholicism – this purportedly led to the intensification of Rus' patriotism, and was
frequently utilized throughout the existence of the USSR to inspire vitality in the peasantry
defending against the Wehrmacht . This idea of nationalism and defense against foreigners
(specifically German/Teutons) is reinforced several times throughout USSR filmography; though
most singularly in Sergei Eisenstein's film "Alexander Nevsky". The film perpetually promotes the
strength of the Rus' people against both the Mongols and Teutonic Knights, with Alexander Nevsky
outwitting the unnamed Mongol khan and convincing them to simply 'leave them alone' as opposed
to the process of tribute experienced in history, displaying the Teutonic Knights (called Germans)
imposing Roman Catholicism upon the diligent peasants of Novgorod and slaughtering those who
refuse to acquiesce, and panning the camera on Alexander Nevsky whilst he utters inspirational
quotes such as "The Mongols can wait methinks. We face a more dangerous foe, closer at hand are
fiercer, and will not

How Did The Mayans Build Number System
Next to speaking, counting is the greatest achievement created by man. The question of who is
responsible for creating counting and numbers is still unknown today. Historians and researchers
have difficulty pinpointing who should be credited for the creation. Professor Jean de Heinzelin
discovered the earliest proof of counting in the 1950s. During his excavation in a village called
Ishango, located in the Congo, he discovered a bone with lines and patterns carved into it.
Researchers dubbed the finding the Ishango Bone. An article by D. Huylebrouck says that the bone
is about 11,000 years old and was possibly used as a sort of calendar (Huylebrouck). Unfortunately,
not much else is known about it, but historians know much more about later ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Indian scholars created the Hindu Arabic system around 800 B.C (Carasco). This system grouped by
ten using numbers 0–9. It also used place value. For example in the number 2345, the 2 is in the
thousands place, the 3 is in the hundreds place, the 4 is in the hundreds place, while the 5 is in the
units place. One must read from right to left, to say the word aloud. This is what is currently used
universally. Unlike the other systems previously discussed, this one uses a base 10. Many question
as to why this system uses a base 10. The answer is simply the fact the humans only have ten fingers
to count with, which makes it easy to count and keep track of. Some also wonder how this
numeration system was able to reach so many countries. As one will see the spreading of the system
was like a domino effect. "The Handy Math Answer Book" explains that the Arabs were among the
first to adopt this counting arrangement from the Indians. India was able to pass on this counting
system through the trade routes of Northern Africa, which caught the attention of Arabs inhabiting
this area ( (Barnes–Svarney and Svarney ). Mathematicians, who learned about this new number
system from the Arabs, began publish books that wrote about this easy to use system. The final
turning point occurred during the 16th century. Europeans merchants began to use and spread this
counting system during their trade transactions. Soon other countries

The Importance of Numeration and the Application of...
The importance of numeration and the application of counting has been present since the beginning
of human intelligence. The usage of numbers has undoubtedly evolved significantly as the needs of
society have become more and more complex and specific. The intricate business world calls for
extensive record keeping and the appropriate communication of financial information to it's
respective parties, which is why accounting came to be. Accounting is universally known as "the
language of business"; in the modern business world accounting revolves around four main financial
statements. These statements are known as: the balance sheet, the income statement, the statement of
retained earnings and the statement of cash flow. This however, is modern accounting, it has evolved
significantly since it first commenced in ancient civilizations. Its hard to say when accounting
exactly began, due to the fact that it is centered around the idea of numbers and keeping track of
values. Some would argue that accounting began as soon things were numbered and these values
were written down, while others believe that it took more regulation and organization of this record
keeping in order for it to be officially considered as accounting. It is said that accounting originated
in ancient Mesopotamia, its development was parallel to the progression of money, counting and
writing, due to the fact that accounting is the combination of all three areas of study. The trading in
the mesopotamian

Evaluation Of Norm Sample
Evaluation of Norm Sample for KeyMath–3 DA
The following evaluation presents the components of the normative sample applied in the
KeyMath–3 Diagnostic Assessment (KeyMath–3 DA). For reference, a norm sample characterizes
as a selected sample of test–takers from various common characteristics such as gender, age, grade,
race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or some combination thereof, for the purpose of creating test
norms. The KeyMath–3 DA is a comprehensive, norm–referenced measure of essential
mathematical concepts and skill which is untimed and individually administered (Connolly, p. 1,
2007). Furthermore, the test consists of 372 full color test items and 10 subtests covering three
general math areas: Basic Concepts (numeration, algebra, geometry, measurement, data analysis and
probability), Operations (mental computation and estimation; addition and subtraction; and
multiplication and division), and Applications (foundations of problem solving and applied problem
solving). Additionally, data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census (2004) reinforced the integrity of
the normative sample to establish the target counts in age, grade and season, race/ethnicity,
geographic region and socioeconomic status.
Ages/Grades of Students To accomplish an age norm sample, the KeyMath–3 DA tested students
beginning from the ages of 4 years 6 months through 21 years 11 months. In order to accommodate
the goal of testing 220 students per group, Connolly (2007) divided the groups such

The Numbers And Counting System In Ancient Egypt
Numbers and counting systems are used daily by everyone. Numerous civilizations throughout
history like Egypt, Babylonian, Maya and Africa developed a unique number system. They were
commonly used to communicate numbers in an everyday life. Since then counting has changed. A
few of the earlier systems had principles that survived and helped in some way, shape or form to
create our current Hindu Arabic numbering system. It has become widespread. Back in 3000 B.C,
ancient Egypt was using the number system to calculate areas of land, distribute money, and much
more. The Egyptian counting system consisted of hieroglyphs and pictorial signs. The graphic
numbers can be of a person, animal, or plant. The hieroglyphic numbers were a written form of the
number system. It used a decimal base approach. For all the powers of ten, there was a unique
symbol. For example, the number ten was represented as a upside down "U", for the number a
hundred thousand it was tadpole, for a million it was represented by a man kneeling with his arms
raised. When reading or writing the number, it is written from right to left. It was written on temples,
vases, and stone monuments. The Egyptians used hieroglyphic numbers to advance in architectural
achievements. Math was used to make historical creations like tombs and pyramids. Greenwald and
Thomley agree that "the ancient Egyptians were also aware of fractions, which were primarily
written as unit fractions of the form 1⁄n, such as 1⁄2or 1⁄4..."

Annual Islamic Symposium On The Arts And Sciences
Siddarth Kumar H Block Mathematics News Article Annual Islamic Symposium on The Arts and
Sciences Inside Dover–Sherborn Regional High School In Room 214 the Annual Islamic
Symposium on The Arts and Sciences has just concluded. The symposium was one of the most
important events of our time, where notable scholars and key figures met in the "House of Wisdom"
in order to hold panel discussions and present displays on the advancements in the fields of Art and
Science through the 15th century. Mathematics took center stage at the symposium with Al–
Khwarizmi speaking about history of his field during the Arab empire and discussing major
contributors to the field. Arabic Mathematics derived from the simple system of finger reckoning,
using one 's fingers in order to do basic forms of arithmetic. After some time "Finger reckoning
started to disappear with the introduction of Hindu arithmetic, the base for the current scheme of
numeration and calculation" (Esposito 184). Hindu numerals were used for these basic forms of
arithmetic more efficiently than Finger reckoning. This numeric system was easier for calculations,
rather than using Roman numerals, which is why it is considered a great achievement–moved the
possibilities of mathematics ahead. It was a base ten counting system that originated in India and
Al–Khwarizmi was the first person outside of India to rework this system, giving us the Arabic
numerals, which the numbers we use today are derived from. The abacus was the

Mayan Math History
Like each other part of human advancement, mathematics has its own particular birthplace focused
around the needs of humanity in searching for understanding. Mathematics emerged from the
necessity to quantify time and number. The earliest evidence of counting occurred in mountains of
Africa were notched bones and scored pieces of wood and stone were discovered. As human
advancements started to surface in Asia and the near east, frameworks and essential appreciation of
arithmetic, geometry and polynomial math started to develop. Mathematics has made a lot of
progress from the first evidence of counting in 50,00 B.C to the current utilization of math all over
the place from cellphones and machines to dating of old ancient rarities and adjusting ... Show more
The importance of astronomy and calendar (18 months a year; 20 days a month) calculations to the
Mayans required mathematics, which lead them create an advanced number system of its time. The
system was on base 20 and most times base 5, which very likely originated from counting on fingers
and toes. The numerals consisted of only three symbols: zero was represented as a shell shape, one,
a dot and five a bar, so calculation was basically adding or subtracting bars and dots. In spite of not
having the idea of a division, they delivered greatly exact cosmic perceptions utilizing no
instruments other than sticks in form of crosses to view astronomical objects and had the capacity
measure the length of the sunlight based year to a far higher level of exactness than that utilized as a
part of Europe (their computations created 365.242 days, contrasted with the cutting edge estimation
of 365.242198), and in addition the length of the lunar month (their evaluation was 29.5308 days,
contrasted with the advanced estimation of 29.53059). Due to the geographic disconnect, Mayan
mathematics hardly influenced the Old World (Europe and Asia) mathematics and numbering

Evaluation Of Norm Sample
Evaluation of Norm Sample for KeyMath–3 DA In order to determine the components of the norm
sample applied in the KeyMath–3 Diagnostic Assessment (KeyMath–3 DA), an evaluation is
presented. For reference, a norm sample is defined as selected sample of test–takers from various
common characteristics such as gender, age, grade, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or some
combination thereof, for the purpose of creating test norms. The KeyMath–3 DA is a
comprehensive, norm–referenced measure of essential mathematical concepts and skill which is
untimed and individually administered (Connolly, p. 1, 2007). Furthermore, the test consists of 372
full color test items and 10 subtests covering three general math areas: Basic Concepts (numeration,
algebra, geometry, measurement, data analysis and probability), Operations (mental computation
and estimation; addition and subtraction; and multiplication and division), and Applications
(foundations of problem solving and applied problem solving). Additionally, data from the U.S.
Bureau of the Census (2004) reinforced the integrity of the norm sample to establish the target
counts in age, grade and season, race/ethnicity, geographic region, and socioeconomic status.
Ages/Grades of Students To accomplish an age norm sample, the KeyMath–3 DA tested students
beginning from ages of 4 years 6 months through 21 years 11 months. In order to accommodate the
goal of testing 220 students per group, Connolly (2007) divided the groups such that

Why I Learned Mathematics For Teaching Mathematics
Introduction This report follows the progress of an eight year old, grade three child's progress,
through a mathematical diagnostic assessment pertaining specifically to number placement, and
proceeds through the relevant stages of mathematical learning, mapping the strategic points
involved in teaching mathematics whilst following the progress of the child, and the areas with
which they required improvement. The partitioned focus, of this report is on specific areas such as
the mechanics of learning numbers specifically, counting and the developmental appropriate
learning stages of a neurotypical child. Succeeding the initial factual proponent of the report (Part
A), is an account of the experience of tutoring (Part B) the grade three child, whom shall be known
as "Boris" (a neighbours child). A permission slip was attained a copy of which may be found within
the appendices. This portion of the report will explain any errors Boris made, why Boris made those
errors, and what was done to rectify them. Pictorial evidence of the tutoring sessions may be found
within the body of the Part B text. Part A Rationale In order to teach well, there must be an
observance of the student, and how that student may best learn. The commonsense within the points,
which make up the components of the "professional judgement circle (Department of Education,
(DoEWA) 2013. p. 2.)" describe well the necessary stages for the development of student learning,
as opposed to teacher teaching and a

What Is Hard Disk Drive?
Hard Drive Physical elements
What is hard disk drive?
A hard disk drive (often shortened as disc, hard drive, or HDD) is a nonvolatile storage device that
stores digitally encoded information on fast rotating rigid (i.e. hard) platters with magnetic surfaces.
to be precise, "drive" refers to the motorized mechanical side that 's distinct from its medium, like a
tape drive and its tape, or a diskette drive and its diskette. Early HDDs had removable media; but, a
HDD nowadays is usually a sealed unit (except for a filtered vent hole to equalize air pressure) with
fixed media.
How hard drive works?
A hard disk is a sealed unit containing variety of platters in a stack. hard disks could also be
mounted either in a horizontal or a vertical position. during this description, the drive is mounted
horizontally.
Electromagnetic read/write heads are positioned on top of and below every platter. because the
platters spin, the drive heads move in toward the middle surface and out toward the boundary. in this
approach, the drive heads might reach the complete surface of every platter.
Hard drive physical component
PLATTERS:
Platter is a circular, metal disk that 's mounted within a hard disk drive. many platters are mounted
on a fixed spindle motor to make new information storage surfaces in a smaller space. The platter
incorporates a core created from aluminum or glass substrate, coated with a filmsy layer of ferric
oxide or cobalt alloy. On each side of the substrate material, the

Lesson Plan For A Small Group Of Three First Grade,...
LESSON PLAN
CONTEXT
This lesson is designed for a small group of three first–grade, classified English language–learning
(ELL) students. The students are ages six– through eight–years–old and are in a first grade
classroom. They spend 90% of their time in the regular classroom, and the other 10% outside of the
classroom receiving instruction from the ESOL teacher. All three of these students are female, two
of which are Latino and the other of Arabic descent. Only one of the Latino girls was born outside of
the United States, and the other two students were U.S. born. They attend Andrew Jackson
Elementary School in South Philadelphia. The two Latino students have gone to Jackson from the
time they were in Kindergarten, while the Arabic student entered Jackson this year after the school
year had already begun. All three of these children are below grade level in all content areas,
especially literacy. In terms of this lesson, math is the content area being addressed. The concepts of
less than, greater than, and equal to will be taught. Prior to this lesson, the students have learned
how to count and label their numbers 0 through 100. They have worked briefly with $#$#1$#$#
lines and understand the cardinality of numbers.
DESIRED RESULTS
In this lesson, I am trying to accomplish teaching the students the key concepts of less than, greater
than, and equal to. I want them to understand that each number holds its own value and that a
specific number may hold

How Did The Holocaust Affect Africa's Humanity
The African Holocaust was the most egregious and ruthless act taken against humanity, as slave
traders disconnected Africa's citizens from families; and, deprived them of their God–given right to
exist as a human being. The thought of entering trade agreements with various countries in one
continent for the sole purpose to buy, sell, and enslave men, women, and children, for life, seems
incomprehensible to the modern world, but over the course of nearly four hundred years, this was
the Maafa, the greatest tragedy, for at least twelve million Africans that were stripped from their
homeland, enslaved, and brutalized in Europe, the Caribbean and the Americas.
In the midst of slavery's storm, European slave traders used sales tactics that catastrophically
diminished Africa's reputation and African's humanity. In the process, they destroyed Africa's
historical truth; and created images that Africans were unrefined savages that mindlessly roamed the
grasslands with bones jutting from their noses, in loincloths, and spears in hand...simply as if they
were mere human and behaved as untamed animals. Classifying Africans as inferior and uneducated
is racist in theory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While each ethnic group had their own language, there are also over 100 inter–ethnic languages
applied to allow for communication among the thousands of ethnic groups. When Europeans arrived
in Africa, they manipulated the spoken language by imposing French, Spanish, English, and other
European languages as a "neutral alternative" to the myriad of languages spoken across ethnic
groups. African's multilingualism clearly counters the idealist's impression that ethnic groups in
Africa were

Essay On The Babylonians
The Babylonian civilization existed from around 3000 BC until 539 BC. The civilization has its
roots to Mesopotamia, a plain between the Tigris River and the Euphrates River, which is now in
modern day Iraq. The Babylonians are notoriously famous in their discoveries and inventions, most
of which we still use today. The civilization–developed ideas such as astronomy, in which they
created the Saros Cycle, a cycle used to predict solar and lunar eclipses. The Babylonians were also
masters in architecture, constructing buildings like the Hanging Gardens using innovative
techniques including glass–covered bricks and adornments of gold and bronze. However, despite
many of these discoveries being forgotten or lost, their advancements in mathematics have been kept
for centuries, and have brought modern ideas of angles, quadratic equations and even knowledge
about the Pythagoras theorem, before Pythagoras himself existed.
One modern–day use of mathematics and quadratic equations, created by Babylonians, was the
collection of taxes. Mesopotamia was a very fertile land; therefore there were a high number of
farmers in the Babylonian Empire. Because of the high number of farmers, tax collectors and
mathematicians had to develop a new and more efficient way of calculating the ... Show more
Despite the fact that many of their discoveries have been lost through time, it can be concluded that
the Babylonian Empire was very advanced for its time and despite ending with a societal collapse, it
is still possible to find everyday things without knowing they possess century–old roots connecting
to the ancient Babylonian civilization. This truly shows, the large influence the Babylonian
civilization has on our modern day society and our understanding of the

Two Examples Of Numeration In Millennia
Every society in the world has found the need to count, whether how many fish they had caught or
the number of family members; therefore, each culture throughout the millennia have come of with
numeration systems to do so. For example the Mayan numeration system dates back to 9000 BC and
were able to create sophisticated calendars–one of which supposedly marked the end of the world
(Aufmann et al). They system was based on the solar calendar. Another example of a society
developing a numeration system is the Egyptian hieroglyphic system that uses simple pictures as a
means to count. Finally, the Hindu–Arabic numeration system was developed primarily based on
humans having ten figures and ten toes, making it a base 10 system. Furthermore,

Hieroglyphics and History of Mathematics
Hieroglyphics deal a lot with the history of math, because it was one of the earliest of maths. The
ancient Egyptians were the first civilization to practice the scientific arts. It is said that the Egyptians
introduced the earliest fully–developed base 10 numeration systems at least as early as 2700 B.C.
The word chemistry is derived from the word Alchemy which is the ancient name for Egypt. It was
between the third and first millennia B.C. It later then died in 400 AD. This was first used as legal
matters such as commerce, education, literature, and science. This type of math was mostly used by
Egyptians, but there numbering was different than ours today. Instead of them using numbers they
would use pictures to illustrate the numbers.
It is said that hieroglyphics were created by the Egyptian god Thoth. He is said to be the god of the
moon, magic, and writing. Hieroglyph comes from the root word hieros which is Greek meaning
sacred, and the root word glypho which means inscription. Hieroglyphs were first used by Clement
of Alexandria.
It was first used in ancient Egypt, as a decimal numbering system. But the decimal was non–
positional; it could deal with numbers of great scale. Egyptian used this method mostly in medicine
and geometry. The earliest known examples of hieroglyphs in Egypt have been dated to 3,400 BC.
The latest date in hieroglyphs was made on the gate post of a temple at Philae in 396 AD. The
Egyptians were really involved in medicine and applied

Annotated Bibliography Of The Three Gospels
Annotated Bibliography
Beare, Francis Wright. "Mission of the Disciples and the Mission Charge: Matthew 10 and
Parallels." Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 89, no. 1, Mar. 1970, pp. 1–13.
In his article, Beare focuses not only on what is written in Matthew 10, but he rather he spends
much energy on how the three Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke) interpret/write about the mission of
the disciples–which makes sense considering the title of his article. Throughout, Beare further
discusses the importance of the missions the disciples were being sent on–coming to the conclusion
that the authors of the three gospels aforementioned found the missions to be of lesser importance (if
they happened at all is another topic) than the instructions Jesus gives them on how they are to
conduct themselves. This revelation by Beare helps the reader to shift their focus from the view of
the disciples "preaching the word" to an understanding of the intrinsic message Jesus was trying to
communicate. Translation of the original text holds hardly any space in this article, although it does
make an appearance somewhat infrequently, rather, our author, Beare, makes clear the point that
what is written as sayings from Jesus would be nearly impossible to get fully accurate–thus these
may be taken with a grain of salt.
Blomberg, Craig L. The New American Commentary: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of
Holy Scripture: Matthew. Tennessee: Broadman Press, 1992.
The life and appearance of the

Week 3 The Major Purpose Of Education. Cynthia Aurich.
WEEK 3 THE MAJOR PURPOSE OF EDUCATION
Cynthia Aurich
Keiser University Graduate School
EDU524 Problem Solving and Critical Thinking
Dr. Dietzel
January 29, 2017
WEEK 3 THE MAJOR PURPOSE OF EDUCATION
The Importance of a Kindergarten Teacher
Kindergarten children thrive when they can work independently and cooperatively with a small
group of peers (Gullo, D. F., 2006). A kindergarten teacher who is teaching students to work
independently and in small groups while learning about numbers must understand that the students
are very diverse and have been taught in many different ways. A kindergarten teacher is a very
important person in the life of the children entering elementary school. Teachers at the kindergarten
level must keep in mind that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When they reach 1, they call out, "Blast–off", and jump in the air like rockets taking off);
using songs, chants, and stories that emphasize the counting sequence, both forward and backwards
and from different points within the sequence, and that focus on the tricky teens when the students
are ready;
providing opportunities to participate in games that emphasize strategies such as one–to–one–
correspondence;
providing support to help them recognize the various counting strategies (e.g., tagging each object
as it is counted); providing opportunities to develop facility with finger–pattern counting, so that 5
fingers and 10 fingers become anchors for the other numbers. Thus, students will recognize that they
do not have to recount the 5 fingers on one hand in order to show 6 fingers; instead, they can
automatically show the 5 fingers, say "five", and then count on an additional finger from the other
hand to make 6 (A Guide to effective instruction in mathematics, kindergarten to grade 3 : number
sense and numeration, 2003).
Assignments
A teacher must be able to check the students for understanding. There is a site called CPALMS.org.

The Pros And Cons Of The Bare Phrase Structure
Under the Minimalist Program, Chomsky (1995) formulated a new theory of phrase structure, that
replaces the X–Bar Theory and it does not have bar levels. Chomsky called it Bare Phrase Structure
(BPS). This is one of the most radical changes to shift from the top–down generation process under
X–Bar Theory to bottom–up structure building operation Merge. In this section, first we will restate
the phrase structure rules under Standard Theory and their order, X–Bar Theory and its fundamental
properties. Then we will talk about how the X–Bar Theory reduced to Bare Phrase Structure in the
Minimalist Program. Bare Phrase Structure is considered one of the fundamental developments
under Minimalism. Although, as mentioned by Lohndal (2012) it has some ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Along with the structural representation under BPS theory, he also redefined these fundamental
relations established under X–Bar Theory in the Minimalist Program. Chomsky (1995:245)
suggested, "the head–complement relation is the "most local" relation of an XP to a terminal head Y,
all other relations within YP being head–specifier (apart from adjunction)". Consequently, it affects
the notion of government that plays main role in all the modules of GB, especially for theta role and
Case assignment. As discussed by Zwart (1998), Chomsky reduced the head–complement relation to
the more primitive relation of sisterhood. Local domain is no longer determined under the notions of
government and c–command; rather, in the Minimalist Program, head–complement and head–
specifier relations are derived from the notion 'minimal domain' and a minimal set of positions
associated with a head, divided into an internal domain (the complement) and a checking domain
(the specifier(s)). In other words, it can be stated that the concepts of X–Bar theory are fundamental
and in Minimalist Program, the essential properties and relations will be stated in the simple and
elementary terms. Moreover, there are two main aspects of computational system. First, it is simple
and uncluttered, without unnecessary information or long lists of rules

Japanese Immigration Essay
4. The effects of the Japanese immigrants.
As a result of Japanese Immigration in Si Racha, It has an impact on real estate market expansion
especially in condominiums and serviced apartment. These are a positive impact for overall
economics of the East especially the big districts such as Pattaya including Si racha.
4.1 Emerging of Japanese Town
Nowadays, the Japanese culture is greatly influenced on Si Racha neighbourhood because more than
4,000 Japanese people living in this area. As Japanese's characteristic is like to hang out after work
hour, there are many businesses such as entertainment complexes and Japanese restaurants are
emerging to support Japanese lifestyle not less than 60 places and become a tourist attraction of
Thailand. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is thought the rising numeration of Japanese can cause negative situations as follows.
First, it has an effect on the consumption rate. The great Japanese facilities may encourage another
target migrate to Si Racha such as the elderly group because the cost of living is much cheaper than
in Japan. Si Racha may face with lack of food water or other supplement because the more people
the more consumption as well. It will have sufficient resources to it.
Second, as the cost of living is tending to be high, it can effect to local people that might not be able
to buy or live in that area. It also causes social problems such as crime. Therefore, they may be
influence local people migrate to other area that cheaper than Si Racha.
Third, there is a problem about racist in some facilities. For example, in some restaurants, the
service of the staff is arrogant and inhospitable to Thai because they need to serve only Japanese. If
any restaurant provides service toThai, it will be banned from the Japanese

The Child Care Center Is A Fabulous Place For Children
The Children Child Care center is a fabulous place for children to have fun and learn in a safe
environment. The rooms had plenty of room in them for all the different activities the children had
available to play with. They had a painting area with a board to clip the art work on with a lip for
markers. Children should know one or multiple colors by age 4. Board games were piled on a shelf
that included many learning games that involved math skills. Activities such as the math games help
develop the cognitive mind on problem solving and memory. However, cognitive development is
intellectual abilities, including learning, memory, language development, problem solving and
intelligence (Feldman (2014). Early development is critical periods in life. There was a section of
the room for just building blocks that had many different sizes and colors. Erik Erikson believed that
it was positive for the child to discover ways to initiate actions and have a sense of competence
(Feldman (2014). A corner of the room had a musical area that had a radio and instruments for the
children to play with. This is a nice option for the children to play with because children who have
an early interest in music, gradually become more developed as they get older. Everything in the
room had a label on it from stencils to board games and even cabinets. Children can count to ten by
the age of five (Child Development Institute (n.d.). They were labeled to name the object; however,
the cabinets were

Math 213 Reflective Paper
Reflective Paper – Math 213 Math 213 is a class packed full of information valuable to the
development of a professional math teacher. There were several major mathematical concepts
addressed in the class ranging from problem solving, numeration systems and sets, whole numbers
and their operations, to algebraic thinking, integers and number theory, rational numbers as
fractions, decimals and real numbers, and proportional reasoning, percents, and applications. This
class enhanced my understanding of math in general, as well as enabled me to explore strategies on
how to best present mathematical concepts in an elementary classroom setting.
Since children learn differently than adults do, and do not have prior knowledge to ... Show more
It is up to teachers to give students the skills to set up and solve algorithms that will help to build
their math confidence and motivate them to expand on what they have learned.
Teaching the concept of integers and number theory is a fundamental part of math curriculum. The
ability of a professional mathematics teacher to tie in real world experiences, using hand on
activities and manipulatives is essential in enabling students to build on mathematic ideas and
understand how they interconnect. Also important is the concept of rational numbers as fractions,
decimals, and real numbers. Teachers need to help ease the transition from whole numbers by
clearly explaining the new rules and definitions students are unfamiliar with.
By teaching the importance of ratios, proportions, proportional reasoning, percents, and their real
life applications, teachers are giving students the skills they need to become productive members of
society. Proportional reasoning is one of the big ideas in math and if students are able to grasp this
concept, they will be able to apply it in many instances in their lives. Teachers can assist students
with this by providing interesting, well thought out problems that represent situations students will
encounter in the future.
This course influenced my philosophy on teaching math by helping me realize how important

Julius Caesar Standard Score
Caesar is a 7–year–old second grader. Caesar claims that he does not like math. To understand
Caesar's results, you must understand the terms raw score, standard score, percentile rank, and
grade/age equivalent. Caesar was tested in basic concepts (numeration, rational numbers, geometry),
operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, mental computation), and applications
(measurement, time, money, estimation, interpreting data, problem solving). From Caesar's scores
on the Key Math Revised he appears to be slightly above average in math comprehension. An
average standard score is 100. Caesar received a standard score of 101 in basic concepts, 102 in
operations, and 107 in applications. This shows that Caesar ranked highest in applications, meaning
that he is slightly above average in measurement, time, money, estimation, interpreting data, and
problem solving, and average in basic concepts. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The grade/age equivalent scores show what grade level matches the student's performance, and then
what age level matches the student's performance. Caesar received a 7–11 in basic concepts, 7–8 in
operations, and 8–3 in applications. These results are interesting, but do not determine his
knowledge in mathematics. Grade/age equivalent scores are a statistical abstraction; there is no
evidence to support the score. The grade/age equivalent score is an estimation of what the average
student can comprehend at a certain age or grade level. The Committee to Develop Standards
actually warns for people not to trust these scores as absolute truths of a students' intelligence. This
can be seen on how much these scores differ from the standard score and percentile–ranking Caesar
was given. It is highly unlikely that Caesar scored slightly above average on his standard score and
percentile ranking, and as high as an 8th grade or eleven year old

Personalized Home Classrooms
Personalized Home Tutors for Math's in Scarborough – Ontario, CA
The Scarborough is a vast dwelling place for multi cultural communities. It is also the place for best
education in Ontario. There are many school–going students from elementary to university level.
The school–going students and their parents are mostly in search for the high school math tutoring.
Since, math is a difficult subject for many boy and girl students. However, there is Infinity Tutors,
who can assist your school–going children to understand from the basics to perform the present
class study so easily that they just love to do math any time.
Why your Children need a Professional Home Tutor
Parents Week in Math's: it is hereditary, that if parents are week in maths, their children's will have
the same problem. However, their stern be overcome with a professional assistance of a high school
math tutoring in Scarborough. The top service provider in tuition service is the Infinity Tutors and
you can book them online for a free consultation and assessment of your school–going ... Show
This can be finding out by the marks they are scoring in math's subject. For those children's a
personalized home tuition service will be best from the beginning. Since, they may need to teach
math's from the basics. Few girl and boy student may feel boring to learn or understand various
formulas in maths. Few students may scoreless in math's since they are not at all interested in this
subject and score average marks or fail in math's as a difficult subject. When you hire a personalized
home tutor, they make them simple to your child as per his or her ability to understand the number
game involved in maths. They make them as problem solver in maths rather then find it difficult to
solve them. If you prefer a women tutor for your girl child, they are ready to send a women tutor to
your home as per the child's study

Origin of Accounting
Accounting historians have attempted to relate their knowledge of the variety of accounting
practices at various points of time, and in various places. It is to wider questions of the role of
accounting in reflecting and shaping not only business and management practice, but also economic
and social organization more generally. Finley's classic ¡§The Ancient Economy¡¨ , which analyzed
the embedded–ness of ancient economic activity in the social structure, and in the status concerns of
the free citizens, as constituting a brake on the development of profit–focused markets and
correspondingly on technology and trade. It saw the state of ancient accounting as itself making
impossible sophisticated profit–oriented calculation and rational ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Writing, for example, is as old as civilization itself, but arithmetic ¡V the systematic manipulation of
number symbols ¡V was really not a tool possessed by the ancients. Rather, the persistent use of
Roman numerals for financial transactions long after the introduction of Arabic numeration appears
to have hindered the earlier creation of double–entry systems. Nevertheless, the problems
encountered by the ancients with record keeping, control and verification of financial transactions
were not entirely different from our current ones. Governments, in particular, had strong incentives
to keep careful records of receipts and disbursements ¡V particularly concerning taxes. And in any
society where individuals accumulated wealth, there was a desire by the rich to perform audits on
the honesty and skill of slaves and employees entrusted with asset management. But the lack of the
above–listed antecedents to double entry bookkeeping made the job of an ancient accountant
extraordinarily difficult. In societies where nearly all were illiterate, writing materials costly,
numeration difficult and money systems inconsistent, a transaction had to be extremely important to
justify keeping an accounting record. Five thousand years before the appearance of double entry, the
Assyrian, Chaldaean–Babylonian and Sumerian civilizations were flourishing in the Mesopotamian
Valley, producing some of the oldest known records of commerce. In this area

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