Education in medieval times focused on Christian subjects with an emphasis on Aristotle's rhetoric. Saint Augustine taught rhetoric and founded schools. Aristotle's rhetoric focused on persuasive appeals through logos, pathos, and ethos. Education was delivered through five canons: invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. Scholasticism developed as a method of learning through dialectic, inference, and resolving contradictions. However, limitations in technology and the dominance of Aristotle's geocentric theories restricted scientific development.

1. The teaching in medieval times
Education

2. In the begin of Middle Ages around
450 DC
• The main subjects were Christian ones, and the
Aristotle’s rhetoric was important.
• Aristotle’s rhetoric is the use of language with
persuasive effect.
• Saint Augustine:
– taught in the Latin grammar school at Tagaste
– opened a school of rhetoric at Carthage
– taught rhetoric in Rome
– accepted a professorship in rhetoric at Milan

3. Saint Augustine
Saint Augustine and his
mother Saint Monique

4. Aristotle’s rhetoric (1)
• The base of rhetoric was three persuasive
audience appeals :
– logos, pathos and ethos
• And five canons:
– invention or discovery, arrangement, style,
memory, and delivery

5. three persuasive audience appeals
• Logos
– In the old Greece the word meant word, speech,
reason
– For Aristotle the term to meant reasoned discourse
• Further Jesus saw as the incarnation of the Logos
• Pathos
– represented an appeal to the audience's emotions
• Ethos
– involved moral competence only; But Aristotle
broadens the concept to include expertise and
knowledge

6. The five canons
• Inventio
– was the method used for the discovery of arguments
• Dispositio
– the system were used for the organization of arguments
• Elocutio
– the term used for the mastery of stylistic elements concern the
crafting and delivery of speeches and writing
– four ingredients necessary in order to achieve good style included
correctness, clearness, appropriateness, and ornament
• Memoria
– was the same meaning as today
• Pronuntiatio
– the content, structure, and style of oration .The most important
elements of oratory enhancing its persuasive power

7. Making a book in medieval times
• As paper, in Europe, did not become common
until around 1450 the most medieval
manuscripts were written on treated animal
skins called parchment.
• The parchment was ruled colored ink, lines
that helped the scribe to write

8. Medieval people
• Few books, few ideas, many people could not
read, religiosity was predominant with many
wars

9. Medieval people and medieval
buildings
Giordano Bruno

10. At the end around 1400 DC
• The word universitas originally was applied to
the scholastic guild
• A guilt was a corporation of students and
masters:
– A community of teachers and scholars whose
corporate existence had been recognized and by
the ecclesiastical authority

11. Scholasticism
• Has its origins in Charlemagne, who attracted
the scholars of England and Ireland,
established schools in every abbey in his
empire which arise the name scholasticism
• The word as two meanings
– a method of learning taught by scholastics
– A program that articulates and defends orthodoxy
in an increasingly pluralistic context

12. The method of learning
• As a method of learning it has his bases
• Dialectic:
– a dialogue between two or more people who may hold
differing views
– applying reason the people exchange their viewpoints to
seek the truth
• Inference:
– achieving a conclusion by deductive reasoning from given
facts
• Resolving Contradictions.
– a contradiction is a logical incompatibility between two or
more propositions

13. Magister dixit
• This sentence used in Florence and all Italy,
around 1600 by the teachers to shut up all the
students who contested the Aristotle's
astronomy theory.

14. Aristotle astronomy
• Aristotle argued that the universe is spherical
and finite with the Earth in the center.
• Aristotle's model of the universe had a
profound influence on medieval scholars, but
nevertheless they modified it to correspond
with Christian theology.

15. The limitations of technology
• Medieval books were hand written and rare.
• Few books means the reading were limited to
a few people.
But they were very nice
with nice pictures

16. There were no tools and no
science
• Without the right tools there is no
science: magister dixit was enough

17. Bibliografia
• http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/agexed/aee501/augustine.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contradictions
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectical_reasoning
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispositio
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elocutio
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethos
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inference
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventio
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoria
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_university
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathos
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronuntiatio
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism
• http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/making/
• http://perseus.mpiwg‐berlin.mpg.de/GreekScience/Students/Tom/AristotleAstro.html
• http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_dixit