The document discusses the TCP/IP networking model and its layers. It explains that layered architectures allow components to interoperate flexibly through well-defined interfaces. The TCP/IP model uses TCP and IP as its main protocols and consists of four layers - application, transport, internet, and network access. The application layer enables standardized data exchange. The transport layer maintains end-to-end communications using TCP for reliability and UDP for special purposes. The internet layer deals with packet delivery across networks using IP and ICMP. The network access layer uses protocols like Ethernet and ARP that operate on a single link. The document also compares TCP/IP to the OSI model and concludes that while OSI is a guidance tool, TCP/IP will continue to

1. TCP/IP
Architecture
Networking
By Saranga Prabod weeramanne

2. Content
• Why Layer architecture
came in to existence
• What is TCP/IP Model
• Layers of TCP/IP model
• Application Layer
• Transport Layer
• Internet Layer
• Network Access Layer
• TCP/IP vs OSI Model
• Conclusion
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3. Why Layer architecture
came in to existence
Layered architecture allows
solutions to be built with different
components that can interoperate
with flexibility of implementation, yet
with correctness of operation
due to well-defined interfaces
between layers.
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4. What isTCP/IP Model
TCP/IP is short
for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
TCP/IP is the suite of communications
protocols used to connect hosts on the Internet.
TCP/IP uses several protocols, the two main ones
being TCP and IP.
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5. Layers of TCP/IP model
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6. Application
Layer
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7. 7
Application Layer
The application layer provides
applications with standardized data
exchange. Its protocols include the
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File
Transfer Protocol (FTP), Post Office
Protocol 3 (POP3), Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP) and Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP).

8. Transport
Layer
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9. 9
Transport Layer
The transport layer is responsible for maintaining end-to-end
communications across the network. TCP handles communications
between hosts and provides flow control, multiplexing and reliability.
The transport protocols include TCP and User Datagram Protocol
(UDP), which is sometimes used instead of TCP for special purposes.

10. Internet
Layer
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11. 11
Internet Layer
The Internet layer, also called the
internet layer, deals with packets and
connects independent networks to
transport the packets across network
boundaries. The network layer protocols
are the IP and the Internet Control
Message Protocol (ICMP), which is used
for error reporting.

12. Network Access
Layer
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13. 13
Network Access Layer
The Network Access layer consists of
protocols that operate only on a link -
the network component that
interconnects nodes or hosts in the
network. The protocols in this layer
include Ethernet for local area networks
(LANs) and the Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP).

14. TCP/IP vs OSI
Model
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15. 15

16. TCP/IP vs OSI
Model cont.
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OSI(Open System
Interconnection)
TCP/IP(Transmission Control
Protocol / Internet Protocol)
1. OSI is a generic, protocol
independent standard, acting as a
communication gateway between
the network and end user.
1. TCP/IP model is based on
standard protocols around which
the Internet has developed. It is a
communication protocol, which
allows connection of hosts over a
network.
2. In OSI model the transport layer
guarantees the delivery of packets.
2. In TCP/IP model the transport
layer does not guarantees delivery
of packets. Still the TCP/IP model is
more reliable.
3. Follows vertical approach. 3. Follows horizontal approach.
4. OSI model has a separate
Presentation layer and Session
layer.
4. TCP/IP does not have a separate
Presentation layer or Session layer.
5. Transport Layer is Connection
Oriented.
5. Transport Layer is both
Connection Oriented and
Connection less.
6. Network Layer is both
Connection Oriented and
Connection less.
6. Network Layer is Connection
less.
7. OSI is a reference model around
which the networks are built.
Generally it is used as a guidance
tool.
7. TCP/IP model is, in a way
implementation of the OSI model

17. Conclusion
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TCP/IP is the older of the two approaches to data
communication and is very well established.The OSI
model is a proven concept that can be used as a base to
apply to most new applications or at least considered
when improving or building current infrastructure. It will
be continually used as a guideline for years to come for
all communications applications.TCP/IP will continue to
dominate the net due to its constant improvements and
relatively low failure rate.

18. Thank You…!