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The Data Link Layer

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Lecture slides from the 3rd-year module on Computer Networks at the University of Birmingham, UK. This presentation covers the Data-Link layer of the networks stack, primarily Error Control, Flow Control and Framing.

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Computer Networks (06-05933) The Data-Link Layer Rob Minson, rm. 134 [email_address]
Data Link Layer Overview
Data Link Layer Overview ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Errors in the Physical Layer ,[object Object]
Errors in the Physical Layer ,[object Object],[object Object],=
Errors in the Physical Layer ,[object Object],[object Object]
Errors in the Physical Layer ,[object Object]
Errors in the Physical Layer ,[object Object]
Error Control Correction and Detection Schemes
Error Control ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Error Detection with Parity Bits ,[object Object],000 001 010 011 100 101 111 000 0 001 1 010 1 011 0 100 1 101 0 111 1 110 110 0
Error Detection with Parity Bits ,[object Object],001 1 parity check OK 000 001 010 011 100 101 111 000 0 001 1 010 1 011 0 100 1 101 0 111 1 110 110 0
Error Detection with Parity Bits ,[object Object],011 1 error detected! parity check not OK 000 001 010 011 100 101 111 000 0 001 1 010 1 011 0 100 1 101 0 111 1 110 110 0
Error Detection with Parity Bits ,[object Object],111 1 error missed!!! parity check OK 000 001 010 011 100 101 111 000 0 001 1 010 1 011 0 100 1 101 0 111 1 110 110 0
Error Detection with Parity Bits ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hamming Theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hamming Theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hamming Theory ,[object Object],with distance 2, if 1 error occurs we will always receive an invalid word 000 0 001 1 010 1 011 0 100 1 101 0 111 1 110 0 000 1 001 0 010 0 011 1 100 0 101 1 111 0 110 1
Hamming Theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hamming Theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0000 1 000 0 1 00 00 1 0 000 1
Hamming Theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hamming Theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],the words invalid words reserved by them all valid words + total words available ≤ 2m + (m+r)2m = (m+r+1)2m
Hamming Theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hamming Theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hamming Codes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hamming Codes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 0 0 0 0 0 0 r 1 m 1 m 2 r 2 m 3 m 4 r 3
Hamming Codes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],r 1 m 1 m 2 m 3 r 3 m 1 m 2 m 4 r 2 m 2 m 3 m 4 ? 0 0 ? 1 1 ? r 1 m 1 m 2 r 2 m 3 m 4 r 3
Hamming Codes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],r 1 m 1 m 2 m 3 r 3 m 1 m 2 m 4 r 2 m 2 m 3 m 4 ? 1 0 ? 1 0 ? r 1 m 1 m 2 r 2 m 3 m 4 r 3
Hamming Codes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],r 1 m 1 m 2 m 3 r 3 m 1 m 2 m 4 r 2 m 2 m 3 m 4 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 r 1 m 1 m 2 r 2 m 3 m 4 r 3
Hamming Codes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],r 1 r 2 r 3 error bit m 1 m 2 m 3 m 4 r 1 m 1 m 2 m 3 r 3 m 1 m 2 m 4 r 2 m 2 m 3 m 4
Hamming Codes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 0 0 0 0 0 0 r 1 m 1 m 2 r 2 m 3 m 4 r 3
Hamming Codes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 0 0 0 0 0 0 r 1 m 1 m 2 r 2 m 3 m 4 r 3
Hamming Codes w/ Logarithmic Parity ,[object Object],[object Object],0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 r 1 r 2 m 1 r 3 m 2 m 3 m 4 r 4 m 5 m 6 m 7 m 8 m 9 m 10 m 11 r 5 m 12
Hamming Codes w/ Logarithmic Parity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 r 1 r 2 m 1 r 3 m 2 m 3 m 4 r 4 m 5 m 6 m 7 m 8 m 9 m 10 m 11 r 5 m 12
Hamming Codes w/ Logarithmic Parity 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 r 1 r 2 m 1 r 3 m 2 m 3 m 4 r 4 m 5 m 6 m 7 m 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 r 4 (8) r 3 (4) r 2 (2) r 1 (1) 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Hamming Codes w/ Logarithmic Parity ? ? 0 ? 0 1 0 ? 1 1 0 0 r 1 r 2 m 1 r 3 m 2 m 3 m 4 r 4 m 5 m 6 m 7 m 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 r 4 (8) r 3 (4) r 2 (2) r 1 (1) 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Hamming Codes w/ Logarithmic Parity 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 r 1 r 2 m 1 r 3 m 2 m 3 m 4 r 4 m 5 m 6 m 7 m 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 r 4 (8) r 3 (4) r 2 (2) r 1 (1) 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Hamming Codes w/ Logarithmic Parity 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 r 1 r 2 m 1 r 3 m 2 m 3 m 4 r 4 m 5 m 6 m 7 m 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ,[object Object],[object Object],r 4 (8) r 3 (4) r 2 (2) r 1 (1) 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Hamming Codes w/ Logarithmic Parity 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 r 1 r 2 m 1 r 3 m 2 m 3 m 4 r 4 m 5 m 6 m 7 m 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ,[object Object],[object Object],r 4 (8) r 3 (4) r 2 (2) r 1 (1) 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Hamming Codes w/ Logarithmic Parity ,[object Object],[object Object],r 4 (8) r 3 (4) r 2 (2) r 1 (1) 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 r 1 r 2 m 1 r 3 m 2 m 3 m 4 r 4 m 5 m 6 m 7 m 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Hamming codes w/ Logarithmic Parity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hamming codes w/ Logarithmic Parity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1 = 1 2 = 2 3 = 1 + 2 4 = 4 5 = 4 + 1 6 = 4 + 2 7 = 4 + 2 + 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 r 1 r 2 m 1 r 3 m 2 m 3 m 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hamming codes w/ Logarithmic Parity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1 = 1 2 = 2 3 = 1 + 2 4 = 4 5 = 4 + 1 6 = 4 + 2 7 = 4 + 2 + 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 r 1 r 2 m 1 r 3 m 2 m 3 m 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hamming Code Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cyclic Redundancy for Error Detection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cyclic Redundancy for Error Detection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cyclic Redundancy for Error Detection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Error Detection with CRC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 1 1 0 0x 3 + 1x 2 – 1x 1 + 0x 0 = 1 0 1 0 0 1 1x 5 + 0x 4 - 1x 3 + 0x 2 + 0x 1 - 1x 0 = ,[object Object]
Error Detection with CRC ,[object Object],0 1 1 0 - 0 1 1 1 = 0 0 0 1 0x 3 + 1x 2 - 1x 1 + 0x 0 - 0x 3 + 1x 2 - 1x 1 + 1x 0 = 0x 3 + 0x 2 + 0x 1 - 1x 0 = 1 0 1 0 0 1 - 0 0 1 1 0 0 = 1 0 0 1 0 1 1x 5 + 0x 4 - 1x 3 + 0x 2 + 0x 1 - 1x 0 - 0x 5 + 0x 4 + 1x 3 + 1x 2 + 0x 1 + 0x 0 = 1x 5 + 0x 4 - 2x 3 - 1x 2 + 0x 1 - 1x 0 = ,[object Object]
Error Detection with CRC ,[object Object]
Error Detection with CRC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],remainder result divisor dividend
Error Detection with CRC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 ÷ 1 0 1 = 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 – 0 1 1 = 1 1 1 0 1 1
Error Detection with CRC ,[object Object],1 1 1 0 1 1 T ( (x r M – R)/G which is divisible by G with 0 remainder) M (original data) M (original data) R (remainder of x r M / G )
Error Detection with CRC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],M = 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 / 0 1 1 = 0 0 0 0
Error Detection with CRC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Error Detection with CRC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],T = 1 1 1 0 1 1 T` = T + E = 1 1 0 0 1 1 E = 0 0 1 0 0 0 transmission error
Error Detection with CRC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Error Detection with CRC ,[object Object],[object Object],= 100000100110000010001110110110111 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Error Detection with CRC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Error Detection with CRC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bursty Error Control ,[object Object],[object Object]
Bursty Error Control ,[object Object],[object Object]
Bursty Error Control ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bursty Error Control ,[object Object],[object Object]
Error Control Design Choices ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Error Control Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Framing
Framing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Character Count Framing ,[object Object]
Character Count Framing ,[object Object],[object Object]
Flag-Byte Framing ,[object Object],[object Object],usually a sequence number usually error control ,[object Object]
FLAG-bytes with Byte Stuffing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
FLAG-bytes with Bit Stuffing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Putting it all together… DATA a chunk of network-layer binary data
Putting it all together… ESC DATA ESC bytes or 0 bits stuffed
Putting it all together… CTRL ESC DATA Control information such as sender/receiver/seq. number/etc... (see Flow Control and MAC sub-layer) Control information such as sender/receiver/seq. number/etc... (see Flow Control and MAC sub-layer)
Putting it all together… CRC ESC DATA CRC checksum or other error-control information CTRL
Putting it all together… FLAG FLAG CTRL CRC ESC DATA FLAG bytes mark start and end of frame (note, these are not CRC-protected) ,[object Object],FLAG bytes mark start and end of frame (note, these are not CRC-protected)
Flow Control
Flow Control Overview ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Unrestricted ,[object Object],[object Object]
Unrestricted ,[object Object]
Stop-and-Wait ,[object Object],[object Object]
Stop-and-Wait ,[object Object]
Stop-and-Wait ,[object Object]
Stop-and-Wait with Timeouts ,[object Object],[object Object]
Stop-and-Wait with Timeouts ,[object Object],sender receiver errors no errors
Stop-and-Wait with Timeouts ,[object Object],[object Object]
ARQ: Automatic Repeat Request ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ARQ: Automatic Repeat Request ,[object Object]
ARQ: Automatic Repeat Request ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ARQ: Automatic Repeat Request ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sliding Window: Go-Back-N ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sliding Window: Go-Back-N ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sliding Window: Go-Back-N ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sliding Window: Go-Back-N ,[object Object]
Sliding Window: Go-Back-N ,[object Object]
Sliding Window: Go-Back-N ,[object Object]
Sliding Window: Go-Back-N ,[object Object],[object Object]
Sliding Window: Go-Back-N ,[object Object]
Sliding Window: Go-Back-N ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sliding Window: Go-Back-N ,[object Object]
Sliding Window: Selective Repeat ,[object Object],[object Object]
Sliding Window: Selective Repeat ,[object Object],[object Object]
Sliding Window: Selective Repeat ,[object Object],[object Object]
Duplex Sliding Window ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Real DLL protocols: HDLC ,[object Object],[object Object],(if piggybacked) (otherwise)
Real DLL protocols: LLC (802.2) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Further Reading… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Flow Control Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Medium Access Control
Multiple Access Channels
Multiple Access Channels
MAC Overview ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The MAC sub-layer Data-Link Layer provides packet send/receive service to Network Layer
The MAC sub-layer Physical Layer provides binary send/receive to Data-Link Layer
The MAC sub-layer But, different media have different constraints about multiple nodes accessing the medium
The MAC sub-layer ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The MAC sub-layer MAC layer provides medium-access service to the Data-Link layer A separate protocol is needed to implement the service for each different transmission medium
Channel Allocation Problem ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Channel Allocation Problem ,[object Object],[object Object]
Channel Allocation Problem ,[object Object],[object Object]
Channel Allocation Problem ,[object Object],[object Object]
Channel Allocation Problem ,[object Object],[object Object]
Channel Allocation Problem ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ALOHA Protocols ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ALOHA Protocols ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ALOHA – Collision Detection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pure ALOHA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pure ALOHA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pure ALOHA ,[object Object],[object Object]
Slotted ALOHA ,[object Object],[object Object]
Slotted vs. Pure ALOHA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MAC throughput performance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MAC throughput performance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MAC throughput performance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Carrier Sense Protocols (CSMA) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CSMA Performance
Carrier Sense Protocols (CSMA) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CSMA/CD in Ethernet ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CSMA/CD in Ethernet ,[object Object],[object Object]
CSMA/CD in Ethernet ,[object Object],[object Object]
CSMA/CD in Ethernet ,[object Object],[object Object]
CSMA/CD in Ethernet ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CSMA/CD in Ethernet ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CSMA/CD in Ethernet ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CSMA/CD in Ethernet ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CSMA/CD in Ethernet ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CSMA/CD in Ethernet ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CSMA/CA in WiFi ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CSMA/CA in WiFi ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CSMA/CA in WiFi ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CSMA/CA in WiFi ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CSMA/CA in WiFi ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CSMA/CA in WiFi ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CSMA/CA in WiFi
CSMA with Adaptive Backoff ,[object Object]
CSMA with Adaptive Backoff ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CSMA – Adaptive Backoff ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
802 error rates ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
802 addressing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
802 inter-connections ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
802 inter-connections ,[object Object]
802 inter-connections ,[object Object]
MAC Layer Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Data Link Layer Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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The Data Link Layer

  • 1. Computer Networks (06-05933) The Data-Link Layer Rob Minson, rm. 134 [email_address]
  • 2. Data Link Layer Overview
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  • 9. Error Control Correction and Detection Schemes
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  • 35. Hamming Codes w/ Logarithmic Parity 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 r 1 r 2 m 1 r 3 m 2 m 3 m 4 r 4 m 5 m 6 m 7 m 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 r 4 (8) r 3 (4) r 2 (2) r 1 (1) 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
  • 36. Hamming Codes w/ Logarithmic Parity ? ? 0 ? 0 1 0 ? 1 1 0 0 r 1 r 2 m 1 r 3 m 2 m 3 m 4 r 4 m 5 m 6 m 7 m 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 r 4 (8) r 3 (4) r 2 (2) r 1 (1) 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
  • 37. Hamming Codes w/ Logarithmic Parity 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 r 1 r 2 m 1 r 3 m 2 m 3 m 4 r 4 m 5 m 6 m 7 m 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 r 4 (8) r 3 (4) r 2 (2) r 1 (1) 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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  • 74. Putting it all together… DATA a chunk of network-layer binary data
  • 75. Putting it all together… ESC DATA ESC bytes or 0 bits stuffed
  • 76. Putting it all together… CTRL ESC DATA Control information such as sender/receiver/seq. number/etc... (see Flow Control and MAC sub-layer) Control information such as sender/receiver/seq. number/etc... (see Flow Control and MAC sub-layer)
  • 77. Putting it all together… CRC ESC DATA CRC checksum or other error-control information CTRL
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  • 115. The MAC sub-layer Data-Link Layer provides packet send/receive service to Network Layer
  • 116. The MAC sub-layer Physical Layer provides binary send/receive to Data-Link Layer
  • 117. The MAC sub-layer But, different media have different constraints about multiple nodes accessing the medium
  • 118.
  • 119. The MAC sub-layer MAC layer provides medium-access service to the Data-Link layer A separate protocol is needed to implement the service for each different transmission medium
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