This document summarizes a study that developed two prototype hospital designs that achieve at least a 60% reduction in energy usage compared to typical hospitals, meeting the 2030 Challenge goal for 2010. Both designs were able to achieve energy usage indices of under 100 KBtu/SF year through integrated architectural, mechanical, and central plant systems strategies. These high performance designs were estimated to cost approximately 2% more than a code-baseline design, a premium that could be recouped within a short payback period. The strategies employed provide a conceptual framework for hospitals to significantly reduce energy usage and associated costs through an integrated design approach.
Exergy analysis and igcc plant technology to improve the efficiency and to re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Reviewing the factors of the Renewable Energy systems for Improving the Energ...IJERA Editor
Electricity demand around the globe has increased alarmingly and is increasing at high rates. Therefore,
electricity supply by the conventional resources is not sufficient right now and the generation of electricity by
these resources is causing pollution worldwide. As the recent world is moving towards the alternative and
renewable resources of energy that include sun, wind, water, and air. This paper focuses on reviewing the
renewable energy sources used to improve the energy efficiency. This paper presents how the maximum power
generation capacity can be achieved using these sources. Main focus of this paper is on solar and wind power
that is freely available all around the globe. This paper concludes that there are certain factors that should be
considered while generating power from these sources. The factors include the calculation of radiation data,
storage size and capacity calculation, and geographic dispersion of the plants.
Exergy analysis and igcc plant technology to improve the efficiency and to re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Reviewing the factors of the Renewable Energy systems for Improving the Energ...IJERA Editor
Electricity demand around the globe has increased alarmingly and is increasing at high rates. Therefore,
electricity supply by the conventional resources is not sufficient right now and the generation of electricity by
these resources is causing pollution worldwide. As the recent world is moving towards the alternative and
renewable resources of energy that include sun, wind, water, and air. This paper focuses on reviewing the
renewable energy sources used to improve the energy efficiency. This paper presents how the maximum power
generation capacity can be achieved using these sources. Main focus of this paper is on solar and wind power
that is freely available all around the globe. This paper concludes that there are certain factors that should be
considered while generating power from these sources. The factors include the calculation of radiation data,
storage size and capacity calculation, and geographic dispersion of the plants.
Optimizing Size of Variable Renewable Energy Sources by Incorporating Energy ...Kashif Mehmood
The electricity sector contributes to most of the global warming emissions generated from
fossil fuel resources which are becoming rare and expensive due to geological extinction and climate
change. It urges the need for less carbon-intensive, inexhaustible Renewable Energy Sources (RES) that
are economically sound, easy to access and improve public health. The carbon-free salient feature is the
driving motive that propels widespread utilization of wind and solar RES in comparisons to rest of RES.
However, stochastic nature makes these sources, variable renewable energy sources (VRES) because it brings
uncertainty and variability that disrupt power system stability. This problem is mitigated by adding energy
storage (ES) or introducing the demand response (DR) in the system. In this paper, an electricity generation
network of China by the year 2017 is modeled using EnergyPLAN software to determine annual costs,
primary energy supply (PES) and CO2 emissions. The VRES size is optimized by adding ES and DR (daily,
weekly, or monthly) while maintaining critical excess electricity production (CEEP) to zero. The results
substantiate that ES and DR increase wind and solar share up to 1000 and 874 GW. In addition, it also
reduces annual costs and emissions up to 4.36 % and 45.17 %
Cascaded Thermodynamic and Environmental Analyses of Energy Generation Modali...Ozyegin University
This study presents cascaded thermodynamic and environmental analyses of a high-performance academic building. Five different energy efficiency measures and operation scenarios are evaluated based on the actual measurements starting from the initial design concept. The study is to emphasize that by performing dynamical energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and environmental analyses with increasing complexity, a better picture of building performance indicators can be obtained for both the building owners and users, helping them to decide on different investment strategies. As the first improvement, the original design is modified by the addition of a ground-air heat exchanger for pre-conditioning the incoming air to heat the ground floors. The installation of roof-top PV panels to use solar energy is considered as the third case, and the use of a trigeneration system as an energy source instead of traditional boiler systems is considered as the fourth case. The last case is the integration of all these three alternative energy modalities for the building. It is determined that the use of a trigeneration system provides a better outcome than the other scenarios for decreased energy demand, for cost reduction, and for the improved exergy efficiency and sustainability index values relative to the original baseline design scenario. Yet, an integrated approach combining all these energy generation modalities provide the best return of investment.
Energy Auditing/ Energy conservation ppt by Varun Pratap SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Unit-1:
PPT for Energy Conservation Subject (Updated Aug,2018).
Cullen reducing energy demand EST 2011morosini1952
Reducing Energy Demand: What Are the Practical Limits?
Jonathan M. Cullen, Julian M. Allwood*, and Edward H. Borgstein
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 4, 1711–1718
Publication Date:January 12, 2011
https://doi.org/10.1021/es102641n
Abstract
Concern over the global energy system, whether driven by climate change, national security, or fears of shortage, is being discussed widely and in every arena but with a bias toward energy supply options. While demand reduction is often mentioned in passing, it is rarely a priority for implementation, whether through policy or through the search for innovation. This paper aims to draw attention to the opportunity for major reduction in energy demand, by presenting an analysis of how much of current global energy demand could be avoided. Previous work led to a “map” of global energy use that traces the flow of energy from primary sources (fuels or renewable sources), through fuel refinery, electricity generation, and end-use conversion devices, to passive systems and the delivery of final energy services (transport, illumination, and sustenance). The key passive systems are presented here and analyzed through simple engineering models with scalar equations using data based on current global practice. Physically credible options for change to key design parameters are identified and used to predict the energy savings possible for each system. The result demonstrates that 73% of global energy use could be saved by practically achievable design changes to passive systems. This reduction could be increased by further efficiency improvements in conversion devices. A list of the solutions required to achieve these savings is provided.
Use of distributed electricity generation systems is currently increasing due to their economic and environmental benefits. Agricultural greenhouses require heat and electricity for covering their energy needs while their annual energy requirements vary significantly. Aim of the current work is the investigation of applying various distributed electricity generation systems in greenhouses. A review of different distributed generation systems currently used in various sectors as well as in greenhouses has been implemented. Various technologies are examined utilizing either renewable energies or fossil fuels in very efficient energy systems. Most of them are mature and cost-effective having lower environmental impacts compared with traditional centralized electricity generation technologies. Their use in greenhouses results in many benefits including the creation of an additional income for the farmer, reduction of carbon emissions into the atmosphere and increasing stability of the electric grid. It is suggested that distributed electricity generation systems should be used more in greenhouses when the necessary conditions are favorable.
Integrated Energy Management of Residential Halls at University of Dhaka by U...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper analyses the electrical energy
consumption of two residential halls at University of Dhaka
and design the best approach to diminish the electrical energy
consumption and reduce the carbon emission and achieve
efficient energy utilization in the halls. Fazlul Haque Muslim
Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall were selected for a
detailed study of electricity consumption. Series of data were
taken to estimate the electrical energy consumption and the
electrical energy losses across different loads. Afterwards with
the results of electrical usage, an energy stability was made by
considering the energy efficient electrical appliances along
with a solar photovoltaic system to reduce the electrical energy
wastage and reduce the carbon emission to maintain the
environment clean. Overall energy losses can be minimized up
to 40% and 41% at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall respectively with new energy
efficient devices. A total of 43% and 44% energy consumption
can be reduced at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall with the proposed new energy
management system that implies to utilize solar energy using
solar photovoltaic. The emission of carbon reduction estimate
was about 302 tons and 290 tons of CO2 at Fazlul Haque
Muslim Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall
respectively. The payback period of the investment to replace
the electrical appliances with energy efficient appliances and
to install a solar photovoltaic system is 2.45 years.
Insights into the Efficiencies of On-Shore Wind Turbines: A Data-Centric Anal...ertekg
Download Link > https://ertekprojects.com/gurdal-ertek-publications/blog/insights-into-the-efficiencies-of-on-shore-wind-turbines-a-data-centric-analysis/
Literature on renewable energy alternative of wind turbines does not include a multidimensional benchmarking studythat can help investment decisions as well as design processes. This paper presents a data-centric analysis of commercial on-shore wind turbines and provides actionable insights through analytical benchmarking through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), visual data analysis, and statistical hypothesis testing. The paper also introduces a novel visualization approach for the understanding and the interpretation of reference sets, the set of efficient wind turbines that should be taken as benchmark by inefficient ones.
Games For Change Around the World: Global Inspiration and Interpretations. Introduction. Session leader. Games-for-Change Festival. New York, USA, 22th June 2011.
Optimizing Size of Variable Renewable Energy Sources by Incorporating Energy ...Kashif Mehmood
The electricity sector contributes to most of the global warming emissions generated from
fossil fuel resources which are becoming rare and expensive due to geological extinction and climate
change. It urges the need for less carbon-intensive, inexhaustible Renewable Energy Sources (RES) that
are economically sound, easy to access and improve public health. The carbon-free salient feature is the
driving motive that propels widespread utilization of wind and solar RES in comparisons to rest of RES.
However, stochastic nature makes these sources, variable renewable energy sources (VRES) because it brings
uncertainty and variability that disrupt power system stability. This problem is mitigated by adding energy
storage (ES) or introducing the demand response (DR) in the system. In this paper, an electricity generation
network of China by the year 2017 is modeled using EnergyPLAN software to determine annual costs,
primary energy supply (PES) and CO2 emissions. The VRES size is optimized by adding ES and DR (daily,
weekly, or monthly) while maintaining critical excess electricity production (CEEP) to zero. The results
substantiate that ES and DR increase wind and solar share up to 1000 and 874 GW. In addition, it also
reduces annual costs and emissions up to 4.36 % and 45.17 %
Cascaded Thermodynamic and Environmental Analyses of Energy Generation Modali...Ozyegin University
This study presents cascaded thermodynamic and environmental analyses of a high-performance academic building. Five different energy efficiency measures and operation scenarios are evaluated based on the actual measurements starting from the initial design concept. The study is to emphasize that by performing dynamical energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and environmental analyses with increasing complexity, a better picture of building performance indicators can be obtained for both the building owners and users, helping them to decide on different investment strategies. As the first improvement, the original design is modified by the addition of a ground-air heat exchanger for pre-conditioning the incoming air to heat the ground floors. The installation of roof-top PV panels to use solar energy is considered as the third case, and the use of a trigeneration system as an energy source instead of traditional boiler systems is considered as the fourth case. The last case is the integration of all these three alternative energy modalities for the building. It is determined that the use of a trigeneration system provides a better outcome than the other scenarios for decreased energy demand, for cost reduction, and for the improved exergy efficiency and sustainability index values relative to the original baseline design scenario. Yet, an integrated approach combining all these energy generation modalities provide the best return of investment.
Energy Auditing/ Energy conservation ppt by Varun Pratap SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Unit-1:
PPT for Energy Conservation Subject (Updated Aug,2018).
Cullen reducing energy demand EST 2011morosini1952
Reducing Energy Demand: What Are the Practical Limits?
Jonathan M. Cullen, Julian M. Allwood*, and Edward H. Borgstein
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 4, 1711–1718
Publication Date:January 12, 2011
https://doi.org/10.1021/es102641n
Abstract
Concern over the global energy system, whether driven by climate change, national security, or fears of shortage, is being discussed widely and in every arena but with a bias toward energy supply options. While demand reduction is often mentioned in passing, it is rarely a priority for implementation, whether through policy or through the search for innovation. This paper aims to draw attention to the opportunity for major reduction in energy demand, by presenting an analysis of how much of current global energy demand could be avoided. Previous work led to a “map” of global energy use that traces the flow of energy from primary sources (fuels or renewable sources), through fuel refinery, electricity generation, and end-use conversion devices, to passive systems and the delivery of final energy services (transport, illumination, and sustenance). The key passive systems are presented here and analyzed through simple engineering models with scalar equations using data based on current global practice. Physically credible options for change to key design parameters are identified and used to predict the energy savings possible for each system. The result demonstrates that 73% of global energy use could be saved by practically achievable design changes to passive systems. This reduction could be increased by further efficiency improvements in conversion devices. A list of the solutions required to achieve these savings is provided.
Use of distributed electricity generation systems is currently increasing due to their economic and environmental benefits. Agricultural greenhouses require heat and electricity for covering their energy needs while their annual energy requirements vary significantly. Aim of the current work is the investigation of applying various distributed electricity generation systems in greenhouses. A review of different distributed generation systems currently used in various sectors as well as in greenhouses has been implemented. Various technologies are examined utilizing either renewable energies or fossil fuels in very efficient energy systems. Most of them are mature and cost-effective having lower environmental impacts compared with traditional centralized electricity generation technologies. Their use in greenhouses results in many benefits including the creation of an additional income for the farmer, reduction of carbon emissions into the atmosphere and increasing stability of the electric grid. It is suggested that distributed electricity generation systems should be used more in greenhouses when the necessary conditions are favorable.
Integrated Energy Management of Residential Halls at University of Dhaka by U...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper analyses the electrical energy
consumption of two residential halls at University of Dhaka
and design the best approach to diminish the electrical energy
consumption and reduce the carbon emission and achieve
efficient energy utilization in the halls. Fazlul Haque Muslim
Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall were selected for a
detailed study of electricity consumption. Series of data were
taken to estimate the electrical energy consumption and the
electrical energy losses across different loads. Afterwards with
the results of electrical usage, an energy stability was made by
considering the energy efficient electrical appliances along
with a solar photovoltaic system to reduce the electrical energy
wastage and reduce the carbon emission to maintain the
environment clean. Overall energy losses can be minimized up
to 40% and 41% at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall respectively with new energy
efficient devices. A total of 43% and 44% energy consumption
can be reduced at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall with the proposed new energy
management system that implies to utilize solar energy using
solar photovoltaic. The emission of carbon reduction estimate
was about 302 tons and 290 tons of CO2 at Fazlul Haque
Muslim Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall
respectively. The payback period of the investment to replace
the electrical appliances with energy efficient appliances and
to install a solar photovoltaic system is 2.45 years.
Insights into the Efficiencies of On-Shore Wind Turbines: A Data-Centric Anal...ertekg
Download Link > https://ertekprojects.com/gurdal-ertek-publications/blog/insights-into-the-efficiencies-of-on-shore-wind-turbines-a-data-centric-analysis/
Literature on renewable energy alternative of wind turbines does not include a multidimensional benchmarking studythat can help investment decisions as well as design processes. This paper presents a data-centric analysis of commercial on-shore wind turbines and provides actionable insights through analytical benchmarking through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), visual data analysis, and statistical hypothesis testing. The paper also introduces a novel visualization approach for the understanding and the interpretation of reference sets, the set of efficient wind turbines that should be taken as benchmark by inefficient ones.
Games For Change Around the World: Global Inspiration and Interpretations. Introduction. Session leader. Games-for-Change Festival. New York, USA, 22th June 2011.
Energy Tracking & Accounting for Commercial BuildingsBetterBricks
Knowing how a building uses energy over time – whether over a day or over a period of years – is
critical to managing operating expenses and improving energy performance. A variety of tools and resources are available to track and monitor building energy consumption, costs, and other metrics.
Energy Transparency & Reporting for Commercial BuildingsBetterBricks
Internal energy reporting is analogous to open-book accounting. Regardless of where you are in developing a high performance portfolio, transparency will accelerate success. Sharing information across your organization helps reinforce accountability for energy performance, and alerts building staff if their properties are falling short of goals.
Leasing & Energy Allocations in Commercial BuildingsBetterBricks
While leases vary widely in their treatment of energy costs, most are a variation on one of the following themes: gross, net, or fixed-base. Each takes a different approach in allocating utility costs – and potential savings – among owners and tenants. With a thorough understanding of these allocations and a concerted effort to align lease terms with high performance objectives, you can pursue energy targets profitably in virtually any leasing environment.
10 lessons learnt in the first ten years of the serious games movement. Sports, Games and Learning – a Serious Games Conference. Internationale filmschule koeln, Cologne, Germany. 17th March 2011.
Institutional smart buildings energy auditIJECEIAES
Smart buildings and Fuzzy based control systems used in Buildings Management System (BMS), Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) and Building Automation Systems (BAS) are a point of interests among researcher and stake holders of buildings’ developing sector due to its ability to save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore this paper will review, investigates define and evaluates the use of fuzzy logic controllers in smart buildings under subtropical Australia’s subtropical regions. In addition the paper also will define the latest development, design and proposed controlling strategies used in institutional buildings. Furthermore this paper will highlight and discuss the conceptual basis of these technologies including Fuzzy, Neural and Hybrid add-on technologies, its capabilities and its limitation.
Dr Callum Rae - A New Approach to Energy Centre Design
http://www.ktpscotland.org.uk/ViewArticle/tabid/4421/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/10338/Callum-Rae--Hurley-Palmer-Flatt.aspx
ENERGY IN BUILDINGs 50 BEST PRACTICE INITIATIVESJosh Develop
Technology, economics and policy are rapidly transforming energy markets
and the broader economy. Global efforts to reduce emissions of greenhouse
gases are leading to increased focus on policies that can reduce energy use
or promote low emissions generation.
Australia’s economy-wide target under the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change is to reduce emissions by 26-28 per cent
on 2005 levels by 2030. By the second half of the century, achieving net zero
emissions is likely to be necessary to meet international climate commitments.
The cost of producing electricity from renewable resources has declined
significantly over recent years and remains on a rapid downward trajectory.
Research Associate Dr Callum Rae discusses
the challenges presented by the growth in the
Energy Centre market, and outlines our alternative
approach to Energy Centre design, which has
successfully been applied to the AECC Energy
Centre project.
As the highly prestigious London Wall Place
project approaches completion of the shell
and core, Director, James O’Byrne reviews the
project and the application of BIM, and discusses
the various benefits on the overall design and
coordination process.
Diesel fuel is now a Category 3 flammable liquid.
Technical Board Director Wyn Turnbull reports
on the impact to diesel storage and use, as the
result of the recent Classification, Labelling and
Packaging of Chemical (CLP) Regulations 2015
which have replaced the now revoked CHIP
Regulations.
Associate Director Paul Scriven provides a brief
overview of the WELL Building Standard and
discusses why and how its popularity is growing.
Finally, Group Director Robert Thorogood discusses
how far standardisation of controls and automation
have developed using the IEC 61850 integration
standard, and what the benefits may bring to the
control of power distribution.
Paul Flatt, Group Chairman and CEO,
Hurley Palmer Flatt.
Case Study: Johnson Controls and Optimum EnergyOptimum Energy
Johnson Controls Central Plant Optimization™ 30 (CPO 30) is a holistic strategy that considers everything from infrastructure design and component selection to measurement, verification and maintenance of the central plant. Backed by patented software algorithms, the whole-system approach to optimization helps customers reach
the highest potential in plant efficiency and can deliver sustained energy savings of up to 60 percent.
At the laboratory, Johnson Controls — in collaboration with its partner Optimum Energy — conducted a detailed engineering simulation and analysis which showed that by optimizing the central plant, facility managers could achieve greater operating efficiency, substantial energy savings and a significantly lower carbon footprint.
Study on 100% energy efficient sustainable buildingseSAT Journals
Abstract This paper addresses the approach to minimize the Energy consumption and the cost of house and it givesthe comfort to the
people living within. This can be achieved by proper design of the structure and use of renewable resources. Energy can be
harnessed on site by use of solar for energy production which can be further stored for consumption in absence of daylight.
For achieving zero energy houses first we need to conserve energy at the time of construction and the execution then create
energy by renewable resources. Hence the amount of energy required for proper working in created on site hence there is no need
for any external source of energy. A zero energy home guarantees long term energy and cost stability for the homeowner. The aim
of the present study is to develop an open-access, consistent database of both personified energy and carbon for construction
materials.
Keywords: Energy, Energy saving, Cost saving, Emission reduction
Building Energy Simulation project by using eQuestAsadullah Malik
The energy shortage crisis and the rapid change of global climate have become important issues in the world now a days since modern trends are shifting to more sustainable solutions to save energy and to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide. Generally speaking, when improving energy efficiency and adopting the energy –saving design, the advantage is not only providing low operating cost for stakeholders, but also reducing the negative impact on the global and ambient environment. This study analyzes the surveyed building integral energy consumption, evaluates its energy performance, and gives further recommendations for saving energy costs by using dynamic energy simulation tool eQuest.
Energy Audit and Analysis of an Institutional Building under Subtropical Clim...IJECEIAES
Evaluation and estimation of energy consumption are essential in order to classify the amount of energy used and the way it is utilized in building. Hence, the possibility of any energy savings potential and energy savings opportunities can be identified. The intention of this article is to study and evaluate energy usage pattern of the Central Queensland University campus’ buildings, Queensland, Australia. This article presents the field survey results from the audit of an office building and performance-related measurements of the indoor environmental parameters, for instance, indoor air temperature, humidity and energy consumption concerned to the indoor heating and cooling load. Monthly observed energy usage information was employed to investigate influence of the climate conditions on energy usage.
An over view of the maturing of Energy Management from an ad hoc practice to a defined Systems Engineering Practice. Examples of method, planning, earned value management, and metrics are included.
The definition of a “green” building is often in the eye of the beholder. Rating or certifying a green building helps to remove that subjectivity. Rating a green building informs tenants and the public about the environmental benefits of a property, and discloses the additional innovation and effort the owner has invested to achieve a high performance building.
Energy Efficient Purchasing Guidelines for Commercial BuildingsBetterBricks
68% of electricity in office buildings is used to power frequently purchased items such as office
appliances and lighting. Managing and vetting the quality, type, and performance levels of equipment placed in your buildings can have a large impact on the overall energy efficiency of your portfolio.
Energy Efficiency, Myths and MisperceptionsBetterBricks
Energy use in office buildings has long represented an excellent opportunity to reduce costs and build value. Now, with the growing influence of the sustainable building movement, changing dynamics in the marketplace, and greater attention to current and future energy costs, improving building performance is accelerating as a winning business strategy.
Whether through tenant demands, investor
pressures, regulatory and legal requirements, or the influence of sustainable business practices
– accounting for and managing your building’s “carbon footprint” will likely affect your competitive standing and the bottom-line.
Whether through tenant demands, investor
pressures, regulatory and legal requirements, or the influence of sustainable business practices – accounting for and managing your building’s “carbon footprint” will likely affect your competitive standing and the bottom-line.
Whether through tenant demands, investor
pressures, regulatory and legal requirements, or the influence of sustainable business practices
– accounting for and managing your building’s “carbon footprint” will likely affect your competitive standing and the bottom-line.
Building tune ups for commercial buildingsBetterBricks
A building tune-up is a periodic (every 2-3 years) process intended to identify and implement cost effective operational improvements that will improve a building’s energy performance, given current operating conditions and occupant needs. Changes resulting from a building tune-up usually require minimal investments and can be accomplished through simple equipment adjustments or reprogramming of controls
As more and more building owners, managers and tenants begin incorporating environmental
stewardship and sustainability into their real estate operations, the concept of “green leasing”
continues to move into the mainstream. Green leasing is a natural extension of the green building
movement, which seeks to provide healthy, resource-friendly buildings that are operated efficiently with regards to energy and water use as well as waste disposal.
Technoblade The Legacy of a Minecraft Legend.Techno Merch
Technoblade, born Alex on June 1, 1999, was a legendary Minecraft YouTuber known for his sharp wit and exceptional PvP skills. Starting his channel in 2013, he gained nearly 11 million subscribers. His private battle with metastatic sarcoma ended in June 2022, but his enduring legacy continues to inspire millions.
Visual Style and Aesthetics: Basics of Visual Design
Visual Design for Enterprise Applications
Range of Visual Styles.
Mobile Interfaces:
Challenges and Opportunities of Mobile Design
Approach to Mobile Design
Patterns
White wonder, Work developed by Eva TschoppMansi Shah
White Wonder by Eva Tschopp
A tale about our culture around the use of fertilizers and pesticides visiting small farms around Ahmedabad in Matar and Shilaj.
Connect Conference 2022: Passive House - Economic and Environmental Solution...TE Studio
Passive House: The Economic and Environmental Solution for Sustainable Real Estate. Lecture by Tim Eian of TE Studio Passive House Design in November 2022 in Minneapolis.
- The Built Environment
- Let's imagine the perfect building
- The Passive House standard
- Why Passive House targets
- Clean Energy Plans?!
- How does Passive House compare and fit in?
- The business case for Passive House real estate
- Tools to quantify the value of Passive House
- What can I do?
- Resources
Maximize Your Content with Beautiful Assets : Content & Asset for Landing Page pmgdscunsri
Figma is a cloud-based design tool widely used by designers for prototyping, UI/UX design, and real-time collaboration. With features such as precision pen tools, grid system, and reusable components, Figma makes it easy for teams to work together on design projects. Its flexibility and accessibility make Figma a top choice in the digital age.
Hello everyone! I am thrilled to present my latest portfolio on LinkedIn, marking the culmination of my architectural journey thus far. Over the span of five years, I've been fortunate to acquire a wealth of knowledge under the guidance of esteemed professors and industry mentors. From rigorous academic pursuits to practical engagements, each experience has contributed to my growth and refinement as an architecture student. This portfolio not only showcases my projects but also underscores my attention to detail and to innovative architecture as a profession.
PDF SubmissionDigital Marketing Institute in NoidaPoojaSaini954651
https://www.safalta.com/online-digital-marketing/advance-digital-marketing-training-in-noidaTop Digital Marketing Institute in Noida: Boost Your Career Fast
[3:29 am, 30/05/2024] +91 83818 43552: Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida also provides advanced classes for individuals seeking to develop their expertise and skills in this field. These classes, led by industry experts with vast experience, focus on specific aspects of digital marketing such as advanced SEO strategies, sophisticated content creation techniques, and data-driven analytics.
2. ABSTRACT
Cost control, maintaining quality healing and working environments, and more sustainable,
energy efficient operations are topics of many conversations in healthcare today. The
University of Washington’s Integrated Design Lab, in collaboration with a team of experts in
design, engineering, operations and hospital ownership have developed research directed at
much higher performing buildings – targeting both energy performance and interior
environmental quality, for little capital investment.
This research provides a conceptual framework and decision-making structure at a schematic
design level of precision for hospital owners, architects and engineers. It offers access to
design strategies and the cost implications of those strategies for new hospitals to utilize 60%
less energy.
Two acute care hospital prototypes have been developed at a schematic level of architectural
and mechanical systems detail. These two prototype architectural schemes and six energy
performance options have been modeled for energy use and cost of construction. Both
architectural schemes were able to achieve more than a 60% reduction in energy use from
typical operational examples, meeting the 2030 Challenge for 2010. This research and design
exercise has shown that there is little cost implication for high levels of energy efficiency with
an overall premium of approximately 2% of the total project cost, a premium reconcilable
through the prioritization of project specific goals and outcomes at the schematic design
phase, or easily recaptured in a short-term simple return on investment.
The report of this project is designed as a tool and frame of reference for moving energy
efficiency goals forward in project teams, providing a path towards achieving 2030 Challenge
energy goals, and providing evidence that these goals do not require substantially increased
project capital commitment.
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3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
PROJECT RATIONALE
Energy + Interior Environmental Quality: Buildings in healthcare use an immense
amount of energy; approximately 4% of all energy consumed in the United States today,
1
including all of the energy used by industry, transportation and building sectors . Hospitals are
responsible for an enormous amount of greenhouse gas emissions; one average sized hospital
emits approximately 18,000 tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere annually. Thus, the
fields of hospital design, construction and operation offer a great opportunity for energy
resource acquisition.
Hospitals also have a reputation for being less than ideal environments for patients to heal and
staff to work. Designers, researchers and health professionals have long recognized that
healthy healing interior environments are imperative for patients, but are now coming to
realize that such high quality interior environments are equally important for staff who work in
these critical care settings. Thus it is crucial to incorporate high interior environmental quality
attributes such as abundant daylight, fresh air, views of the outdoors, and the greatest
opportunities for individual personal control of light, temperature and fresh air into new
hospital developments. It is also important for hospital owners and designers to understand
both the energy and cost implications of these design decisions.
Energy Goal Setting: In order to reduce energy use it is imperative to first establish
reasonable and testable goals for energy reduction. To set these goals, it is helpful to
understand how much energy current hospitals use, and then develop reasonable energy
reduction targets. Annualized energy use for buildings is often reported as an Energy Use
Index or EUI. The EUI for a building is the total amount of energy used by the building, most
commonly electricity and natural gas, per square foot of floor area, metered on an annual
basis. Buildings’ EUI are often reported in units of KBtu/SF!Year. This is a way of comparing
different buildings to each other, much like comparing different cars to each other using a
miles per gallon rating. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Commercial Building Energy
Consumption Survey (CBECS)2 is a national database of building operational energy use that
provides a reference to how much energy buildings consume by climate zone and by building
use type. The average energy use index (EUI) for hospitals surveyed by CBECS in the Puget
Sound climate region is 270 KBtu/SF!Year. A second database of 12 regional Pacific Northwest
hospitals has been developed by the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance, which verifies the
operational energy use that CBECS reports. It confirms a comparable operational EUI for
3
similarly sized regional hospitals, at 263 KBtu/SF!Year .
Targets of Opportunity: What are the largest targets of opportunity for energy savings in
Puget Sound hospitals? A survey of the operational energy use data concluded that over 50%
of the energy used in a hospital is used for the heating of either spaces or hot water. This
comes as quite a surprise, and quite an irony, since an EQuest simulation of a baseline
ASHRAE 90.1, 2004 code compliant 225 bed hospital in the Puget Sound found that hospitals
generate enough heat from internal mechanical or electrical sources to need no additional heat
until the outside temperature reaches below 20 degrees. This is of particular note given that it
rarely reaches below that temperature; the 99% design low temperature condition is 28.4
degrees F.
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4. The knowledge of these energy demand profiles and climate conditions helped guide an
integrated building systems approach in this research. Heating as the predominant energy
load became the largest target of opportunity for energy reduction, specifically re-heat energy.
Simplified, re-heat is a process used in building systems where outside air is all cooled to a
common low temperature, often dictated by the perimeter zones or the hottest areas within
the building. Then, when this over-cooled air is re-distributed through the building, in most
cases it is re-heated to a more comfortable temperature. The process of cooling then re-
heating the air back to a comfortable temperature is a severely energy intensive process. The
knowledge of high energy demands on the heating side, coupled with the low thermal balance
point temperature of this building type, made the heating systems a first priority for the
application of energy efficiency strategies. However, to achieve significantly reduced energy
use in hospitals, a complete re-assessment of all systems is required.
STUDY FRAMEWORK: THE 2030 CHALLENGE FOR 2010
What is the 2030 Challenge? The 2030 Challenge is an energy goal that is being adopted
by architects, engineers and owners in an effort to greatly reduce energy consumption and
greenhouse gas emissions in buildings. It is a progressive goal where every five years a
greater reduction in energy use is targeted. For new buildings being designed for operation
between 2010-2015, the goal is a 60% reduction from standard operational energy use and by
2030 the goal is to reach net zero annual energy demand. Compliance with the 2030
Challenge is measured by a building’s modeled energy performance compared to operational
energy use for a median performing building of the same type and climate zone. Operational
energy performance is determined by comparison to the Commercial Building Energy
Consumption Survey from 2003 (CBECS), a national database that houses information on
different building types in various climate zones. Target Finder is a web interface used to
identify energy information from the CBECS database normalizing for building typology,
4
climate, size, use, etc .
A 2030 Challenge Hospital, At What Cost? The research question for this project was
whether the research team could design a hospital that met the 2030 Challenge, a 60%
reduction in energy use, at little additional capital cost to the owner. In order to meet this
energy goal in the Pacific Northwest, a project must have a simulated energy performance of
less than 108 KBtu/SF year, a 60% reduction from 270 KBtu/SF!Year, the average operational
EUI for hospitals in the Seattle climate region as documented by Target Finder and used as the
baseline reference for Architecture 2030. The project team set an EUI of 100 for its goal, thus
creating the title “Target 100.”
Two Architectural Schemes, Three Energy Options: In this study, two architectural
hospital prototypes were developed to a schematic level of detail. One prototype, “Scheme
A,” has a post-war hospital form with a five-story patient room tower centered atop a two-
story tall and very deep-plan block of diagnostic and treatment (D&T) spaces. The other
prototype, “Scheme B,” has a thinner, more articulated D&T base platform, allowing greater
potential for daylight, views and natural ventilation at all floors for all hospital functions.
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5. Both architectural prototypes were developed with three energy options:1, 2, and 3. Option 1
is an energy code compliant baseline, Option 2 targets a 60% reduction from typical
operational hospitals in the Pacific Northwest (named “Target 100,” since they target 100
KBtu/SF!Year). At the central plant level, Option 2 utilizes an extensive ground-source heat
pump plant as a major energy reduction strategy. Option 3 also targets an EUI of 100, but
utilizes a more conventional heat recovery plant at the central plant level. Thus, three
conceptual mechanical Options 1, 2, and 3 were developed for each architectural Scheme A
and B. Subsequently, six energy models were developed and analyzed for these two
architectural schemes. Similarly, cost models were developed and the first cost of
5
construction was determined and compared between the six options .
Looking to Scandinavia: Achieving the 2030 Challenge is a monumental achievement for
hospital projects, and one that has not yet been achieved in practice in the U.S. Other
countries, especially regionally in Scandinavia, have been achieving greater energy
performance with high interior environmental quality for several decades. Many of the
strategies that were employed in the Target 100 options are referenced from recent University
6
of Washington research on Scandinavian hospitals . Looking at overall energy use in these
countries and the mechanical strategies used to attain this level of energy efficiency provided
a valuable trajectory for this research. Scandinavian countries consistently use half to one
quarter the amount of energy in their healthcare facilities than is used in the U.S. They
implement this level of efficiency using mechanical strategies that are possible to incorporate
into our North American healthcare facilities today. In concert with energy efficiency, human
connections to the outside environment via the abundant use of daylight, views and the
opportunity for fresh air from operable windows are prevalent throughout these facilities.
Since these countries have light and weather climate conditions similar to the Pacific
Northwest, they provided a helpful framework for this research. Although there are cultural
distinctions that make each country’s hospital environment unique, there are many lessons
that can be learned from Scandinavia, and applied to hospital design in the U.S.
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6. How Can a Hospital Achieve the 2030 Challenge? In order to achieve a 60% reduction in
energy use, an entire re-evaluation of many of the architectural systems, building systems
and mechanical systems must take place. Adhering to a code-compliant path, following
relevant mechanical, architectural and health related guidelines, the following building and
mechanical concepts were found to be integral to achieving a high performance, Target 100
hospital design that achieves the 2030 Challenge:
The 2030 Hospital Integrates:
• Full Project Team and Project Design Integration.
• Goal Setting, Energy Modeling, and Benchmarking: Attention to designing
to an energy goal, continuously verifying design performance through all stages
of project schematic design through operations and maintenance.
Architectural Systems
• Daylighting: increase interior environmental quality and decrease electric
lighting use.
• Solar Control: minimize peak loads for cooling and increase thermal comfort.
• High Performance Envelope: balance heat loss and radiant comfort with
thermal performance.
Building Systems
• De-centralized, De-coupled Systems: separate thermal conditioning from
ventilation air.
• Optimized Heat Recovery from space heat and large internal equipment
sources.
• Advanced HVAC and lighting Controls: turn off what is not in use.
Plant Systems
• Advanced Heat Recovery at the central plant with Heat Pumping or enhanced
heat recovery chillers and highly efficient boilers.
Some of these concepts are major departures from standard design practice, but must be
addressed to achieve high quality, low energy healthcare designs that incur little upfront
additional capital cost investment.
It is critical to recognize that the strategies employed in this research study are one
integrated solution. They represent a snapshot of strategies that were bundled to accomplish
the goal of achieving the 2030 Challenge. These strategies are a conceptual framework for
this study, and can be seen as one solution for achieving this goal. However, there are a
range of strategies that would be suitable for achieving the goal of reaching the 2030
Challenge. A framework of Architectural Systems, Building Systems and Plant Systems can
help conceptualize the categories that efficiency strategies bridge.
OVERALL ENERGY AND COST RESULTS
Energy Outcomes: Based on a highly integrated bundle of schematic architectural, building
systems, and plant system designs described above and detailed in the final report and
appendices, both architectural schemes A & B were able to achieve more than a 60%
reduction in energy use from the 2030 baseline operational examples described in CBECS,
thus meeting the 2030 Challenge goal for 2010. The major energy end use reduction was in
heating energy, specifically re-heat energy. This was expected, as heating energy was
identified as the single largest energy load, and therefore the best target of opportunity for
energy savings, and was a substantial area of focus in the re-evaluation of the mechanical
systems design. The key moves to decreasing the heating load were the decoupling of space
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7. tempering and the ventilation of most spaces; fluid rather than air-transport of heat and
cooling for peak heating and cooling; and the final distribution of heating and cooling to each
space via a bundle of decentralized systems such as radiant panels, chilled beams and fan coil
units. This decoupled and decentralized scheme of heating, cooling and ventilating systems
acting in close coordination with heat recovery from most every significant powered or heated
energy source and a large ground source heat pumping system reduces the required energy
use for heating (space and water) by 92%, or 120 KBtu/SF!Year. Domestic hot water heating
energy, cooling load reductions, and lighting power reductions through daylighting strategies
were other areas of focus where significant energy savings were achieved.
Cost Outcomes: The cost implications of the energy efficiency options was an overall
premium of about 2.7% of the total project cost without any utility or other incentives. A
schematic approach to understanding the range of possible utility incentives, in discussion with
regional gas and electric utility efficiency engineers, yielded a potential whole building
incentive that could subsidize first-cost of energy efficiency strategies at a value of
approximately $4/Sq.Ft., or approximately $2.1 million. With this potential incentive, the total
cost premium for energy efficiency strategies that meet the 2030 Challenge goal would be
approximately 1.7% of the total project cost. It is important to consider that these
architectural, mechanical and cost models are at a schematic level of design, thus this low
percent difference between the code baseline energy option and the Target 100 energy option
give great promise for the ability for new hospital projects to incorporate significant energy
efficiency in their design at relatively low first-cost.
Integrated Team, Integrated Systems: Achieving results with such a dramatic reduction
in overall energy use requires an integrated approach where engineering, architectural,
construction contracting, ownership and utility groups all work together to achieve highly
bundled and integrated, commonly held goals. This project has focused on a bundled or
holistic approach to energy reduction and quality improvement, and the overall cost
implications of these strategies.
One result of this highly integrated, high performance design is a large change in the
dominant fuel source. The typical fuel split in hospitals is approximately 40% for electricity
and 60% for natural gas (mainly for heating). The relationship between the demands for
electricity and natural gas changes significantly in the Target 100 Options; there is a large
reduction in natural gas consumption, and a modest reduction in electricity consumption with
a fuel split of approximately 82% electricity and 18% natural gas.
COST ANALYSIS
Synergistic Savings: Given potential utility incentives, there is a 1.7% capital cost
investment required to implement energy efficiency measures that achieve the 2030 Challenge
for 2010. The integrated nature of building and systems create complementary savings in
both energy and cost; cost savings in some categories paid for incremental energy
improvements in other areas. For example, reduced cooling loads were realized by the
addition of retractable louver shades, thereby reducing the first-cost of the cooling system.
De-coupled systems concepts also reduced loads having a major impact on primary ventilation
duct sizing, creating room in the ceiling plenum to drop the floor-to-floor height on patient
floors by one foot. Cost savings realized by floor height reductions and reductions in
ventilation ducting offset the increased cost for other energy efficiency improvements. These
integrated building and systems strategies work in concert, thereby this effort has been
7
approached as a bundled set of whole building strategies in a holistic analysis .
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8. The Cost of a Highly Articulated Form: The cost of the change in architectural form, from
Scheme A to Scheme B, was greater than the premium for energy efficiency. The change in
form incurred an incremental cost of 8.4% with increases in cost for exterior surface, building
envelope and greater articulation of the perimeter. There is a cost premium for the overall
increase in surface area for Scheme B; however, the increased building perimeter improves
the potential benefit of connectivity between the interior and exterior environment.
Development of hospitals with better direct connection to daylight, view and potential for
access to nature must be weighed with the benefits obtained from patient healing, staff well-
being, productivity, satisfaction and retention in a hospital that has much higher interior
environmental quality. Although this study’s focus was not on the economic benefit that can
be recaptured from better work environments and healing environments, this has been the
subject of other studies, and can far outweigh the small increase in capital cost investment
required to provide a superior quality building.
Simple payback: It was found through this work that the Target 100 energy options would
save between $700,000 and $850,000 annually on total energy costs compared to newly
constructed, energy code compliant options based on simple Puget Sound Energy non-
negotiated rate structures. Based on these savings, the initial capital cost investment would
take less than eight years to recover. If whole building utility incentives were available, the
investment would take less than five years to recover. These figures are not taking into
account the time-value of money, escalation or capitalization rates, therefore they are the
most conservative, simple payback estimates. It is worthwhile to note that these savings are
compared to other newly constructed hospitals, whose operational energy use is also lower
than typical energy use of average existing infrastructure today. If these savings are
compared to a similarly sized, average operational hospital today, the Target 100 hospital
would save over $1M on utility bills, annually.
Putting Energy Savings Into the Operational Budget: The savings accrued by the energy
efficiency strategies are significant, especially if considered as part of the net operating income
for the hospital. In a 4% operating environment, it takes $25 of gross revenue to generate $1
of net operating income. That is, $25 worth of services must be provided to yield $1 of profit,
or net-operating income. Energy savings can be viewed as an ongoing, high yield, low risk
investment or revenue stream that does not require services to provide income to the bottom
line of the hospital. In order to accrue $700,000-$850,000 of net operating income, (the
savings achieved annually on energy bills) $18,000,000-$21,000,000 worth of services would
have to be delivered annually.
Carbon and Beyond: If looked at from a carbon perspective, adopting these strategies
8
would save 7,800 tons of carbon entering the atmosphere annually (based on national
electrical source assumptions). If only one project attains this goal it would be equivalent to
9 10
taking over 1,300 passenger cars off the road or planting over 300,000 trees . This is a
monumental amount of carbon savings – and it is an attainable, affordable goal that can be
achieved if a commitment is made early by a motivated and dedicated integrated design,
construction and ownership team.
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1
EIA, 2006 Energy Information Administration (EIA), Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption
Survey (CBECS): Consumption and Expenditures Tables. “Table C3A”. US Department of Energy,
2006.
Architecture 2030. “The 2030 Challenge”.
http://www.architecture2030.org/2030_challenge/index.html.
CBECS 2006 estimates energy consumption of all healthcare buildings at 594 trillion Btu of 6,523
trillion Btu for all buildings, thus 9% of all buildings’ energy use. Architecture 2030 estimates that
!
buildings use 48% of all source energy in the U.S. with industry and transportation sharing the
remaining energy. Therefore, healthcare uses 4% of all site energy in the U.S.
2
EIA, 2003 Energy Information Administration (EIA), Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption
Survey (CBECS). US Department of Energy, 2003.
3
Burpee, Heather, Hatten, M., Loveland, J., and Price, S. “High Performance Hospital Partnerships:
Reaching the 2030 Challenge and Improving the Health and Healing Environment.” Paper presented
at the annual American Society for Healthcare Engineering (ASHE) Conference on Health Facility
Planning, Design and Construction (PDC). Phoenix, AZ, March 8-11, 2009.
4
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_bldg_design.bus_target_finder
5
All energy options maintain Washington State Health and Energy code compliance.
6
Burpee, Heather, Hatten, M., Loveland, J., and Price, S. “High Performance Hospital Partnerships:
Reaching the 2030 Challenge and Improving the Health and Healing Environment.” Paper presented
at the annual American Society for Healthcare Engineering (ASHE) Conference on Health Facility
Planning, Design and Construction (PDC). Phoenix, AZ, March 8-11, 2009.
7
Cost estimates for the project are based in the Seattle, Washington construction market and were
priced at fair market value for the Winter of 2010. They are first cost of construction estimates and
do not include land acquisition, site work, or professional fees.
8
Hatten, M., and J. Jennings. “2009 AIA Portland Design Awards CO2 Calculator.” 2009.
9
United States Environmental Protection Agency. “Emission Facts: Average Annual Emissions and
Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks”
http://www.epa.gov/oms/consumer/f00013.htm.
10
Trees for the Future: “How to calculate the amount of CO2 sequestered in a tree per year”
http://www.treesftf.org/resources/information.htm#agfotech. Tree offset calculation is based on a
tree planted in the humid tropics absorbing on average 50 pounds of carbon dioxide annually over
40 years.
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