The document provides information on beam welding processes for aluminium, including:
- Electron beam welding principles and process steps for deep welding. It describes terms used and discusses weldability of aluminium alloys.
- Laser welding principles and comparisons to electron beam welding. Solid-state lasers commonly used for thinner sheets while gas lasers used for thicker sheets.
- Laser cutting principles and comparisons of laser beam cutting to plasma cutting. Laser cutting well suited for aluminium.
- References 14 figures and discusses objectives of introducing beam welding and cutting techniques for aluminium. Provides overview of key beam welding and cutting topics.
This document provides an overview of application characteristics for rivet and clinch joints. It discusses design considerations such as choosing rivet diameters and distances from edges. It also covers material and tooling parameters that influence joint quality like surface finish. Testing methods are described for shear-tensile, fatigue, and impact tests. Sample geometries and results are shown. Finally, it briefly discusses cost considerations for different joining technologies.
TALAT Lecture 5104: Basic Approaches to Prevent Corrosion of AluminiumCORE-Materials
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This lecture describes important measures for the prevention of corrosion of unprotected, bare
aluminium. Basic knowledge of corrosion behaviour of aluminium and some knowledge of the electrochemical nature of corrosion is assumed
This lecture describes the factors important for the quality assurance of adhesive joining; it gives information about the destructive and non-destructive testing methods for the quality control of adhesive joining. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3503: Finishing and other Supplementary OperationsCORE-Materials
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This lecture describes supplementary fabrication measures for impact extruded parts and gives some examples of finished impacts. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3801: Manufacturing Examples and FundamentalsCORE-Materials
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This lecture describes the fundamentals of the superplastic behaviour phenomenon of aluminium alloys and the basic process parameters which govern the manufacturing of superplastic sheet metal parts. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 2301: Design of Members Example 5.5: Axial force resistance of ...CORE-Materials
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This 3-page document provides an example calculation for determining the axial force resistance of a laced column. It includes dimensions, material properties, and calculations of various parameters needed for the analysis. Key steps and results are shown, such as determining the effective length, flexural buckling resistance, and checking that the lacing can resist the required shear force. In the end, it is determined that the lacing can adequately resist the applied axial load of 270 kN.
This lecture provides a background on aluminium alloys suitable for impact extrusion. It draws attention to raw material parameters which may affect the properties of impact extruded parts. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
This document provides an overview of application characteristics for rivet and clinch joints. It discusses design considerations such as choosing rivet diameters and distances from edges. It also covers material and tooling parameters that influence joint quality like surface finish. Testing methods are described for shear-tensile, fatigue, and impact tests. Sample geometries and results are shown. Finally, it briefly discusses cost considerations for different joining technologies.
TALAT Lecture 5104: Basic Approaches to Prevent Corrosion of AluminiumCORE-Materials
Â
This lecture describes important measures for the prevention of corrosion of unprotected, bare
aluminium. Basic knowledge of corrosion behaviour of aluminium and some knowledge of the electrochemical nature of corrosion is assumed
This lecture describes the factors important for the quality assurance of adhesive joining; it gives information about the destructive and non-destructive testing methods for the quality control of adhesive joining. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3503: Finishing and other Supplementary OperationsCORE-Materials
Â
This lecture describes supplementary fabrication measures for impact extruded parts and gives some examples of finished impacts. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3801: Manufacturing Examples and FundamentalsCORE-Materials
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This lecture describes the fundamentals of the superplastic behaviour phenomenon of aluminium alloys and the basic process parameters which govern the manufacturing of superplastic sheet metal parts. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 2301: Design of Members Example 5.5: Axial force resistance of ...CORE-Materials
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This 3-page document provides an example calculation for determining the axial force resistance of a laced column. It includes dimensions, material properties, and calculations of various parameters needed for the analysis. Key steps and results are shown, such as determining the effective length, flexural buckling resistance, and checking that the lacing can resist the required shear force. In the end, it is determined that the lacing can adequately resist the applied axial load of 270 kN.
This lecture provides a background on aluminium alloys suitable for impact extrusion. It draws attention to raw material parameters which may affect the properties of impact extruded parts. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4205: Testing Methods for Welded JointsCORE-Materials
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This lecture gives information about the relevant non-destructive and destructive testing methods for aluminium welded joints. Background in production welding and quality assurance is assumed.
This lecture describes fabrication processes for superplastic forming, i.e. female and male die forming, and the criteria for selecting the correct process. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
This lecture helps to understand how the properties of forgings evolve during the manufacturing process. General understanding of metallurgy and deformation processes is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 2301: Design of Members Example 4.4: Bending moment resistance ...CORE-Materials
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This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the document:
1) The document is a 10 page example from a lecture on designing members for bending moment that analyzes the bending moment resistance of a welded hollow section with outstands using a class 4 cross section.
2) It presents the geometry, material properties, nodes, and elements of the hollow cross section and performs iterative calculations of the effective cross section area, stress distribution, and effective thicknesses accounting for any heat affected zones to determine the bending moment resistance.
3) The example is considered comprehensive because it shows calculations in detail, covers all classes of cross sections, and demonstrates how to increase effective thickness for non-fully stressed elements through
TALAT Lecture 3505: Tools for Impact ExtrusionCORE-Materials
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This lecture provides knowledge about design philosophy and tool materials for impact tools, which are a cost factor and eminently important for successful impact extrusion. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
This lecture describes the detailed processes of single-step and multiple-step clinching; it shows the differences of the various clinching methods concerning the amount of shearing; it illustrates the major differences in mechanical properties of clinch joints compared with resistance spot welds. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lecture 4101 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4107: General Summary and Future TrendsCORE-Materials
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This lecture points out the need of data sources for designing mechanical joints; it describes concepts for FEM-Modelling of mechanical joints. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 4101- 4106 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4703: Design and Calculation of Adhesive JointsCORE-Materials
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This lecture describes the basic types of loadings of adhesive joints and to give examples of recommended joint designs; it shows how to calculate the strength of adhesive joints. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4702: Factors Influencing the Strength of Adhesive JointsCORE-Materials
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This lecture describes the factors governing the strength of adhesive joints in order to appreciate these factors for the design of adhesively bonded joints, i.e. geometry of joint, stiffness and strength of the adjoining parts, stress distribution in the adhesive layer as well as the effects of humidity and ageing. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
This lecture describes the fundamentals of bending and folding aluminium sheet; it also describes different methods in design of folding tools. Background in production engineering and sheet metal forming and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 3701- 3705 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4101: Definition and Classification of Mechanical Fastening Met...CORE-Materials
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This document provides an overview of mechanical fastening methods for joining aluminum parts, including definitions and classifications. It discusses screw joints, folds, rivets, and clinching. Screw joints can be pierced, through, or blind holes. Folds are formed locking joints created through folding, interlocking, and pressing sheets together. Riveting includes indirect and direct methods. Blind rivets have a predetermined break point. The document aims to introduce the principal types of mechanical fastening methods for aluminum.
TALAT Lecture 4701: Terms and Definitions for Adhesive BondingCORE-Materials
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This lecture defines the terms and definition of adhesive bonding of metals; it describes the basic physical/chemical characteristics of adhesive bonding; it also describes the characteristics and the properties of adhesives used in metal bonding. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of the physics and chemistry of metallic surfaces and polymer science is assumed.
This lecture defines important terms of the process of stretch forming and it describes the basic processes of stretch forming. Background in production engineering and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lecture 3701 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4601: Introduction to Brazing of Aluminium AlloysCORE-Materials
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This lecture describes the characteristics of brazing aluminium and the process involved; it helps to understand the use potential and the limitations of brazing aluminium. Basic knowledge of aluminium alloys designation system, surface treatment and corrosion behaviour is assumed.
This lecture gives background to calculation methods for aluminium members in order to understand the specific behavior of statically loaded aluminium alloy structures. Basic structural mechanic, design philosophy and structural aluminium alloys and product forms is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3805: Combination of Superplastic Forming and Diffusion BondingCORE-Materials
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This lecture reviews briefly the principles of diffusion bonding in combination with superplastic forming of aluminium alloys. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
This lecture reviews briefly the commercially available superplastic aluminium alloys and gives their processing and service properties. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4400: Introduction to Friction, Explosive and Ultrasonic Weldin...CORE-Materials
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This document provides an overview of friction, explosive, and ultrasonic welding processes for aluminium. It describes the basic principles of each process, including how friction welding uses rotation and pressure to generate heat, explosive welding uses shock waves to join materials, and ultrasonic welding uses ultrasonic vibrations. It also discusses parameters for welding different material combinations like aluminium to steel. Diagrams show macrostructures and hardness curves for joined regions. The document aims to introduce these welding techniques and their applications for joining aluminium.
This document provides a 23-page overview of resistance spot welding of aluminium and its alloys. It discusses:
1) The suitability of aluminium alloys for spot welding and how the surface condition, chemical composition, and metallurgical condition affect it.
2) The different physical properties of aluminium compared to steel that influence the spot welding process, such as higher electrical and thermal conductivity in aluminium.
3) Key factors in spot welding aluminium like the oxide film that must be removed, various surface pretreatment methods, and machine parameters that differ from steel due to aluminium's properties.
Electron beam welding is a fusion welding process that uses a beam of high-velocity electrons to join materials. The kinetic energy of the electrons is transformed into heat upon impact, melting the workpieces. It provides high quality welds with minimal heat input and distortion. The process occurs in a vacuum chamber to eliminate impurities and the need for shielding gases. It is well-suited for difficult welds and can achieve very narrow, deep welds at high welding speeds.
This document describes electron beam machining (EBM) and laser beam machining (LBM). It discusses how EBM and LBM use high-energy electrons or photons, respectively, to remove material through melting and vaporization. The key components of EBM equipment are described, including the electron beam gun, which generates and focuses electrons, and various lenses and coils that shape and direct the beam. Vacuum must be maintained to prevent energy loss by electrons. LBM operates on similar principles to EBM but uses a high-power laser source instead of an electron beam gun.
TALAT Lecture 4205: Testing Methods for Welded JointsCORE-Materials
Â
This lecture gives information about the relevant non-destructive and destructive testing methods for aluminium welded joints. Background in production welding and quality assurance is assumed.
This lecture describes fabrication processes for superplastic forming, i.e. female and male die forming, and the criteria for selecting the correct process. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
This lecture helps to understand how the properties of forgings evolve during the manufacturing process. General understanding of metallurgy and deformation processes is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 2301: Design of Members Example 4.4: Bending moment resistance ...CORE-Materials
Â
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the document:
1) The document is a 10 page example from a lecture on designing members for bending moment that analyzes the bending moment resistance of a welded hollow section with outstands using a class 4 cross section.
2) It presents the geometry, material properties, nodes, and elements of the hollow cross section and performs iterative calculations of the effective cross section area, stress distribution, and effective thicknesses accounting for any heat affected zones to determine the bending moment resistance.
3) The example is considered comprehensive because it shows calculations in detail, covers all classes of cross sections, and demonstrates how to increase effective thickness for non-fully stressed elements through
TALAT Lecture 3505: Tools for Impact ExtrusionCORE-Materials
Â
This lecture provides knowledge about design philosophy and tool materials for impact tools, which are a cost factor and eminently important for successful impact extrusion. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
This lecture describes the detailed processes of single-step and multiple-step clinching; it shows the differences of the various clinching methods concerning the amount of shearing; it illustrates the major differences in mechanical properties of clinch joints compared with resistance spot welds. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lecture 4101 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4107: General Summary and Future TrendsCORE-Materials
Â
This lecture points out the need of data sources for designing mechanical joints; it describes concepts for FEM-Modelling of mechanical joints. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 4101- 4106 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4703: Design and Calculation of Adhesive JointsCORE-Materials
Â
This lecture describes the basic types of loadings of adhesive joints and to give examples of recommended joint designs; it shows how to calculate the strength of adhesive joints. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4702: Factors Influencing the Strength of Adhesive JointsCORE-Materials
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This lecture describes the factors governing the strength of adhesive joints in order to appreciate these factors for the design of adhesively bonded joints, i.e. geometry of joint, stiffness and strength of the adjoining parts, stress distribution in the adhesive layer as well as the effects of humidity and ageing. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
This lecture describes the fundamentals of bending and folding aluminium sheet; it also describes different methods in design of folding tools. Background in production engineering and sheet metal forming and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 3701- 3705 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4101: Definition and Classification of Mechanical Fastening Met...CORE-Materials
Â
This document provides an overview of mechanical fastening methods for joining aluminum parts, including definitions and classifications. It discusses screw joints, folds, rivets, and clinching. Screw joints can be pierced, through, or blind holes. Folds are formed locking joints created through folding, interlocking, and pressing sheets together. Riveting includes indirect and direct methods. Blind rivets have a predetermined break point. The document aims to introduce the principal types of mechanical fastening methods for aluminum.
TALAT Lecture 4701: Terms and Definitions for Adhesive BondingCORE-Materials
Â
This lecture defines the terms and definition of adhesive bonding of metals; it describes the basic physical/chemical characteristics of adhesive bonding; it also describes the characteristics and the properties of adhesives used in metal bonding. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of the physics and chemistry of metallic surfaces and polymer science is assumed.
This lecture defines important terms of the process of stretch forming and it describes the basic processes of stretch forming. Background in production engineering and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lecture 3701 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4601: Introduction to Brazing of Aluminium AlloysCORE-Materials
Â
This lecture describes the characteristics of brazing aluminium and the process involved; it helps to understand the use potential and the limitations of brazing aluminium. Basic knowledge of aluminium alloys designation system, surface treatment and corrosion behaviour is assumed.
This lecture gives background to calculation methods for aluminium members in order to understand the specific behavior of statically loaded aluminium alloy structures. Basic structural mechanic, design philosophy and structural aluminium alloys and product forms is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3805: Combination of Superplastic Forming and Diffusion BondingCORE-Materials
Â
This lecture reviews briefly the principles of diffusion bonding in combination with superplastic forming of aluminium alloys. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
This lecture reviews briefly the commercially available superplastic aluminium alloys and gives their processing and service properties. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4400: Introduction to Friction, Explosive and Ultrasonic Weldin...CORE-Materials
Â
This document provides an overview of friction, explosive, and ultrasonic welding processes for aluminium. It describes the basic principles of each process, including how friction welding uses rotation and pressure to generate heat, explosive welding uses shock waves to join materials, and ultrasonic welding uses ultrasonic vibrations. It also discusses parameters for welding different material combinations like aluminium to steel. Diagrams show macrostructures and hardness curves for joined regions. The document aims to introduce these welding techniques and their applications for joining aluminium.
This document provides a 23-page overview of resistance spot welding of aluminium and its alloys. It discusses:
1) The suitability of aluminium alloys for spot welding and how the surface condition, chemical composition, and metallurgical condition affect it.
2) The different physical properties of aluminium compared to steel that influence the spot welding process, such as higher electrical and thermal conductivity in aluminium.
3) Key factors in spot welding aluminium like the oxide film that must be removed, various surface pretreatment methods, and machine parameters that differ from steel due to aluminium's properties.
Electron beam welding is a fusion welding process that uses a beam of high-velocity electrons to join materials. The kinetic energy of the electrons is transformed into heat upon impact, melting the workpieces. It provides high quality welds with minimal heat input and distortion. The process occurs in a vacuum chamber to eliminate impurities and the need for shielding gases. It is well-suited for difficult welds and can achieve very narrow, deep welds at high welding speeds.
This document describes electron beam machining (EBM) and laser beam machining (LBM). It discusses how EBM and LBM use high-energy electrons or photons, respectively, to remove material through melting and vaporization. The key components of EBM equipment are described, including the electron beam gun, which generates and focuses electrons, and various lenses and coils that shape and direct the beam. Vacuum must be maintained to prevent energy loss by electrons. LBM operates on similar principles to EBM but uses a high-power laser source instead of an electron beam gun.
This document describes electron beam machining (EBM) and laser beam machining (LBM). It discusses how EBM and LBM use high-energy electrons or photons, respectively, to remove material through melting and vaporization. The key components of EBM equipment are described, including the electron beam gun, which generates and focuses electrons, and various lenses and coils that shape and direct the beam. Vacuum must be maintained to prevent energy loss by electrons. LBM operates on similar principles to EBM but uses a high-power laser source instead of an electron beam gun.
This document discusses several experiments involving low-voltage nuclear transmutation reactions initiated by electrical discharge or plasma techniques. It includes summaries of work by Ken Shoulders on EV reactors, John Hutchison's metal transmutation experiments, S.V. Adamenko's electrically-initiated substance collapse work, and plasma focus fusion devices. Images show experimental apparatuses and results indicating nuclear transmutations, including SEM and elemental analysis data. The document argues that these diverse techniques may share a common basis in electron clustering effects.
This document discusses several technologies that utilize electron volt oscillations (EVOs) to produce nuclear transmutations at low voltages, including the Hutchison Effect, Adamenko's work, plasma focus generators, and cold fusion. It provides examples of metal transmutations observed after electrical treatment, including production of new isotopes. The document argues that proper design of these EVO-based technologies could allow for electrical output without device destruction by harnessing their common basis in electron clustering effects.
This document discusses various electric welding processes. It describes resistance welding techniques like spot welding, seam welding, projection welding, and butt welding. It explains that resistance welding involves applying a heavy electric current between two metal pieces to generate heat through resistance and join the metals. The document also covers arc welding, electron beam welding, and laser beam welding. It provides details on how each process generates intense heat to fuse metals and lists common applications.
1) The document describes an atomic switch that uses an electronic and ionic mixed conductor material like silver sulfide. When an electric field is applied, both electrons and ions (silver and sulfur) move through the material, allowing it to function like a mechanical switch.
2) Precise nanoscale probes are needed to directly measure the electrical resistance of nanowire devices. A method was developed to form a tungsten oxide nanorod probe tip with a diameter of just a few nanometers.
3) In addition to jewelry, diamonds have potential applications in manufacturing tools due to their hardness, and in electronic devices such as transistors and LEDs due to their material properties.
The document discusses different arc welding processes. It provides details on carbon arc welding including that it uses a non-consumable carbon electrode and shielding gas or flux may be used depending on the metal welded. Gas tungsten arc welding is described next, noting it uses a tungsten electrode and inert gas. Finally, gas metal arc welding is covered, explaining it uses a continuously fed consumable wire electrode and inert gas shielding.
The document discusses various thermal energy-based material removal techniques, including electrical discharge machining (EDM) and laser beam machining (LBM). It provides details on the EDM process, including how it works using electric sparks to erode metals. Wire EDM and micro EDM are also examined. The document then covers the LBM process, the types of lasers used for different applications like cutting, drilling, and marking. It discusses key laser beam parameters such as beam waist, intensity, and depth of focus. In summary, the document provides an in-depth overview of EDM and LBM processes for removing material using thermal energy.
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a thermal machining process that uses electrical sparks to erode materials. EDM can machine hard metals and intricate shapes that would be difficult to produce with other methods. In EDM, an electrode is separated from the workpiece by a small gap filled with dielectric fluid. A series of electrical discharges passes between the electrode and workpiece, melting and vaporizing small amounts of material. This repetitive process creates a replica of the electrode shape in the workpiece. EDM can machine hard metals like tool steels and carbides with good accuracy and surface finish.
A Study of MicroâEDM on Silicon Nitride Using Electrode Materialsdrboon
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This study compares the performance of Cu, CuW and AgW electrodes for micro-electrodischarge machining (micro-EDM) of silicon nitride. Copper electrodes provided the highest material removal rate but also the highest electrode wear ratio. Silver-tungsten electrodes had the lowest material removal rate and lowest electrode wear. Copper-tungsten electrodes performed intermediate to copper and silver-tungsten for both metrics. Copper electrodes also produced the smallest and most circular micro-holes, followed by copper-tungsten then silver-tungsten electrodes which produced the largest, least circular holes. The properties of the electrode materials, such as thermal conductivity and melting point, influence the micro-
Arc welding is a process that uses an electric arc to join metal materials. It generates high temperatures reaching over 5500°C from the electric arc between an electrode and the workpiece. There are two main types of arc welding - consumable electrode welding which melts the electrode to fill the weld joint, and non-consumable electrode welding where the electrode does not melt. Common arc welding methods include shielded metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding, flux-cored arc welding, and gas tungsten arc welding. Arc welding has advantages such as low cost and portability but also disadvantages like producing more waste and requiring skilled operators.
Benjamin Mehlmann - Fraunhofer InstituteThemadagen
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This document discusses laser micro joining processes and applications in research and development. It outlines laser beam sources and beam manipulation strategies used for micro joining applications in energy storage, electronics, and lightweight construction. Current approaches in research include welding copper with spatial and temporal power modulation to increase weld depth and quality. Developments aim to enable precision melt engineering through dynamic beam manipulation and modeling of laser micro joining processes.
Effect of Electrode Materials and Optimization of Electric Discharge Machinin...IRJET Journal
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This document discusses an experimental investigation into optimizing electric discharge machining (EDM) of M2 tool steel. EDM is used to machine hard materials like tool steels. The study examined the effect of pulse current on material removal rate, electrode wear rate, and surface roughness when machining M2 steel with copper and tungsten copper electrodes. Optimization of output parameters like material removal rate and surface roughness was also done using Grey-Taguchi analysis. The results showed that tungsten copper achieved higher material removal rates and depths than copper. Using Taguchi, the best surface roughness was achieved at lower current, while higher material removal occurred at higher current. Grey analysis found the optimal parameters were higher current, medium pulse on
The document provides information about welding techniques and arc welding. It discusses the parts of an electric arc welding setup including the power supply, electrode, workpiece and welding leads. It describes striking an arc and different welding positions. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of arc welding, including its simplicity but limited electrode length. It emphasizes the importance of safety practices when arc welding.
02_Heatflowinwelding and joining processSakib987640
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This document discusses heat flow during welding. It covers topics such as heat sources in welding like arc, resistance, laser, and friction welding. It describes the welding arc and plasma formation. It also discusses parameters that affect heat flow like polarity, heat source efficiency, and methods to measure efficiency. The objectives are to provide information on heat flow during welding and how it influences microstructure and properties, and identify heat sources and power density in different welding methods.
Constant-amplitude fatigue tests were carried out in air and artificial seawater on T-shaped welded steel joints to compare fatigue behavior between the two environments. Tests investigated the effects of weld profile, stress relieving, stress ratio, cathodic protection, and overprotection. Fatigue lifetime was shorter in seawater than air. Crack initiation typically began near weld toes and results were compared to design curves for welded joints.
Similar to TALAT Lecture 4300: Beam Welding Processes of Aluminium (20)
Series of powerpoint slides showing three different drawing processes used in the manufacture of wires, rod, tubes and drinks cans. The slides are adapted from the University of Liverpool "Materials Processing" lectures [MATS214] by Dr J. Wilcox.
The document describes several test geometries used to determine the failure strengths of composite materials, including the Double Cantilever Beam test for mode I failure, the End Notch Flexure test for mode II failure, and the Mixed-mode Interlaminar Fracture test for mixed mode I/II failure. It also lists the Single Cantilever Beam test for skin debonding energy in composite sandwiches, the Centre Notch Flexure test for thin skin debonding, and the Interlaminar Shear Strength test, a three point bend test to determine shear strength.
The document describes several common composite manufacturing techniques including wet lay-up, vacuum bagging, compression moulding, filament winding, pultrusion, and resin transfer moulding. Each technique involves different processes for combining fibres and resin such as applying layers by hand, using pressure and heat, winding fibres onto a rotating mandrel, pulling fibres through a resin bath, or injecting resin into a mould containing dry fibres. The techniques are suited for different part geometries and production volumes.
The role of technology in sporting performanceCORE-Materials
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The lecture answers the questions of how much effect does engineering technology have on sport, is technology only used to increase performance and what are the "new technologies" being introduced. Courtesy of Prof Claire Davies, School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham.
The chapter describes principles of the chemical analysis in the SEM and TEM. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
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The chapter explains the diffraction of electrons and demonstrates what it can reveal. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
Electrons and their interaction with the specimenCORE-Materials
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The chapter explains the behaviour of electrons within a specimen and shows how they interact with the atoms of the sample. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter gives the comparison of electron microscopy with other imaging and analysis techniques. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter gives the basic principles of microscopy. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
TALAT Lecture 5301: The Surface Treatment and Coil Coating of AluminiumCORE-Materials
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This lecture describes the continuous coil coating processes for aluminium in sufficient detail in order to understand the industrial coating technology and its application potential. General background in materials engineering and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5100 and 5200 is assumed.
This lecture describes the processes of electroless, electrolytic, as well as physical and chemical vapour deposition of metals on the aluminium surface in order to achieve variations in its surface properties for functional and decorative purposes. Some knowledge of the surface properties of metals, metallurgy and electrochemistry of aluminium and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5101, 5102, 5105 is assumed.
This lecture describes the process of anodic oxidation of aluminium, which is one of the most unique and commonly used surface treatment techniques for aluminium; it illustrates the weathering behaviour of anodized surfaces. Some familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5101- 5104 is assumed.
This lecture describes the key factors associated with conversion coatings on aluminium can be appreciated, such as general and local behaviour of the aluminium surface, range of conversion coatings and interrelationships, requirements of conversion coating, tailor-making of coatings, current and future issues. Some familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5101, 5102, 5201 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5105: Surface Treatment of AluminiumCORE-Materials
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This lecture helps to understand the general principles, methods, properties and applications of plating on aluminium. Some knowledge in general electrochemistry is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5103: Corrosion Control of Aluminium - Forms of Corrosion and P...CORE-Materials
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This document discusses various forms of corrosion that can affect aluminium and aluminium alloys. It describes general corrosion that can occur in acid and neutral solutions. It also covers localized corrosion such as pitting, crevice, filiform, and biological corrosion. Factors influencing galvanic and intergranular corrosion are presented. The document also discusses mechanically assisted degradation like erosion, fretting corrosion, and corrosion fatigue. It concludes with descriptions of stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement.
TALAT Lecture 5102: Reactivity of the Aluminium Surface in Aqueous SolutionsCORE-Materials
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This lecture provides better understanding of the electrochemistry of aluminium; it gives an introduction to the other lectures. Some knowledge in aluminium metallurgy, simple chemistry (thermodynamics and kinetics), electricity and general electrochemistry is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5101: Surface Characteristics of Aluminium and Aluminium AlloysCORE-Materials
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This lecture provides a realistic view of the aluminium surface in order to understand the need for "effective" surface treatment. Some knowledge in aluminium metallurgy is assumed.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
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An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
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more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
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The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
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Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
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changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
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help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
Â
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
TALAT Lecture 4300: Beam Welding Processes of Aluminium
1. TALAT Lecture 4300
Beam Welding Processes of Aluminium
14 pages, 14 figures
Basic Level
prepared by Ulrich KrÃŧger, SchweiÃtechnische Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt Berlin
Objectives:
â to give a brief introduction to beam welding and cutting techniques of aluminium
â to describe the process principle of electron and laser beam welding and cutting of
aluminium
â to give some information about the choice of welding and cutting parameters
â to give information about the weldability of aluminium alloys with electron beam
welding
Prerequisites:
â General mechanical engineering background
â basic knowledge of electron and laser beam physics
Date of Issue: 1994
īŖŠ EAA - European Aluminium Association
2. 4300 Beam Welding Processes of Aluminium
Table of Contents
4300 Beam Welding Processes of Aluminium..................................................2
4300.01 Electron Beam Welding............................................................................ 3
Operating Principle of an Electron Beam Welding Equipment ...............................3
Process Steps of the Deep Welding Process ............................................................4
Electron Beam Welding of Butt Joints ....................................................................4
Terms Used for Describing a Weld..........................................................................5
Electron Beam Weldability of Aluminium Alloys...................................................6
Electron Beam Welds in Aluminium Alloys ...........................................................7
Rate of Vaporisation during Electron Beam Welding of 7050 (AlZnMgCu)..........7
Tensile Strength of Electron Beam Welded 7050 (AlZnMgCu) .............................8
4300.02 Laser Welding ........................................................................................... 9
Principle of a Solid-State Laser ...............................................................................9
Comparison between Electron Beam Welding and Laser Welding.......................10
4300.03 Laser Cutting........................................................................................... 11
Principle of Laser Gas-Jet Cutting.........................................................................11
Laser Cutting Diagram for Aluminium..................................................................12
Laser Beam Cutting of Aluminium........................................................................12
Comparison of Laser Beam Cutting and Plasma Cutting ......................................13
4300.04 Literature/References ............................................................................ 14
4300.05 List of Figures............................................................................................ 14
TALAT 4300 2
3. 4300.01 Electron Beam Welding
âĻ Operating principle of an electron beam welding equipment
âĻ Process steps of the deep welding process
âĻ Electron beam welding of butt joints
âĻ Terms used for describing a weld
âĻ Electron beam weldability of aluminium alloys
âĻ Electron beam welds in aluminium alloys
âĻ Rate of vaporisation during electron beam welding of 7050 (AlZnMgCu)
âĻ Tensile strength of electron beam welded 7050 (AlZnMgCu)
Operating Principle of an Electron Beam Welding Equipment
The electron beam welding is associated with energy densities of > 108 W/cm2. A
vaporisation of the metal occurs above 106. The electrons emitted from an incandescent
electrode and accelerated in an electron gun are focussed to bombard the work placed in
a vacuum chamber. An arrangement of deflecting systems is used to make the beam
move. The work can also be moved along different axes, so that the welding location is
accessible (Figure 4300.01.01).
Welding can be carried out with or without a filler metal .
Operating Principle of an
Electron Beam Welding Equipment
Cathode
pE
Control Electrodes
Anode
pE
pA Focussing Lens
Deflection System
pA
Moving Equipment
Workpiece
Operating Principle of an Electron Beam
alu
4300.01.01
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies Welding Equipment
TALAT 4300 3
4. Process Steps of the Deep Welding Process
The formation of a vapour cavity or deep-weld effect is typical for beam welding
processes. A cavity consisting of a vapour core surrounded by molten metal is created.
The beam can thus penetrate through the whole thickness of the metal. Vapour pressure
and surface tension have a two-fold effect: they keep the cavity open towards the top
and thus allow an unhindered beam penetration and at the same time allow the weld
pool to flow together or allow a crystallisation in the beam vicinity (Figure 4300.01.02).
Care must be taken to ensure that the vapour cavity exists long enough for degassing to
occur so that the weld porosity is eliminated or kept to a minimum.
Process Steps of the Deep Welding Process
Butt Joint before Melting starts at Vapour Cavity Vapour Cavity Weld Seam at
Welding Contact Surface Forming starts and Molten End of Welding
of Electron Beam Metal Envelope
Penetrate thro-
ugh Metal
alu
Process Steps of the Deep Welding Process 4300.01.02
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Electron Beam Welding of Butt Joints
The surfaces to be joint are mechanically worked or, as in the case of extrusions, have
especially formed lips which help to position the parts to be welded and serve as weld
pool supports. Weld pool supports in the form of grooved sections are usually not used,
since the high energy beam reaches right through to the bottom of the joint. This would
lead to an undesired welding. The remaining weld-pool supports tend to reduce the
dynamical strength. For this purpose, joint forms and machining allowances are
designed (Figure 4300.01.03).
TALAT 4300 4
5. Electron Beam Welding of Butt Joints
t
t
z
>2
c2
s
t
a
c1
alu
Electron Beam Welding of Butt Joints 4300.01.03
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Terms Used for Describing a Weld
Joints made by the electron beam welding process are characteristically extremely
narrow and deep. The ratio of weld thickness (throat of seam) to weld width lies
between 5:1 to 25:1. Thus it is possible to weld even thick sheets with a square butt joint
with the electron beam welding process where the other welding processes would
require large V-angles and filler metal (Figure 4300.01.04).
Terms used for Describing a Weld
Weld Reinforcement (overfill)
Joint Gap (Groove) End Crater
Top Weld Bead th
ng
Le
eld
W
Weld Width gth
en
eldL
W
( Throat of Seam )
Fused Zone
Weld Thickness
Thickness
Depth
Weld
Dummy Weld
Root Reinforcement
Fused Zone
(overfill)
Unwelded Gap
Bottom Weld Bead
(Root) Fused Zone Base
alu
Terms Used for Describing a Weld 4300.01.04
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
TALAT 4300 5
6. Besides the terms normally used for describing weld joints, one also uses terms like
fused zone base and weld thickness or throat of seam, which are specific for electron
beam welding. Besides welding, it is also possible to use a reduced beam power for
surface treatments like remelting, hardening, engraving etc.
Electron Beam Weldability of Aluminium Alloys
Generally, aluminium and its alloys can be welded easily with the electron beam
welding process.
Among the non-heat-treatable alloys, the hot-cracking tendency increases with
increasing magnesium content. At the same time, the high vapour pressure of
magnesium increases the danger of porosity in welds. Similar to the metallurgical
conditions for fusion welding processes (TIG, MIG), the cracking tendency depends on
the contents of magnesium and silicon. As far as possible, the alloy AlMg3 should be
avoided.
The heat-treatable alloys have only a limited suitability. The high vapour pressure of
zinc leads unavoidably to weld porosity. Due to the reduced heat input, the alloys
containing copper can be easily welded (the weldability of copper-containing alloys with
other welding processes is poor).
Alloys which can be naturally aged exhibit an increase in hardness after welding,
without, however, attaining the original hardness fully (Figure 4300.01.05).
Electron Beam Weldability of Aluminium Alloys
Alloy Group Alloy Example Weldability
Non-Heat-Treatable Al 99,5 Good
Wrought Alloys AlMn 1 Good
AlMg 3 Hot Cracking Tendency
AlMg 5 Good, Vaporisation Loss of Mg, Weld Porosity Tendency
Heat-Treatable AlMgSi 1 Good
Wrought Alloys AlCuMg 2 Good
AlZnMgCu Not Suitable, Vaporisation Loss of Zn and Mg, Porosity,
Hot Cracking
Non-Heat-Treatable G-AlSi 12 Good
Casting Alloys G-AlSi 9 Cu 3 Good
G-AlMg 5 Good, Vaporisation Loss of Mg, Weld Porosity Tendency
Heat-Treatable G-AlSi 7 Mg Good
Casting Alloys G-AlMg 5 Si Good, Vaporisation Loss of Mg, Weld Porosity Tendency
G-AlCu 4 Ti Hot Cracking Tendency
GD-AlSi 8 Cu 3 Weld Porosity
alu
Electron Beam Weldability of Aluminium Alloys 4300.01.05
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
TALAT 4300 6
7. Electron Beam Welds in Aluminium Alloys
Practical experience with electron beam welding exists for a number of aluminium
alloys. Materials up to 40 mm in thickness can be welded. Even here, experience shows
that AlMg3 alloys can be welded only by adhering to special measures. An explanation
for the hot cracking tendency lies in the fact that the beam with its high energy density
causes a relatively high amount of magnesium to vaporise so that the remaining content
now lies in the range of 1.5 %. It is just this magnesium content which causes a
maximum amount of cracking (Figure 4300.01.06).
Electron Beam Welds in Aluminium Alloys
AA Designation Suitability Tested for Max. Weld
Alloy No. Thicknesses (mm)
1050A Al 99,5 A 5
2024 AlCuMg2 A 10
2219 AlCu6 A 7
3103 AlMn1 A 5
5056 AlMg5 A 10
5083 AlMg4,5Mn A 1.5
5754 AlMg3 B 5
6351 AlMgSi1 A 12
7050 AlZn6CuMg2 A 27
A413 G-AlSi12 A 40
A = Suitable for Welding (No Special Measures Required)
B = Suitable for Welding Only If Special Measures Used
alu
Electron Beam Welds in Aluminium Alloys 4300.01.06
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Rate of Vaporisation during Electron Beam Welding of 7050 (AlZnMgCu)
The alloying elements magnesium and zinc, with their low vapour pressures, reduce the
suitability of these alloys for welding. This tendency, however, decreases with
increasing material thickness, so that problems occur especially during the welding of
thin sheets. The reason for this is that thicker sheets conduct heat more rapidly away
than thin sheets (Figure 4300.01.07).
TALAT 4300 7
8. Rate of Vaporisation during Electron Beam
Welding of 7050 (AlZnMgCu)
50
40
Rate of Vaporisation [%]
30 â Mg
20
â Zn
10
0
6 10 14 20 27
Plate Thickness [mm]
Source: Koy, Derudi
Rate of Vaporisation during Electron Beam
alu
4300.01.07
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies Welding of 7050 (AlZnMgCu)
Tensile Strength of Electron Beam Welded 7050 (AlZnMgCu)
Electron beam welded joints of the alloy 7050 (AlZnMgCu) exhibit weld performance
factors which vary with rolling direction and thickness of the material. The unshaded
third columns in (Figure 4300.01.08) show that the weld performance factors for
samples transverse to the rolling direction is almost equal to 1 for the 6 mm and 27 mm
thick samples (i.e., the weld joint has a tensile strength almost equal to that of the base
material). The weld performance factors of the longitudinal samples is almost
independent of the thickness and is about 80 %.
Tensile Strength of Electron Beam Welded
7050 (AlZnMgCu)
DIRECTION OF ROLLING
Tensile Strength in [N/mm²]
TRANSVERSE LONGITUDINAL TRANSVERSE
500 99,8% *)
93,4%
400 77,9% 80,1% 77,8%
300
200
100
0
6,0 10,0 14,0 20,0 27,0
Thickness in [mm]
Base Material Weld Seam Min/Max Value
*) Weld Performance Factor
alu
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Tensile Strength of Electron Beam Welded Alloy 7050 4300.01.08
TALAT 4300 8
9. 4300.02 Laser Welding
âĻ Principle of a solid-state laser
âĻ Comparison between electron beam welding and laser welding
Principle of a Solid-State Laser
Similar to electron beam welding, the laser beam is also a high-energy source
(maximum energy 109 W/cm2). For welding purposes, a lower energy is used (between
106 to 108 W/cm2) since a higher energy would lead to increased vaporisation of metals
causing a weakening of the laser beam. In contrast to the electron beam welding, the
laser can be used under normal atmospherical conditions without losing its energy. The
laser can be utilised for both, welding and cutting. Two types of lasers are generally
used:
â solid-state laser (Nd-YAG laser) (Figure 4300.02.01)
â gas-discharge laser (CO2)
Currently, the maximum energies of the laser types used are 1.0 to 1.5 kW for the solid-
state laser, and 20 to 25 kW for the CO2 laser. Consequently, the solid-state laser is used
for thinner sheets and the CO2 laser for thicker ones. The solid-state laser has a small
wavelength (ca. 1.06 Âĩm) making it possible to use flexible light-conducting cables. The
solid-state laser can thus be guided much more easily than the CO2 laser which requires
an arrangement of mirrors.
Principle of a Solid-State Laser
Flash Lamp
Nd-YAG Rod
Ellipsoidal
Pumping Equipment Mirror
Semi-Transparent Observation
Mirror Optic
Power Gauge
Beam
Diversion
99 % Reflecting Focussing
Beam Absorber
Mirror Mirror
and Stopper
alu
Principle of a Solid-State Laser 4300.02.01
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
TALAT 4300 9
10. Comparison between Electron Beam Welding and Laser Welding
One of the main advantages of laser welding over electron beam welding is that the
handling of the former is technologically simpler and the welding process can be
conducted under atmospherical conditions. The laser welding equipment has a relatively
simple mechanical construction and a higher welding accessibility making it highly
flexible. In this respect, the vacuum chamber required for electron beam welding poses
strong limitations on the process.
On the other hand, the vacuum conditions existing in the electron beam welding process
inhibit the formation of plasma streams which tend to reduce the welding performance.
Thus, much higher weld penetrations can be attained than with laser welding (Figure
4300.02.02).
Multistation welding machines can be used for laser welding, thereby increasing
productivity and decreasing costs per piece.
Comparison between Electron Welding and Laser Welding
Comparing parameter CO2 Laser EB
Maximum beam energy of equipment 6 kW 60 kW
usually used in industry
Maximum fused zone thickness 10 mm 150 mm
Welding atmosphere air/ shielding gas vacuum 10-2 ; 10-4 hPa
Effect of energy absorption depending on material and depending on material
beam intensity (Z-number) and fused zone
thickness
Effect of focus diameter and focus position low very high
on beam energy
Possibility of welding magnetic materials yes no / conditional
Possibility of welding non-ferrous metals difficult good
Possibility of welding non-metallic yes no
materials
Beam deflection/ redirection electro - mechanical electro - magnetic
metallic mirrors (coils, condenser plates)
Multistation operation (time sharing) yes no
possible
Adaptability to other cutting, heat treating, drilling, drilling, heat treating
engraving, marking
alu Comparison between Electron Beam Welding and
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies Laser Welding 4300.02.02
TALAT 4300 10
11. 4300.03 Laser Cutting
âĻ Principle of laser gas-jet cutting
âĻ Laser cutting diagram for aluminium
âĻ Laser beam cutting of aluminium
âĻ Comparison of laser beam cutting and plasma cutting
Principle of Laser Gas-Jet Cutting
Three variations of laser cutting are possible:
â laser gas-jet cutting
â laser fusion cutting
â laser sublimation cutting.
The last mentioned (laser sublimation cutting) cannot be used for aluminium, since the
temperature difference between melting and vaporisation is too large. Cuts made using
the laser gas-jet cutting process have a high roughness and undesirable burring, so that
this process cannot be used for producing high quality cuts.
In laser fusion cutting, a focused laser beam heats the metal to a temperature well above
its melting point. Finally, a compressed gas jet (compressed air, nitrogen, argon) blows
the liquid metal out of the cutting groove. The cut edges are smooth and without burring
(Figure 4300.03.01).
Principle of Laser Gas-Jet Cutting
Compressed Air
Lens
Direction of Movement Cutting Nozzle
Cutting Oxygen Jet
Focal Point of Laser Beam
Recrystallised Fused Layer
Oxide Layer Work-
piece
Cut Groove
0,15 - 0,2 mm Slag Jet
Al, Al2O3
alu
Principle of Laser Gas-Jet Cutting 4300.03.01
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
TALAT 4300 11
12. Laser Cutting Diagram for Aluminium
As a general rule, aluminium alloys can be more easily cut than pure aluminium . The
reason for this is the higher absorption, i.e., heat losses are lower (Figure 4300.03.02).
Laser Cutting Diagram for Aluminium
7
6
5
Feed [ m/min ]
4
3
Al Alloy
2
Pure Al
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Material Thickness [ mm ]
alu
Laser Cutting Diagram for Aluminium 4300.03.02
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Laser Beam Cutting of Aluminium
In contrast to steel, the cutting speed of aluminium is vastly reduced with increasing
sheet thickness. The reason for this is once again the higher heat conduction loss. Laser
gas-jet cutting using oxygen instead of compressed air hardly improves the cutting
speed. The reaction energy of oxygen combustion freed during the laser gas-jet cutting
process is only partly taken up by the metal. The simultaneously occurring oxidation of
the metal surface prevents this. The quality of cut is worse than with compressed air.
Undercuttings and burring cannot be avoided (Figure 4300.03.03).
Laser Beam Cutting of Aluminium
6
6060 ( AlMgSi 0,5 ) T6
5
Cutting Gas O2
Compressed Air
Lens : 100 mm Focal Length
Feed [ m/min ]
4 Laser : CO2 , 2 kW
3
2
1
2 4 6 8
Material Thickness [ mm ]
alu
Laser Beam Cutting of Aluminium 4300.03.03
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
TALAT 4300 12
13. Comparison of Laser Beam Cutting and Plasma Cutting
Laser beam cutting is mostly used for thin sheets. The heat input and consequently the
distortion is lower than with plasma cutting. Cuts with complicated geometries which
require no finishing or supplementary operations can be made with the laser cutting
process (Figure 4300.03.04).
Comparison of Laser Beam Cutting
and Plasma Cutting
5
Laser
600 W
8 Steel
1500 W 12
4
600 W
6 Cr-Ni Steel
1500 W 10
3
1500 W 6 Aluminium
5
Plasma
50 A 5 kW
10 Steel
25
250 A 25 kW
40 Cr-Ni Steel
70
500 A 150 kW 150 Aluminium
1 10 100 1000
Sheet Thickness mm
Source: Messer-Griesheim
alu Comparison of Laser Beam Cutting
4300.03.04
Train ing in Aluminium Application Technologies
and Plasma Cutting
Plasma cutting is ideal for cases in which high quantities are required. The high energy
plasma cutting process allows higher cutting speeds, but with lower cut surface qualities
and higher distortions than the laser.
TALAT 4300 13
14. 4300.04 Literature/References
- Aluminium-Taschenbuch, 14. Auflage, 1984, Aluminium-Verlag, DÃŧsseldorf
Schulz, H. ElektronenstrahlschweiÃen. Fachbuchreihe SchweiÃtechnik Nr. 93,
Deutscher Verlag fÃŧr SchweiÃtechnik 1989, DÃŧsseldorf
- Laserstrahltechnologien in der SchweiÃtechnik. Fachbuchreihe SchweiÃtechnik Nr. 86,
Deutscher Verlag fÃŧr SchweiÃtechnik 1989, DÃŧsseldorf
4300.05 List of Figures
Figure No. Figure Title (Overhead)
4300.01.01 Operating Principle of an Electron Beam Welding Equipment
4300.01.02 Process Steps of the Deep Welding Process
4300.01.03 Electron Beam Welding of Butt Joints
4300.01.04 Terms Used for Describing a Weld
4300.01.05 Electron Beam Weldability of Aluminium Alloys
4300.01.06 Electron Beam Welds of Aluminium Alloys
4300.01.07 Rate of Vaporisation during Electron Beam Welding of 7050
(AlZnMgCu)
4300.01.08 Tensile Strength of Electron Beam Welded 7050 (AlZnMg Cu)
4300.02.01 Principle of a Solid-State Laser
4300.02.01 Comparison between Electron Beam Welding and Laser Welding
4300.03.01 Principle of Laser Gas-Jet Cutting
4300.03.02 Laser Cutting Diagram for Aluminium
4300.03.03 Laser Beam Cutting of Aluminium
4300.03.04 Comparison of Laser Beam Cutting and Plasma Cutting
TALAT 4300 14