This independent study report summarizes diffusion welding, a solid state welding process where two metals are bonded together through atomic diffusion when pressed together at elevated temperatures below their melting points. Key factors that influence the diffusion welding process are temperature, time, and pressure applied. Specific applications discussed include titanium and nickel alloy welding for aerospace and dissimilar metal welding, where an intermetallic compound formation must be controlled.
Tipo Global Corp is a sheet metal manufacturing company that offers OEM/ODM design and tooling, manufacturing, inspection, and logistic services. They have 30 years of experience in high-mix, low-volume production of sheet metal components for electronic machinery, cases, frames, and T5 luminaires. Their equipment includes punch presses, laser cutters, automatic welders, and presses. They produce parts from steel, iron, and aluminum sourced from top Taiwanese suppliers.
The document discusses various joining and assembly processes. It begins by defining assembly as joining elements together to form a final product, which can be done by human workers or machines. It then discusses various fusion welding processes like oxyfuel welding, arc welding, plasma arc welding, and laser beam welding. It also discusses solid state welding processes like friction welding, ultrasonic welding, roll bonding, and diffusion welding. The key information is that the document provides an overview of various welding and assembly techniques.
TALAT Lecture 2301: Design of Members Example 4.4: Bending moment resistance ...CORE-Materials
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the document:
1) The document is a 10 page example from a lecture on designing members for bending moment that analyzes the bending moment resistance of a welded hollow section with outstands using a class 4 cross section.
2) It presents the geometry, material properties, nodes, and elements of the hollow cross section and performs iterative calculations of the effective cross section area, stress distribution, and effective thicknesses accounting for any heat affected zones to determine the bending moment resistance.
3) The example is considered comprehensive because it shows calculations in detail, covers all classes of cross sections, and demonstrates how to increase effective thickness for non-fully stressed elements through
TALAT Lecture 5104: Basic Approaches to Prevent Corrosion of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture describes important measures for the prevention of corrosion of unprotected, bare
aluminium. Basic knowledge of corrosion behaviour of aluminium and some knowledge of the electrochemical nature of corrosion is assumed
This document provides an overview of application characteristics for rivet and clinch joints. It discusses design considerations such as choosing rivet diameters and distances from edges. It also covers material and tooling parameters that influence joint quality like surface finish. Testing methods are described for shear-tensile, fatigue, and impact tests. Sample geometries and results are shown. Finally, it briefly discusses cost considerations for different joining technologies.
TALAT Lecture 2301: Design of Members Example 5.5: Axial force resistance of ...CORE-Materials
This 3-page document provides an example calculation for determining the axial force resistance of a laced column. It includes dimensions, material properties, and calculations of various parameters needed for the analysis. Key steps and results are shown, such as determining the effective length, flexural buckling resistance, and checking that the lacing can resist the required shear force. In the end, it is determined that the lacing can adequately resist the applied axial load of 270 kN.
This lecture describes fabrication processes for superplastic forming, i.e. female and male die forming, and the criteria for selecting the correct process. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
This independent study report summarizes diffusion welding, a solid state welding process where two metals are bonded together through atomic diffusion when pressed together at elevated temperatures below their melting points. Key factors that influence the diffusion welding process are temperature, time, and pressure applied. Specific applications discussed include titanium and nickel alloy welding for aerospace and dissimilar metal welding, where an intermetallic compound formation must be controlled.
Tipo Global Corp is a sheet metal manufacturing company that offers OEM/ODM design and tooling, manufacturing, inspection, and logistic services. They have 30 years of experience in high-mix, low-volume production of sheet metal components for electronic machinery, cases, frames, and T5 luminaires. Their equipment includes punch presses, laser cutters, automatic welders, and presses. They produce parts from steel, iron, and aluminum sourced from top Taiwanese suppliers.
The document discusses various joining and assembly processes. It begins by defining assembly as joining elements together to form a final product, which can be done by human workers or machines. It then discusses various fusion welding processes like oxyfuel welding, arc welding, plasma arc welding, and laser beam welding. It also discusses solid state welding processes like friction welding, ultrasonic welding, roll bonding, and diffusion welding. The key information is that the document provides an overview of various welding and assembly techniques.
TALAT Lecture 2301: Design of Members Example 4.4: Bending moment resistance ...CORE-Materials
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the document:
1) The document is a 10 page example from a lecture on designing members for bending moment that analyzes the bending moment resistance of a welded hollow section with outstands using a class 4 cross section.
2) It presents the geometry, material properties, nodes, and elements of the hollow cross section and performs iterative calculations of the effective cross section area, stress distribution, and effective thicknesses accounting for any heat affected zones to determine the bending moment resistance.
3) The example is considered comprehensive because it shows calculations in detail, covers all classes of cross sections, and demonstrates how to increase effective thickness for non-fully stressed elements through
TALAT Lecture 5104: Basic Approaches to Prevent Corrosion of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture describes important measures for the prevention of corrosion of unprotected, bare
aluminium. Basic knowledge of corrosion behaviour of aluminium and some knowledge of the electrochemical nature of corrosion is assumed
This document provides an overview of application characteristics for rivet and clinch joints. It discusses design considerations such as choosing rivet diameters and distances from edges. It also covers material and tooling parameters that influence joint quality like surface finish. Testing methods are described for shear-tensile, fatigue, and impact tests. Sample geometries and results are shown. Finally, it briefly discusses cost considerations for different joining technologies.
TALAT Lecture 2301: Design of Members Example 5.5: Axial force resistance of ...CORE-Materials
This 3-page document provides an example calculation for determining the axial force resistance of a laced column. It includes dimensions, material properties, and calculations of various parameters needed for the analysis. Key steps and results are shown, such as determining the effective length, flexural buckling resistance, and checking that the lacing can resist the required shear force. In the end, it is determined that the lacing can adequately resist the applied axial load of 270 kN.
This lecture describes fabrication processes for superplastic forming, i.e. female and male die forming, and the criteria for selecting the correct process. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3503: Finishing and other Supplementary OperationsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes supplementary fabrication measures for impact extruded parts and gives some examples of finished impacts. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4205: Testing Methods for Welded JointsCORE-Materials
This lecture gives information about the relevant non-destructive and destructive testing methods for aluminium welded joints. Background in production welding and quality assurance is assumed.
This lecture describes the factors important for the quality assurance of adhesive joining; it gives information about the destructive and non-destructive testing methods for the quality control of adhesive joining. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
This lecture provides a background on aluminium alloys suitable for impact extrusion. It draws attention to raw material parameters which may affect the properties of impact extruded parts. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
This lecture helps to understand how the properties of forgings evolve during the manufacturing process. General understanding of metallurgy and deformation processes is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3801: Manufacturing Examples and FundamentalsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the fundamentals of the superplastic behaviour phenomenon of aluminium alloys and the basic process parameters which govern the manufacturing of superplastic sheet metal parts. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3505: Tools for Impact ExtrusionCORE-Materials
This lecture provides knowledge about design philosophy and tool materials for impact tools, which are a cost factor and eminently important for successful impact extrusion. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
This lecture describes the detailed processes of single-step and multiple-step clinching; it shows the differences of the various clinching methods concerning the amount of shearing; it illustrates the major differences in mechanical properties of clinch joints compared with resistance spot welds. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lecture 4101 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4107: General Summary and Future TrendsCORE-Materials
This lecture points out the need of data sources for designing mechanical joints; it describes concepts for FEM-Modelling of mechanical joints. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 4101- 4106 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4702: Factors Influencing the Strength of Adhesive JointsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the factors governing the strength of adhesive joints in order to appreciate these factors for the design of adhesively bonded joints, i.e. geometry of joint, stiffness and strength of the adjoining parts, stress distribution in the adhesive layer as well as the effects of humidity and ageing. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4703: Design and Calculation of Adhesive JointsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the basic types of loadings of adhesive joints and to give examples of recommended joint designs; it shows how to calculate the strength of adhesive joints. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
This lecture describes the fundamentals of bending and folding aluminium sheet; it also describes different methods in design of folding tools. Background in production engineering and sheet metal forming and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 3701- 3705 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4101: Definition and Classification of Mechanical Fastening Met...CORE-Materials
This document provides an overview of mechanical fastening methods for joining aluminum parts, including definitions and classifications. It discusses screw joints, folds, rivets, and clinching. Screw joints can be pierced, through, or blind holes. Folds are formed locking joints created through folding, interlocking, and pressing sheets together. Riveting includes indirect and direct methods. Blind rivets have a predetermined break point. The document aims to introduce the principal types of mechanical fastening methods for aluminum.
This lecture defines important terms of the process of stretch forming and it describes the basic processes of stretch forming. Background in production engineering and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lecture 3701 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4701: Terms and Definitions for Adhesive BondingCORE-Materials
This lecture defines the terms and definition of adhesive bonding of metals; it describes the basic physical/chemical characteristics of adhesive bonding; it also describes the characteristics and the properties of adhesives used in metal bonding. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of the physics and chemistry of metallic surfaces and polymer science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4300: Beam Welding Processes of AluminiumCORE-Materials
The document provides information on beam welding processes for aluminium, including:
- Electron beam welding principles and process steps for deep welding. It describes terms used and discusses weldability of aluminium alloys.
- Laser welding principles and comparisons to electron beam welding. Solid-state lasers commonly used for thinner sheets while gas lasers used for thicker sheets.
- Laser cutting principles and comparisons of laser beam cutting to plasma cutting. Laser cutting well suited for aluminium.
- References 14 figures and discusses objectives of introducing beam welding and cutting techniques for aluminium. Provides overview of key beam welding and cutting topics.
TALAT Lecture 4601: Introduction to Brazing of Aluminium AlloysCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the characteristics of brazing aluminium and the process involved; it helps to understand the use potential and the limitations of brazing aluminium. Basic knowledge of aluminium alloys designation system, surface treatment and corrosion behaviour is assumed.
Series of powerpoint slides showing three different drawing processes used in the manufacture of wires, rod, tubes and drinks cans. The slides are adapted from the University of Liverpool "Materials Processing" lectures [MATS214] by Dr J. Wilcox.
The document describes several test geometries used to determine the failure strengths of composite materials, including the Double Cantilever Beam test for mode I failure, the End Notch Flexure test for mode II failure, and the Mixed-mode Interlaminar Fracture test for mixed mode I/II failure. It also lists the Single Cantilever Beam test for skin debonding energy in composite sandwiches, the Centre Notch Flexure test for thin skin debonding, and the Interlaminar Shear Strength test, a three point bend test to determine shear strength.
The document describes several common composite manufacturing techniques including wet lay-up, vacuum bagging, compression moulding, filament winding, pultrusion, and resin transfer moulding. Each technique involves different processes for combining fibres and resin such as applying layers by hand, using pressure and heat, winding fibres onto a rotating mandrel, pulling fibres through a resin bath, or injecting resin into a mould containing dry fibres. The techniques are suited for different part geometries and production volumes.
The role of technology in sporting performanceCORE-Materials
The lecture answers the questions of how much effect does engineering technology have on sport, is technology only used to increase performance and what are the "new technologies" being introduced. Courtesy of Prof Claire Davies, School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham.
TALAT Lecture 3503: Finishing and other Supplementary OperationsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes supplementary fabrication measures for impact extruded parts and gives some examples of finished impacts. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4205: Testing Methods for Welded JointsCORE-Materials
This lecture gives information about the relevant non-destructive and destructive testing methods for aluminium welded joints. Background in production welding and quality assurance is assumed.
This lecture describes the factors important for the quality assurance of adhesive joining; it gives information about the destructive and non-destructive testing methods for the quality control of adhesive joining. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
This lecture provides a background on aluminium alloys suitable for impact extrusion. It draws attention to raw material parameters which may affect the properties of impact extruded parts. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
This lecture helps to understand how the properties of forgings evolve during the manufacturing process. General understanding of metallurgy and deformation processes is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3801: Manufacturing Examples and FundamentalsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the fundamentals of the superplastic behaviour phenomenon of aluminium alloys and the basic process parameters which govern the manufacturing of superplastic sheet metal parts. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3505: Tools for Impact ExtrusionCORE-Materials
This lecture provides knowledge about design philosophy and tool materials for impact tools, which are a cost factor and eminently important for successful impact extrusion. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
This lecture describes the detailed processes of single-step and multiple-step clinching; it shows the differences of the various clinching methods concerning the amount of shearing; it illustrates the major differences in mechanical properties of clinch joints compared with resistance spot welds. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lecture 4101 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4107: General Summary and Future TrendsCORE-Materials
This lecture points out the need of data sources for designing mechanical joints; it describes concepts for FEM-Modelling of mechanical joints. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 4101- 4106 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4702: Factors Influencing the Strength of Adhesive JointsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the factors governing the strength of adhesive joints in order to appreciate these factors for the design of adhesively bonded joints, i.e. geometry of joint, stiffness and strength of the adjoining parts, stress distribution in the adhesive layer as well as the effects of humidity and ageing. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4703: Design and Calculation of Adhesive JointsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the basic types of loadings of adhesive joints and to give examples of recommended joint designs; it shows how to calculate the strength of adhesive joints. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
This lecture describes the fundamentals of bending and folding aluminium sheet; it also describes different methods in design of folding tools. Background in production engineering and sheet metal forming and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 3701- 3705 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4101: Definition and Classification of Mechanical Fastening Met...CORE-Materials
This document provides an overview of mechanical fastening methods for joining aluminum parts, including definitions and classifications. It discusses screw joints, folds, rivets, and clinching. Screw joints can be pierced, through, or blind holes. Folds are formed locking joints created through folding, interlocking, and pressing sheets together. Riveting includes indirect and direct methods. Blind rivets have a predetermined break point. The document aims to introduce the principal types of mechanical fastening methods for aluminum.
This lecture defines important terms of the process of stretch forming and it describes the basic processes of stretch forming. Background in production engineering and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lecture 3701 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4701: Terms and Definitions for Adhesive BondingCORE-Materials
This lecture defines the terms and definition of adhesive bonding of metals; it describes the basic physical/chemical characteristics of adhesive bonding; it also describes the characteristics and the properties of adhesives used in metal bonding. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of the physics and chemistry of metallic surfaces and polymer science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4300: Beam Welding Processes of AluminiumCORE-Materials
The document provides information on beam welding processes for aluminium, including:
- Electron beam welding principles and process steps for deep welding. It describes terms used and discusses weldability of aluminium alloys.
- Laser welding principles and comparisons to electron beam welding. Solid-state lasers commonly used for thinner sheets while gas lasers used for thicker sheets.
- Laser cutting principles and comparisons of laser beam cutting to plasma cutting. Laser cutting well suited for aluminium.
- References 14 figures and discusses objectives of introducing beam welding and cutting techniques for aluminium. Provides overview of key beam welding and cutting topics.
TALAT Lecture 4601: Introduction to Brazing of Aluminium AlloysCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the characteristics of brazing aluminium and the process involved; it helps to understand the use potential and the limitations of brazing aluminium. Basic knowledge of aluminium alloys designation system, surface treatment and corrosion behaviour is assumed.
Series of powerpoint slides showing three different drawing processes used in the manufacture of wires, rod, tubes and drinks cans. The slides are adapted from the University of Liverpool "Materials Processing" lectures [MATS214] by Dr J. Wilcox.
The document describes several test geometries used to determine the failure strengths of composite materials, including the Double Cantilever Beam test for mode I failure, the End Notch Flexure test for mode II failure, and the Mixed-mode Interlaminar Fracture test for mixed mode I/II failure. It also lists the Single Cantilever Beam test for skin debonding energy in composite sandwiches, the Centre Notch Flexure test for thin skin debonding, and the Interlaminar Shear Strength test, a three point bend test to determine shear strength.
The document describes several common composite manufacturing techniques including wet lay-up, vacuum bagging, compression moulding, filament winding, pultrusion, and resin transfer moulding. Each technique involves different processes for combining fibres and resin such as applying layers by hand, using pressure and heat, winding fibres onto a rotating mandrel, pulling fibres through a resin bath, or injecting resin into a mould containing dry fibres. The techniques are suited for different part geometries and production volumes.
The role of technology in sporting performanceCORE-Materials
The lecture answers the questions of how much effect does engineering technology have on sport, is technology only used to increase performance and what are the "new technologies" being introduced. Courtesy of Prof Claire Davies, School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham.
The chapter describes principles of the chemical analysis in the SEM and TEM. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter gives insight into the scanning electron microscope technique. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter gives insight into the transmission electron microscope technique. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter explains the diffraction of electrons and demonstrates what it can reveal. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
Electrons and their interaction with the specimenCORE-Materials
The chapter explains the behaviour of electrons within a specimen and shows how they interact with the atoms of the sample. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter gives the comparison of electron microscopy with other imaging and analysis techniques. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter gives the basic principles of microscopy. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
TALAT Lecture 5301: The Surface Treatment and Coil Coating of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the continuous coil coating processes for aluminium in sufficient detail in order to understand the industrial coating technology and its application potential. General background in materials engineering and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5100 and 5200 is assumed.
This lecture describes the processes of electroless, electrolytic, as well as physical and chemical vapour deposition of metals on the aluminium surface in order to achieve variations in its surface properties for functional and decorative purposes. Some knowledge of the surface properties of metals, metallurgy and electrochemistry of aluminium and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5101, 5102, 5105 is assumed.
This lecture describes the process of anodic oxidation of aluminium, which is one of the most unique and commonly used surface treatment techniques for aluminium; it illustrates the weathering behaviour of anodized surfaces. Some familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5101- 5104 is assumed.
This lecture describes the key factors associated with conversion coatings on aluminium can be appreciated, such as general and local behaviour of the aluminium surface, range of conversion coatings and interrelationships, requirements of conversion coating, tailor-making of coatings, current and future issues. Some familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5101, 5102, 5201 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5105: Surface Treatment of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture helps to understand the general principles, methods, properties and applications of plating on aluminium. Some knowledge in general electrochemistry is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5103: Corrosion Control of Aluminium - Forms of Corrosion and P...CORE-Materials
This document discusses various forms of corrosion that can affect aluminium and aluminium alloys. It describes general corrosion that can occur in acid and neutral solutions. It also covers localized corrosion such as pitting, crevice, filiform, and biological corrosion. Factors influencing galvanic and intergranular corrosion are presented. The document also discusses mechanically assisted degradation like erosion, fretting corrosion, and corrosion fatigue. It concludes with descriptions of stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement.
TALAT Lecture 5102: Reactivity of the Aluminium Surface in Aqueous SolutionsCORE-Materials
This lecture provides better understanding of the electrochemistry of aluminium; it gives an introduction to the other lectures. Some knowledge in aluminium metallurgy, simple chemistry (thermodynamics and kinetics), electricity and general electrochemistry is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5101: Surface Characteristics of Aluminium and Aluminium AlloysCORE-Materials
This lecture provides a realistic view of the aluminium surface in order to understand the need for "effective" surface treatment. Some knowledge in aluminium metallurgy is assumed.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
TALAT Lecture 4203: Weld Imperfections
1. TALAT Lecture 4203
Weld Imperfections
10 pages, 9 figures
Basic Level
prepared by Ulrich Krüger,
Schweißtechnische Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt Berlin
Objectives:
− to illustrate the type of weld imperfections and their causes and corrections
Prerequisites:
− basic knowledge in metallurgy of aluminium
Date of Issue: 1994
EAA - European Aluminium Association
2. 4203 Weld Imperfections
Table of Contents
4203 Weld Imperfections.................................................................................................2
4203.01 External Irregularities................................................................................ 3
External Irregularities in Butt Welds .......................................................................3
Limiting Values for the Irregularity "Misalignment of Edges" (507) ......................4
4203.02 Internal Irregularities................................................................................ 4
Internal Irregularities - Survey .................................................................................5
Possibilities of Gas Absorption during Welding .....................................................5
Hydrogen Content and Porosity during Welding.....................................................6
Time Available for Formation of Pores in the Weld Pool .......................................7
Effect of Hydrogen Content on the Width of the Pore Forming Zone.....................7
Effect of Hydrogen on Porosity ...............................................................................8
Porosity in TIG Welds .............................................................................................9
4203.03 Literature/ References ................................................................................ 9
4203.04 List of Figures............................................................................................ 10
TALAT 4203 2
3. 4203.01 External Irregularities
♦ External irregularities in butt welds
♦ Limiting values for the irregularity "Misalignment of Edges" (507)
External Irregularities in Butt Welds
This list of external irregularities for butt welds was extracted from the standard DIN-
ISO 10 042 (arc-welded joints in aluminium and its alloys).
The different irregularities are indicated (e.g., notches, misalignment of edges and poor
joint geometry) together with their illustrations and classification numbers according to
ISO 6520. The dimensions indicated with alphabets can be arranged in the evaluation
classes B, C and D which lay down the allowable limiting values (Figure 4203.01.01).
External Irregularities in Butt Welds
Irregularity Classification
Description No. According Remarks
to ISO 6520
h
s
t
Welding Penetration Actuel
402 Penetration
Insufficient
Required Penetration
h
5011
Undercutting
5012
b
h
Weld Reinforcement
Too High (Butt Weld) 502
t
Root Reinforcement 504
Too High b
h h
t
Edge Misalignment 507
t
b
h
Top Bead
511
t
Depression
h
Root-Side
Suck-Back 515
h
Root Notches 5013
Special Conditions can be Necessary for
Thicknesses s < 10 mm
h2
h4
Multiple Irregularities
h1
in Cross-Section
h5
Σ
h3
h1 + h2 + h3 + h4 + h5 = h
alu External Irregularities
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies in Butt Welds 4203.01.01
TALAT 4203 3
4. Limiting Values for the Irregularity "Misalignment of Edges" (507)
Figure 4203.01.02 gives the limiting values for the irregularity "misalignment of edges"
(number 507 according to ISO 6520) according to DIN-ISO 10 042.
Figure A contains the limiting values for the misalignment of height (h) and the material
thickness for longitudinal welds. Figure B depicts the corresponding values for
circumferential welds.
Depending on the evaluation group, the maximum allowable height misalignment is
reduced in the following order: group D > group C > group B.
Limiting Values for the Irregularity "Misalignment of Edges" (507)
Evaluation Group
Remarks Low Middle High
D C B
The Limiting Values for the Tolerances
are Based on Faultless Passes. Unless
Otherwise Stated, a Pass is Considered
Faultless if the Middle Lines are Aligned.
t Refers to the Lower Thickness Diagram A - Longitudinal Weld Seams
h h ≤ 0.5mm +
h ≤ 0.5mm + h ≤ 0.5mm +
t 0.25t 0.15t 0.1t
t Max. 3mm Max. 2.5mm
Max. 4mm
h
t
t
Diagram A
Diagram B - Circumferential Weld Seams
h
t h < 0.5t
t
Max. 4mm Max. 3mm Max. 2.5mm
Diagram B
Source: ISO 10 042
alu Limiting Values for the Irregularity
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies "Misalignment of Edges" (507) 4203.01.02
4203.02 Internal Irregularities
♦ Internal irregularities - survey
♦ Possibilities of gas absorption during welding
♦ Hydrogen content and porosity during welding
♦ Time available for formation of pores in the weld pool
♦ Effect of hydrogen content on the width of the pore forming zone
♦ Effect of hydrogen on porosity
♦ Porosity in TIG welds
TALAT 4203 4
5. Internal Irregularities - Survey
The DVS instructional pamphlet 1611 with the title "Evaluation of radiographs in
railway coach construction - fusion-welded joints in aluminium and its alloys" serves as
a basis for the evaluation of X-ray radiographs according to the guidelines DIN 54 111,
part 1 and DIN 54 109, part 2.
The internal irregularities are illustrated as charts giving the type and distribution of
porosity, inclusions, cracks and fusion defects. Thus, the size and amounts of weld
discontinuities can be estimated (Figure 4203.02.01).
Internal Irregularities
Single Pores
2011
Tungsten Inclusions
3041
Copper Inclusions
3041 3042 3042
Pore Clusters
2013
Longitudinal Crack 1101
Transverse Crack 1021
1011 1061 1021 1041 End Crater Crack 1041
Linear Porosity Multilimbed Crack 1061
Piped (Elogated)
Porosity
2016
Root Defect 4013
4013 4011
Edge Fusion Crack 4011
Oxide Inclusions
303
303 303
alu
Internal Irregularities 4203.02.01
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Possibilities of Gas Absorption during Welding
Gases, which cause pores in the weld, can be absorbed in a number of different ways.
Once the source of this gas absorption is known, steps can be undertaken to eliminate it.
The major cause of gas uptake in the weld pool is the occurrence of turbulences in the
shielding gas envelope, caused by too high or too low flow rates. Other causes are:
− unstable arc
− torch held at too high a slanting angle
− draught at the welding work-place
− sprayed droplets in the shielding gas nozzle
− entrance of air in the shielding gas envelope
Finally, impurities on the work-piece surface and on the welding wire can release gases
like oxygen and hydrogen which can then be absorbed in the weld pool (Figure
4203.02.02).
TALAT 4203 5
6. Possibilities of Gas Absorption during Welding
Chattered (Unsteady) Wire Feed
Oxide Layer, Bad Current Contact
Drawing Grease Unfavourable Welding Parameter =
Turbulence due to High Turbulence due to Unsteady Arc
Flow of Inert Gas
Turbulence due to
Inert Gas Amount too Low
Spray Droplets
Turbulence due to
Thermal Currents
Due to Injector Effect
Dirt, Oxide Film,
Coating Material
Solidified Weld Pores
HO
Base Material
Source: Killing
alu
Possibilities of Gas Absorption during Welding 4203.02.02
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Good degassing of the welding parts and preheating of the work-piece can reduce the
gas porosity of welds.
Hydrogen Content and Porosity during Welding
Gas porosity caused by hydrogen is a major problem during welding of aluminium and
its alloys.
The cause of porosity during solidification is the fact that the molten weld pool can
absorb a large amount of gas, this absorption increasing with the weld pool temperature.
During cooling and solidification, the excess gas is released causing pores.
Hydrogen Content and Porosity During Welding
10
8 .
6
.
4 T2
Hydrogen Content in ml/ 100g Al
2
T1
1
0.8
0.6 Melting Point
0.4
0.2 .
T3
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
.
0.02 T4
0.01
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Temperature x 100 ºC
Source: Uda a. o.
alu
Hydrogen Content and Porosity During Welding 4203.02.03
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
When, during cooling, the melting point is reached, the hydrogen solubility decreases
TALAT 4203 6
7. suddenly by the factor of 20. The excess gas released is surrounded by the solidification
front which prevents the gas from escaping out of the weld (Figure 4203.02.03).
In the solidified weld, depending on the solidification morphology of the alloy, the
hydrogen pores are either distributed uniformly or linked together to form chain-like
structures.
Time Available for Formation of Pores in the Weld Pool
The high gas content of aluminium pressure die castings, causes a very high porosity of
the weld joint during welding.
The diffusion-dependent formation of pores increases with the time a volume element is
held at the pore forming zone. Consequently, this holding time duration increases with
increasing width of this zone. The electron beam welding process with its markedly low
energy input compared to the other arc welding processes, therefore has a narrow pore
formation zone, thereby decreasing the tendency for porosity in welds. Holding times of
< 0.1 s do not seem to be critical for pore formation. This can also be influenced by
changing the welding rate (Figure 4203.02.04).
Time Available for Formation of Pores
2
in the Weld Pool
10
v in cm/min
Longest Holding Time in s
101
10
20 WIG
30
0
10 30
40
50
100 MIG / Plasma
60
200
70
10-1 400
800
Electron Beam
-2
10
0 1 2 3 4 5
Width of Pore Forming Zone in the Weld Pool in mm
Source: Nörenberg, Ruge
alu Time Available for Formation of Pores 4203.02.04
Training in Alum inium Application Technologies in the Weld Pool
Effect of Hydrogen Content on the Width of the Pore Forming Zone
The desired narrow pore formation zone occurs during the plasma arc welding of
pressure die castings for very low hydrogen contents.
TALAT 4203 7
8. Effect of Hydrogen Content on the Width of
the Pore Forming Zone
3
AlSi 10 Mg, 3 mm Thick
Width of Pore Forming Zone in mm
P > 10 bar
H
Tungsten Plasma Arc Welding
V = 15 cm/min
2
S
P > 100 bar
H
1
S Electron Beam Welding
V = 400 cm/min
0
0 5 10 15 20
H in ml/100 g
Source: Nörenberg, Ruge
alu
Effect of Hydrogen Content on the Width of
the Pore Forming Zone 4203.02.05
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
In contrast, the electron beam welding has a very narrow pore formation zone and
therefore produces a low weld porosity (Figure 4203.02.05). In this case, higher
contents of gases in the base material can be tolerated. The influence of welding rate is
evident here also. Low welding rates lead to broad pore formation zones and high
holding times so that weld porosity increases.
Effect of Hydrogen on Porosity
The hydrogen available at the weld pool is introduced either as impurities in the
shielding gases used (Ar, He, Ar-He mixture) or from the filler metal. Reactions in the
arc region can be excluded. The weld porosity increases rapidly with increasing content
of hydrogen in the filler metal. Consequently, special care must be taken to assure that
the proper quality of wire with a clean surface is employed. The hydrogen content of the
inert gases plays only a minor role (Figure 4203.02.06).
Effect of Hydrogen on Porosity
a) Hydrogen in Filler b) Hydrogen in Shielding-Gas
6 1.5
g)
Porosity in ml/100g
Porosity in ml/100g
00
2 /1
H
4
3
1.0
cm
3
.8
(0
3 0g)
cm H2/10
61
)
0g 6061 (0.83
60
2 10 0.5
3 H2/
m
7c
( 0.3 5083 (0.37 cm3 H /100g)
83 2
0 50 0
2.00 2.75 3.50 4.25 5.00 0 500 1000 1500 2000
3 3
Hydrogen in Filler Metal in cm /100 g Hydrogen in Filler Metal in cm /100 g
3 3
Shielding-Gas with 3.36 cm H2/100 g Shielding-Gas with 3.01 cm H2/100 g
alu
Effect of Hydrogen on Porosity 4203.02.06
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
TALAT 4203 8
9. Porosity in TIG Welds
Figure 4203.02.07 shows the macrograph of a welded specimen of alloy AlZn4,5Mg1
with a defined amount of intentionally introduced hydrogen porosity which is
concentrated close to the fusion boundary.
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph shows how the pores are arranged
in the fatigue crack surface (to be recognised by the occurrence of numerous fine lines)
of a fatigue test specimen. These are round with a diameter of ca. 5 to 10 µm and are
distributed uniformly in the observed region.
Porosity in TIG Welds
AlZn4,5Mg1 F 35; 2.0 mm Thick
Filler Metal: S-AlMg4,5Mn
Macrostructure in the Region SEM Photograph of Fatigue Failure
of the Melting Line Surfaces with Pores
Source: SLV Berlin
alu
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Porosity in TIG Welds 4203.02.07
4203.03 Literature/ References
Killing, R.: Handbuch der Schweißverfahren, Teil 1: Lichtbogenschweißverfahren,
Fachbuchreihe Schweißtechnik Bd. 76, Deutscher Verlag für Schweißtechnik, 1991,
Düsseldorf
Martukanitz, R.P. et al.: Sources of porosity in gas metal arc welding of aluminium.
Aluminium 58 (1982), H.5 p. 276/279
Nörenberg, K. and Ruge, J.: Wasserstoffporosität beim Schmelzschweißen von
Aluminiumwerkstoffen.
Pt. 1: Aluminium 68 (1992), Nr. 4, p 322/325
Pt. 2: Aluminium 68 (1992), Nr. 5, p 406/409
TALAT 4203 9
10. 4203.04 List of Figures
Figure No. Figure Title (Overhead)
4203.01.01 External Irregularities in Butt Welds
4203.01.02 Limiting Values for the Irregularity „Misalignment of Edges“ (507)
4203.02.01 Internal Irregularities
4203.02.02 Possibilities of Gas Absorption during Welding
4203.02.03 Hydrogen Content and Porosity during Welding
4203.02.04 Time Available for Formation of Pores in the Weld Pool
4203.02.05 Effect of Hydrogen Content on the Width of the Pore Forming Zone
4203.02.06 Effect of Hydrogen on Porosity
4203.02.07 Porosity in TIG Welds
TALAT 4203 10