This lecture defines important terms of the process of stretch forming and it describes the basic processes of stretch forming. Background in production engineering and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lecture 3701 is assumed.
This document discusses sheet metal working tools and presses. It begins by defining sheet metal working as a chip-less manufacturing process for making components under 20mm thick from sheet metal, using a machine called a press. Presses are then classified based on their power source (mechanical or hydraulic), frame type (gap or straight side), number of slides (single, double, triple action), and actuation method (crankshaft, eccentric, etc.). Key press components like the bed, bolster plate, die set, punch, and stripper are also defined. Blanking and piercing dies are introduced, with dies classified by operation type (cutting vs. forming) and method of operation. The objectives are to identify various press
Guide to Centerless External Cylindrical Grinding – part II of the reference ...Machine Tool Systems Inc.
Guide to Centerless External Cylindrical Grinding – part II of the reference work:
Thanks in particular to its high productivity, centerless external cylindrical grinding established itself some time ago as a successful grinding procedure. The most important interrelations in centerless grinding are explained in the Guideline for Centerless External Cylindrical Grinding. In the second part you will find out more about the grinding gap and plunge grinding.
Design of progressive press tool for an alpha meter componenteSAT Journals
Abstract The sheet metal manufacturing Design and development of different components is one of the important phases. like shearing, piercing and blanking etc. There is a highly complex process and leads to various uncertainties. Progressive tool components are modeled in solid works with selected dimensions from the given 2D diagram and design calculations.. Results obtained from theoretical calculations are in good agreement with empirical dimensions of CAD model. Keywords: Die, punch, piercing, CAD.
The document describes a project report on the design of a common bending tool for two sheet metal components (left and right). It discusses the history of metal shaping tools and introduces press tools and their types like blanking, piercing, bending, etc. It also covers topics like strip layout, types of strip layout arrangements, factors that affect strip arrangement, die design parameters and calculations. The key objectives are to maximize material utilization, reduce production costs, and increase part output through an efficient strip layout and tool design.
This document provides information on bending theory and design principles for bending operations. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Types of bending covered include V-bending, edge bending, and flanging. Springback occurs as the bent part partially recovers its original shape after bending forces are removed. The document outlines methods to compensate for springback like overbending and bottoming, and provides formulas to estimate springback and calculate bending allowance and force.
PROJECT REPORTCOMMON BENDING TOOL DESIGN FOR TWO SHEET METAL COMPONENTS (LEF...Rohit kumar vidyarthi
The document discusses different types of press tools used in sheet metal forming operations. It describes common tools like blanking tools, piercing tools, bending tools, forming tools, and compound tools. Compound tools can perform multiple operations simultaneously, like blanking and piercing, to produce parts in a single stroke. The document provides details about the components of compound tools and examples of various press operations including blanking, piercing, cutting off, parting off, trimming, and shaving. It explains progressive, compound and combination tool configurations.
The document is a certificate certifying that the B.Tech project report titled "Roller Bender" submitted by 11 students to the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College Sundarnagar was completed between August 2018 to December 2018 under the supervision of Er. Ajay Kumar. The certificate confirms that the work presented is authentic and has not been submitted for another degree. It is signed by the students, supervisor, head of department, and external examiner.
Guide to Centerless External Cylindrical Grinding – quick introduction to a c...Machine Tool Systems Inc.
Guide to Centerless External Cylindrical Grinding – quick introduction to a complex topic
Centerless external cylindrical grinding has established itself in the past as a successful grinding method particularly because of its high productivity.
This document discusses sheet metal working tools and presses. It begins by defining sheet metal working as a chip-less manufacturing process for making components under 20mm thick from sheet metal, using a machine called a press. Presses are then classified based on their power source (mechanical or hydraulic), frame type (gap or straight side), number of slides (single, double, triple action), and actuation method (crankshaft, eccentric, etc.). Key press components like the bed, bolster plate, die set, punch, and stripper are also defined. Blanking and piercing dies are introduced, with dies classified by operation type (cutting vs. forming) and method of operation. The objectives are to identify various press
Guide to Centerless External Cylindrical Grinding – part II of the reference ...Machine Tool Systems Inc.
Guide to Centerless External Cylindrical Grinding – part II of the reference work:
Thanks in particular to its high productivity, centerless external cylindrical grinding established itself some time ago as a successful grinding procedure. The most important interrelations in centerless grinding are explained in the Guideline for Centerless External Cylindrical Grinding. In the second part you will find out more about the grinding gap and plunge grinding.
Design of progressive press tool for an alpha meter componenteSAT Journals
Abstract The sheet metal manufacturing Design and development of different components is one of the important phases. like shearing, piercing and blanking etc. There is a highly complex process and leads to various uncertainties. Progressive tool components are modeled in solid works with selected dimensions from the given 2D diagram and design calculations.. Results obtained from theoretical calculations are in good agreement with empirical dimensions of CAD model. Keywords: Die, punch, piercing, CAD.
The document describes a project report on the design of a common bending tool for two sheet metal components (left and right). It discusses the history of metal shaping tools and introduces press tools and their types like blanking, piercing, bending, etc. It also covers topics like strip layout, types of strip layout arrangements, factors that affect strip arrangement, die design parameters and calculations. The key objectives are to maximize material utilization, reduce production costs, and increase part output through an efficient strip layout and tool design.
This document provides information on bending theory and design principles for bending operations. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Types of bending covered include V-bending, edge bending, and flanging. Springback occurs as the bent part partially recovers its original shape after bending forces are removed. The document outlines methods to compensate for springback like overbending and bottoming, and provides formulas to estimate springback and calculate bending allowance and force.
PROJECT REPORTCOMMON BENDING TOOL DESIGN FOR TWO SHEET METAL COMPONENTS (LEF...Rohit kumar vidyarthi
The document discusses different types of press tools used in sheet metal forming operations. It describes common tools like blanking tools, piercing tools, bending tools, forming tools, and compound tools. Compound tools can perform multiple operations simultaneously, like blanking and piercing, to produce parts in a single stroke. The document provides details about the components of compound tools and examples of various press operations including blanking, piercing, cutting off, parting off, trimming, and shaving. It explains progressive, compound and combination tool configurations.
The document is a certificate certifying that the B.Tech project report titled "Roller Bender" submitted by 11 students to the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College Sundarnagar was completed between August 2018 to December 2018 under the supervision of Er. Ajay Kumar. The certificate confirms that the work presented is authentic and has not been submitted for another degree. It is signed by the students, supervisor, head of department, and external examiner.
Guide to Centerless External Cylindrical Grinding – quick introduction to a c...Machine Tool Systems Inc.
Guide to Centerless External Cylindrical Grinding – quick introduction to a complex topic
Centerless external cylindrical grinding has established itself in the past as a successful grinding method particularly because of its high productivity.
The document discusses three types of bending that occur when sheet metal is bent: partial bending, bottoming, and coining. It explains the relationship between bending force and bending angle through an S-curve diagram. Partial bending and bottoming occur through air bending with relatively low force, while coining requires much higher force and eliminates springback for greater precision. Springback occurs due to the material retaining elasticity even after yielding. The document also discusses bottoming as the most common air bending technique, providing a table relating sheet thickness to optimal V-width for the die.
1. The document discusses sheet metal forming processes including shearing, bending, and springback. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating forces in shearing and springback in bending.
2. An lab experiment is described that involves bending aluminum strips using a finger brake machine and measuring the resulting bend radii and angles to analyze springback.
3. Finite element analysis simulations are shown illustrating the deformation during bending and springback.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Manual Roller Bending MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a manual roller bending machine. The machine uses a roller mechanism powered by a manually operated spindle wheel to bend metal strips. It has a supporting frame to hold the roller assembly. One roller is connected to the spindle wheel via a chain drive mechanism to power it. A movable center roller can be adjusted using a screw mechanism to control the bending angle. The machine is designed to be portable and affordable while reducing human effort during operation. Design calculations are provided for components like the chain drive, power screw, and required bending forces and torques for different metal thicknesses. Dimensions and a 3D model of the machine are also presented. Testing showed the machine can successfully bend metal strips but takes more
The document summarizes a group project analyzing V-bending of sheet metal using finite element analysis. It includes:
1. Names of the 7 group members and description of their online collaboration methods.
2. An overview of the project which involves modeling V-bending in NX and HyperMesh, running iterations in Abaqus to optimize the design, and comparing solid, shell and continuum shell meshes.
3. Details of the 8 iterations run by group members, with the punch angle and displacement varying to achieve a 90° bend after springback. The best results were obtained with a punch angle of 73.2° and displacement of 9.75mm.
The paper deals with manufacturing or bending of sheet metal by using power operated sheet bending machine. Especially discussion made the productivity analysis of manually or power operated sheet bending machine. Considering manu al operation is replaced by power operated devices .It also gives information about limitation of manually operated sheet bending machine and power operated sheet bending machine.
1. The document describes the design and analysis of a punching die. It aims to design an interchangeable die and punches to reduce weight by changing materials.
2. The die set is designed to perform individual operations at each station with a single press stroke, unlike a progressive die. The parts are designed in SolidWorks and analyzed using SimulationXpress.
3. The die, punches, and guide pins are made of LM6 alloy for its light weight and hardness. The bottom plate is designed to provide space for die operations while withstanding bending stresses well below its limits.
The document discusses power presses, including their types, parts, sizes, tools, and applications. Power presses are metal forming machines that shape or cut metal through mechanical force without removing chips. They are classified based on power source (manually operated vs power driven) and frame design (gap frame, inclinable frame, adjustable bed type, straight side, horn like, pillar). Key parts include the base, frame, ram, pitman, and driving mechanism. Press size is designated by its maximum load capacity. Common press tools are punches, dies, and die sets. Power presses are widely used in industries like automotive, aircraft, and appliance manufacturing.
This seminar discusses the design and manufacturing of bearing cups. It describes the different types of presses and dies used in the process, including blanking, piercing, and drawing dies. Calculations are shown for determining the required forces for each operation. The total force required for the compound die is estimated to be 8.4 tons. The cost of manufacturing the die is estimated to be Rs. 9000. The seminar concludes that bearing cups can be efficiently manufactured in batches of 6000 using this compound die.
Design and fabrication of bending machineparamesr2020
This document describes the design and fabrication of a portable bending machine. The machine uses a motor attached to a circular plate to rotate two jigs holding a metal rod, bending it into various shapes. It can bend tubes, bars, channels, and squares into curves or other forms. Calculations are provided for bending stresses and required motor torque. The machine is low-cost and easy to operate, making it suitable for portable use in bending metal.
This document presents a project on a bender and grinder machine. It discusses the components, working, advantages and applications of roller benders, pipe benders and belt grinders. Roller benders use three rollers and hydraulic pressure to plastically deform metal bars into circular shapes. Pipe benders use a U-groove pulley and handle to bend pipes. Belt grinders use an abrasive belt and motor to remove material. The bender and grinder machine can bend pipes and metal bars for uses in construction, manufacturing and other industries.
This document provides an overview of forging and press working processes. It defines forging as plastically deforming metal under compressive force at elevated temperatures using tools like hammers or presses. Forging is classified as open die or closed die based on the tools used, and as hammer, press, drop or machine forging based on the equipment. Press working involves shaping sheet metal between dies in a press machine. Common press working operations include cutting via blanking, punching and forming through bending and drawing.
Lapping is a precision finishing process that uses abrasive particles to refine a surface and achieve high dimensional and geometric accuracy. It can be done manually or with machines. Manual lapping involves rubbing abrasive powder onto a workpiece on a soft lap material. Machine lapping uses abrasive bonded wheels or powder. Lapping is used for flat, cylindrical, and other regular surfaces to produce close tolerances and very smooth finishes measured in microns. Common applications include gauges, piston rings, bearings, and crankshafts.
Bend Tooling Inc. provides rotary-draw tube bending tools including die sets, mandrels, wipers, and mandrel bending tools. The document defines various tube bending terminology related to tooling components and the bending process. Key terms defined include clamp die, compound clamp, line of tangency, mandrel, mandrel assembly, mandrel nose, neutral axis, and wiper.
This document provides an overview of designing stamping dies, specifically blanking dies. It discusses:
1. The basic components and structure of standard blanking dies, including the upper and lower die sets, punch, stripper, and die holder.
2. The design flow for blanking dies, including blanking layout, stripper design, punch design, and assembly of the die sets.
3. Key considerations for individual die components like providing sufficient clearance and distances between parts, and designing punches, strippers, and die holders to simplify fabrication and assembly while withstanding forces during stamping.
Parametric study of flat slab building with and without shear wall to seismic...eSAT Journals
Abstract Recently there has been a considerable increase in the number of tall buildings, both residential and commercial, and modern trend is towards taller structures. Flat slab/plate is most widely used systems in reinforced concrete construction in offices, residential and industrial buildings in many parts of the world. This system having advantages that it reduces cost of form work and construction time, easy installation and requires the least story height. The flat plate system, in which columns directly support floor slabs without beams. Shear walls are relatively thin, vertically deep reinforced column used in structure which provide stability to structures from lateral loads like wind, seismic loads. In the present work, the effect of with and without shear wall of flat slab building on the seismic behavior of high rise building with different position of shear wall studied. For that, 15 story model is selected. To study the effect of different location of shear wall on high rise structure, linear dynamic analysis (Response spectrum analysis) in software ETABs is carried out. Seismic parameters like time period, base shear, storey displacement and storey drift are checked out. Keywords: flat slab, shear wall, response spectrum method, ETABs
Automatic gauge control (AGC) regulates the thickness at a mill's exit by monitoring thickness and controlling the loading cylinder to achieve the target thickness. AGC relies on thickness feed-forward control using the entry thickness, thickness feedback control based on exit thickness measurements, mass flow control, and speed feed-forward control. The thickness feedback control strategy measures thickness deviations at the exit and uses a predictive model to improve response times given delays between the roll gap and thickness gauge. Thickness feed-forward control further improves accuracy by compensating for deviations caused by changing entry thicknesses.
Umesh Kumar Meher discusses the design and working of a pneumatic grinding machine. The machine uses compressed air to power a rotary vane motor which turns the grinding wheel. It can grind metals and has advantages over electric grinders such as being portable, economical to operate, and producing less noise. However, it is less efficient than electric motors and more expensive due to the compressor. The document provides details on the specifications of the pneumatic motor, grinding wheel, and the working mechanism of the pneumatic grinding machine.
The document discusses various methods for gear generation and finishing. It describes gear forming processes like milling and broaching that cut gear teeth into a blank. It also describes gear generation processes like hobbing where a helical cutter progressively generates teeth. Hobbing uses pinion or rack shaped cutters to cut internal or external gears. Gear finishing methods like shaving, honing, and grinding are used to improve gear accuracy and lifetime. High energy rate forming processes like explosive forming are also introduced which can form metals at high speeds using explosives or electromagnetic forces.
MILLING MACHINE PPT 5: INDEING AND INDEING METHODS BY POLAYYA CHINTADAPOLAYYA CHINTADA
Indexing is the process of evenly dividing a circular workpiece into spaced divisions. Indexing heads, also called dividing heads, contain an indexing mechanism to accurately control rotation of the spindle and divide the workpiece. There are three types of indexing heads: plain, universal, and optical. The optical head provides the most precision and can measure angles to the second. Indexing methods include simple indexing using a plain head where the plate mounts directly to the spindle, and ratio indexing where the head contains a worm and wheel driven by a crank to divide the workpiece into the desired number of sections.
Stretch forming is a sheet metal forming process where a sheet blank is clamped at the edges and formed using a rigid punch. There are several types of stretch forming including simple, tangential, Cyril-Bath, and multi-sided stretch forming. Tangential stretch forming applies a tensile stress before forming for more uniform deformation. The Cyril-Bath process uses grips that move horizontally and vertically to form parts in a press. Multi-sided stretch forming clamps the blank on all sides for complex geometries. Stretch forming is used to produce large, flat parts with low tooling costs.
Stretch Forming Setup Design & Development Sahil Dev
This document outlines the design and development of a stretch forming setup. It discusses various metal forming processes including compressive, tensile, and combined forming. It then focuses on stretch forming and describes simple and tangential stretch forming. The document provides details of the designed stretch forming setup, including bill of materials, component design calculations, and working. It concludes with future plans to design a die and test the setup.
The document discusses three types of bending that occur when sheet metal is bent: partial bending, bottoming, and coining. It explains the relationship between bending force and bending angle through an S-curve diagram. Partial bending and bottoming occur through air bending with relatively low force, while coining requires much higher force and eliminates springback for greater precision. Springback occurs due to the material retaining elasticity even after yielding. The document also discusses bottoming as the most common air bending technique, providing a table relating sheet thickness to optimal V-width for the die.
1. The document discusses sheet metal forming processes including shearing, bending, and springback. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating forces in shearing and springback in bending.
2. An lab experiment is described that involves bending aluminum strips using a finger brake machine and measuring the resulting bend radii and angles to analyze springback.
3. Finite element analysis simulations are shown illustrating the deformation during bending and springback.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Manual Roller Bending MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a manual roller bending machine. The machine uses a roller mechanism powered by a manually operated spindle wheel to bend metal strips. It has a supporting frame to hold the roller assembly. One roller is connected to the spindle wheel via a chain drive mechanism to power it. A movable center roller can be adjusted using a screw mechanism to control the bending angle. The machine is designed to be portable and affordable while reducing human effort during operation. Design calculations are provided for components like the chain drive, power screw, and required bending forces and torques for different metal thicknesses. Dimensions and a 3D model of the machine are also presented. Testing showed the machine can successfully bend metal strips but takes more
The document summarizes a group project analyzing V-bending of sheet metal using finite element analysis. It includes:
1. Names of the 7 group members and description of their online collaboration methods.
2. An overview of the project which involves modeling V-bending in NX and HyperMesh, running iterations in Abaqus to optimize the design, and comparing solid, shell and continuum shell meshes.
3. Details of the 8 iterations run by group members, with the punch angle and displacement varying to achieve a 90° bend after springback. The best results were obtained with a punch angle of 73.2° and displacement of 9.75mm.
The paper deals with manufacturing or bending of sheet metal by using power operated sheet bending machine. Especially discussion made the productivity analysis of manually or power operated sheet bending machine. Considering manu al operation is replaced by power operated devices .It also gives information about limitation of manually operated sheet bending machine and power operated sheet bending machine.
1. The document describes the design and analysis of a punching die. It aims to design an interchangeable die and punches to reduce weight by changing materials.
2. The die set is designed to perform individual operations at each station with a single press stroke, unlike a progressive die. The parts are designed in SolidWorks and analyzed using SimulationXpress.
3. The die, punches, and guide pins are made of LM6 alloy for its light weight and hardness. The bottom plate is designed to provide space for die operations while withstanding bending stresses well below its limits.
The document discusses power presses, including their types, parts, sizes, tools, and applications. Power presses are metal forming machines that shape or cut metal through mechanical force without removing chips. They are classified based on power source (manually operated vs power driven) and frame design (gap frame, inclinable frame, adjustable bed type, straight side, horn like, pillar). Key parts include the base, frame, ram, pitman, and driving mechanism. Press size is designated by its maximum load capacity. Common press tools are punches, dies, and die sets. Power presses are widely used in industries like automotive, aircraft, and appliance manufacturing.
This seminar discusses the design and manufacturing of bearing cups. It describes the different types of presses and dies used in the process, including blanking, piercing, and drawing dies. Calculations are shown for determining the required forces for each operation. The total force required for the compound die is estimated to be 8.4 tons. The cost of manufacturing the die is estimated to be Rs. 9000. The seminar concludes that bearing cups can be efficiently manufactured in batches of 6000 using this compound die.
Design and fabrication of bending machineparamesr2020
This document describes the design and fabrication of a portable bending machine. The machine uses a motor attached to a circular plate to rotate two jigs holding a metal rod, bending it into various shapes. It can bend tubes, bars, channels, and squares into curves or other forms. Calculations are provided for bending stresses and required motor torque. The machine is low-cost and easy to operate, making it suitable for portable use in bending metal.
This document presents a project on a bender and grinder machine. It discusses the components, working, advantages and applications of roller benders, pipe benders and belt grinders. Roller benders use three rollers and hydraulic pressure to plastically deform metal bars into circular shapes. Pipe benders use a U-groove pulley and handle to bend pipes. Belt grinders use an abrasive belt and motor to remove material. The bender and grinder machine can bend pipes and metal bars for uses in construction, manufacturing and other industries.
This document provides an overview of forging and press working processes. It defines forging as plastically deforming metal under compressive force at elevated temperatures using tools like hammers or presses. Forging is classified as open die or closed die based on the tools used, and as hammer, press, drop or machine forging based on the equipment. Press working involves shaping sheet metal between dies in a press machine. Common press working operations include cutting via blanking, punching and forming through bending and drawing.
Lapping is a precision finishing process that uses abrasive particles to refine a surface and achieve high dimensional and geometric accuracy. It can be done manually or with machines. Manual lapping involves rubbing abrasive powder onto a workpiece on a soft lap material. Machine lapping uses abrasive bonded wheels or powder. Lapping is used for flat, cylindrical, and other regular surfaces to produce close tolerances and very smooth finishes measured in microns. Common applications include gauges, piston rings, bearings, and crankshafts.
Bend Tooling Inc. provides rotary-draw tube bending tools including die sets, mandrels, wipers, and mandrel bending tools. The document defines various tube bending terminology related to tooling components and the bending process. Key terms defined include clamp die, compound clamp, line of tangency, mandrel, mandrel assembly, mandrel nose, neutral axis, and wiper.
This document provides an overview of designing stamping dies, specifically blanking dies. It discusses:
1. The basic components and structure of standard blanking dies, including the upper and lower die sets, punch, stripper, and die holder.
2. The design flow for blanking dies, including blanking layout, stripper design, punch design, and assembly of the die sets.
3. Key considerations for individual die components like providing sufficient clearance and distances between parts, and designing punches, strippers, and die holders to simplify fabrication and assembly while withstanding forces during stamping.
Parametric study of flat slab building with and without shear wall to seismic...eSAT Journals
Abstract Recently there has been a considerable increase in the number of tall buildings, both residential and commercial, and modern trend is towards taller structures. Flat slab/plate is most widely used systems in reinforced concrete construction in offices, residential and industrial buildings in many parts of the world. This system having advantages that it reduces cost of form work and construction time, easy installation and requires the least story height. The flat plate system, in which columns directly support floor slabs without beams. Shear walls are relatively thin, vertically deep reinforced column used in structure which provide stability to structures from lateral loads like wind, seismic loads. In the present work, the effect of with and without shear wall of flat slab building on the seismic behavior of high rise building with different position of shear wall studied. For that, 15 story model is selected. To study the effect of different location of shear wall on high rise structure, linear dynamic analysis (Response spectrum analysis) in software ETABs is carried out. Seismic parameters like time period, base shear, storey displacement and storey drift are checked out. Keywords: flat slab, shear wall, response spectrum method, ETABs
Automatic gauge control (AGC) regulates the thickness at a mill's exit by monitoring thickness and controlling the loading cylinder to achieve the target thickness. AGC relies on thickness feed-forward control using the entry thickness, thickness feedback control based on exit thickness measurements, mass flow control, and speed feed-forward control. The thickness feedback control strategy measures thickness deviations at the exit and uses a predictive model to improve response times given delays between the roll gap and thickness gauge. Thickness feed-forward control further improves accuracy by compensating for deviations caused by changing entry thicknesses.
Umesh Kumar Meher discusses the design and working of a pneumatic grinding machine. The machine uses compressed air to power a rotary vane motor which turns the grinding wheel. It can grind metals and has advantages over electric grinders such as being portable, economical to operate, and producing less noise. However, it is less efficient than electric motors and more expensive due to the compressor. The document provides details on the specifications of the pneumatic motor, grinding wheel, and the working mechanism of the pneumatic grinding machine.
The document discusses various methods for gear generation and finishing. It describes gear forming processes like milling and broaching that cut gear teeth into a blank. It also describes gear generation processes like hobbing where a helical cutter progressively generates teeth. Hobbing uses pinion or rack shaped cutters to cut internal or external gears. Gear finishing methods like shaving, honing, and grinding are used to improve gear accuracy and lifetime. High energy rate forming processes like explosive forming are also introduced which can form metals at high speeds using explosives or electromagnetic forces.
MILLING MACHINE PPT 5: INDEING AND INDEING METHODS BY POLAYYA CHINTADAPOLAYYA CHINTADA
Indexing is the process of evenly dividing a circular workpiece into spaced divisions. Indexing heads, also called dividing heads, contain an indexing mechanism to accurately control rotation of the spindle and divide the workpiece. There are three types of indexing heads: plain, universal, and optical. The optical head provides the most precision and can measure angles to the second. Indexing methods include simple indexing using a plain head where the plate mounts directly to the spindle, and ratio indexing where the head contains a worm and wheel driven by a crank to divide the workpiece into the desired number of sections.
Stretch forming is a sheet metal forming process where a sheet blank is clamped at the edges and formed using a rigid punch. There are several types of stretch forming including simple, tangential, Cyril-Bath, and multi-sided stretch forming. Tangential stretch forming applies a tensile stress before forming for more uniform deformation. The Cyril-Bath process uses grips that move horizontally and vertically to form parts in a press. Multi-sided stretch forming clamps the blank on all sides for complex geometries. Stretch forming is used to produce large, flat parts with low tooling costs.
Stretch Forming Setup Design & Development Sahil Dev
This document outlines the design and development of a stretch forming setup. It discusses various metal forming processes including compressive, tensile, and combined forming. It then focuses on stretch forming and describes simple and tangential stretch forming. The document provides details of the designed stretch forming setup, including bill of materials, component design calculations, and working. It concludes with future plans to design a die and test the setup.
This lecture describes the factors important for the quality assurance of adhesive joining; it gives information about the destructive and non-destructive testing methods for the quality control of adhesive joining. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3801: Manufacturing Examples and FundamentalsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the fundamentals of the superplastic behaviour phenomenon of aluminium alloys and the basic process parameters which govern the manufacturing of superplastic sheet metal parts. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4205: Testing Methods for Welded JointsCORE-Materials
This lecture gives information about the relevant non-destructive and destructive testing methods for aluminium welded joints. Background in production welding and quality assurance is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 2301: Design of Members Example 5.5: Axial force resistance of ...CORE-Materials
This 3-page document provides an example calculation for determining the axial force resistance of a laced column. It includes dimensions, material properties, and calculations of various parameters needed for the analysis. Key steps and results are shown, such as determining the effective length, flexural buckling resistance, and checking that the lacing can resist the required shear force. In the end, it is determined that the lacing can adequately resist the applied axial load of 270 kN.
This lecture describes fabrication processes for superplastic forming, i.e. female and male die forming, and the criteria for selecting the correct process. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
This lecture helps to understand how the properties of forgings evolve during the manufacturing process. General understanding of metallurgy and deformation processes is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5104: Basic Approaches to Prevent Corrosion of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture describes important measures for the prevention of corrosion of unprotected, bare
aluminium. Basic knowledge of corrosion behaviour of aluminium and some knowledge of the electrochemical nature of corrosion is assumed
This document provides an overview of application characteristics for rivet and clinch joints. It discusses design considerations such as choosing rivet diameters and distances from edges. It also covers material and tooling parameters that influence joint quality like surface finish. Testing methods are described for shear-tensile, fatigue, and impact tests. Sample geometries and results are shown. Finally, it briefly discusses cost considerations for different joining technologies.
This lecture provides a background on aluminium alloys suitable for impact extrusion. It draws attention to raw material parameters which may affect the properties of impact extruded parts. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 2301: Design of Members Example 4.4: Bending moment resistance ...CORE-Materials
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the document:
1) The document is a 10 page example from a lecture on designing members for bending moment that analyzes the bending moment resistance of a welded hollow section with outstands using a class 4 cross section.
2) It presents the geometry, material properties, nodes, and elements of the hollow cross section and performs iterative calculations of the effective cross section area, stress distribution, and effective thicknesses accounting for any heat affected zones to determine the bending moment resistance.
3) The example is considered comprehensive because it shows calculations in detail, covers all classes of cross sections, and demonstrates how to increase effective thickness for non-fully stressed elements through
TALAT Lecture 3503: Finishing and other Supplementary OperationsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes supplementary fabrication measures for impact extruded parts and gives some examples of finished impacts. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3505: Tools for Impact ExtrusionCORE-Materials
This lecture provides knowledge about design philosophy and tool materials for impact tools, which are a cost factor and eminently important for successful impact extrusion. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
This lecture describes the detailed processes of single-step and multiple-step clinching; it shows the differences of the various clinching methods concerning the amount of shearing; it illustrates the major differences in mechanical properties of clinch joints compared with resistance spot welds. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lecture 4101 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4702: Factors Influencing the Strength of Adhesive JointsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the factors governing the strength of adhesive joints in order to appreciate these factors for the design of adhesively bonded joints, i.e. geometry of joint, stiffness and strength of the adjoining parts, stress distribution in the adhesive layer as well as the effects of humidity and ageing. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4703: Design and Calculation of Adhesive JointsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the basic types of loadings of adhesive joints and to give examples of recommended joint designs; it shows how to calculate the strength of adhesive joints. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4107: General Summary and Future TrendsCORE-Materials
This lecture points out the need of data sources for designing mechanical joints; it describes concepts for FEM-Modelling of mechanical joints. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 4101- 4106 is assumed.
This lecture describes the fundamentals of bending and folding aluminium sheet; it also describes different methods in design of folding tools. Background in production engineering and sheet metal forming and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 3701- 3705 is assumed.
SHEARING OPERATION IN SHEET METAL AND ITS APPLICATION.IRJET Journal
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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2. 3703 Stretch Forming
Table of Contents:
3703 Stretch Forming .............................................................................................2
3703.01 Definition, Application and Types of Stretch Forming Processes.......... 3
Simple Stretch Forming ...........................................................................................3
Examples for Simple Stretch Forming.....................................................................4
3703.02 Tangential Stretch Forming....................................................................... 5
Process of Tangential Stretch Forming....................................................................5
Equipment for Tangential Stretch Forming .............................................................7
3703.03 The Cyril-Bath Process............................................................................... 8
Principles of the Process ..........................................................................................8
Operational Steps of the Cyril-Bath Process............................................................9
3703.04 Multiaxial Stretch Forming ..................................................................... 10
3703.05 Literature................................................................................................... 13
3703.06 List of Figures............................................................................................ 13
TALAT 3703 2
3. 3703.01 Definition, Application and Types of Stretch Forming
Processes
Stretch forming is the process of forming sheets and profiles by the combined
application of tensile and bending forces [1]. In other words, the stretch forming of sheet
blanks can be defined as the deepening by a fixed punch of an area of a sheet clamped
rigidly at the edges. The sheet blank can then be formed either between rigid tool parts
or be pulled between two gripping jaws. The gripping jaws can be either rigid (simple
stretch forming) or can be moved during the application of the tensile force (tangential
stretch forming). In general, stretch forming is used to produce basically convex forms
and parts with large radii of curvature. Examples of such forms are external body parts,
planking parts for the aerospace industry and parts of train coaches and waggons. Other
parts which can be produced by this method are relatively steep U-forms, e.g. the
leading edges of aeroplane wings, with the limitation that the contour is curved in only
one direction. (Figure 3703.01.01)
Stretch Forming
Definition: Stretch forming is the forming of a sheet blank with a rigid
(one-piece) punch, whereby the blank is rigidly clamped at the
edges. The blank can be clamped between rigid tools,
corresponding to the upper and lower drawing frames of the
conventional tools, or be clamped in gripping jaws.
Source: DIN 8585
Field of application: Mainly for production of relatively flat parts of large
dimensions as single pieces, prototypes or for small series.
Process types: -Simple stretch forming
-Tangential stretch forming
-Stretch forming according to Cyril-Bath
-Multi-sided stretch forming
alu
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Definition,application and types of stretch forming 3703.01.01
Simple Stretch Forming
For the simple stretch forming process, the sheet sample which has to be formed, is
clamped between two gripping jaws located on opposite ends, see Figure 3703.01.02.
The forming tool or block is fixed on to a tool table which can be moved hydraulically
in a vertical direction. The forces necessary for the forming are transferred through the
form block to the sheet sample.
TALAT 3703 3
4. Simple Stretch Forming
Form block Sheet blank
Gripping jaw Gripping jaw
Tool table
Source: Müller-Weingarten Co.
alu
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
The Simple Stretch Forming Process 3703.01.02
The part to be formed receives its contours during the motion of the forming block, the
gripping jaws remaining stationary. At the beginning of the stroke, the sheet blank first
drapes itself around the form block, following its contours. Due to the large area of
contact between form block and the blank, the frictional forces prevent a deformation of
the sheet in this region. This is especially true for flat shapes where even a small motion
of the form block is sufficient to allow a large part of the blank to "hug" the form block.
A further motion of the form block causes the sheet blank to be strained, but mainly in
the region of the frame. Due to the frictional forces acting between form block and
blank, the middle regions hardly undergo any deformation, i.e., the maximum possible
straining capacity of the sheet is not attained. This means that the maximum attainable
theoretical elongation, calculated on the basis of the length of blank between the
gripping jaws, cannot be attained, since the middle regions of flat shapes are hardly
deformed and,therefore, do not contribute much to the total deformation strain. The
sheet material flows under the tensile stress only out of the sheet thickness, so that the
surface of the sheet expands [2].
Examples for Simple Stretch Forming
Wing parts for the aeroplane industry can be made by simple stretch forming, starting
from trapezoidal blanks, see e.g. Figure 3703.01.03. Assuming that the maximum
attainable straining of a sheet under stretch forming is equal to the uniform elongation
evaluated using the tensile test, one can conclude that only relatively flat and
TALAT 3703 4
5. predominantly convex sheet shapes, as shown in the overhead, can be produced. During
the stretch forming operation, care must be taken to ensure that the blank does not slip
sideways from the form block [3]. Furthermore, flat sheet forms should have only
relatively small convex domes, unless one uses a stretch forming press with counter
pressing arrangements. A disadvantage of stretch forming is that the middle regions of
the sheet are not sufficiently formed, so that the strain distribution in the sheet cross-
section is not uniform. This leads on the one hand to a springback and consequently a
loss in dimensional accuracy and on the other hand to insufficient work hardening.
557 626
A
65
60,3
44,5
13
85,7
44,5
965
16
886
178
(0.813 mm thick)
5
596
,5
98
B Section A - B
1340
540
Blank Tool and work-piece
456
Example for
24
13
Simple Stretch Forming 52
5
54
55
38
0
Ready shaped part
Source: Sachs
alu
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Example for Simple Stretch Forming 3703.01.03
A variation of the simple stretch forming is the forming of stress segments on the punch
of a hydraulic drawing press and the assembly of the form block on the press table. This
variation is, however, only suitable for small sheet shaped parts with small draw depths,
whereby the above mentioned disadvantages apply here also.
3703.02 Tangential Stretch Forming
Process of Tangential Stretch Forming
In tangential stretch forming, see Figure 3703.02.01, the sheet blank is also gripped
from two opposite ends. The main difference to the simple stretch forming is that both
the form block as well as the gripping jaws are movable. Using this process, it is
possible to subject the blank to a plastic pre-strain prior to the actual forming, so that the
whole cross-section of the material undergoes a uniform plastic deformation [4].
TALAT 3703 5
6. Another advantage is that the tensile forces applied always act tangentially in the body
of the blank.
Tangential Stretch Forming
Sheet blank
Gripping jaw Gripping jaw
Form block
Source: Müller-Weingart Co.
alu
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Tangential Stretch Forming 3703.02.01
The process can be divided into two steps:
In the first step, the blank is gripped by two jaws arranged opposite to each other. The
jaws then move horizontally away from each other and create a uniform plastic strain in
the whole cross-section of the blank. In the second step, the form giving block is moved
vertically towards the sheet blank. The gripping jaws tilt and orient themselves in the
direction of the tensile stressing of the blank, so that the blank, still under the constant
tensile stress required for the plastic deformation, is draped tangentially over the form
block.
Due to the prior elongation given to the blank before contact occurs between form block
and blank, the middle regions of the blank are formed without being influenced by
friction. Another advantage is that the application of an overlaid tensile stress to the
work-piece during deformation reduces the residual stress. The reduction of residual
stress leads to lower springback than in the case of simple stretch forming so that the
form accuracy is higher and accompanied by a higher blister strength of the sheet part.
TALAT 3703 6
7. Equipment for Tangential Stretch Forming
The tangential stretch forming machines, see Figure 3703.02.02, are used to fabricate
roofing arches for train coaches, door frames and planking for busses, planking parts for
the aerospace industry and for the outer covering sheets for cars. The largest stretch
forming machines can accommodate sheet blanks up to 6,100 mm wide and up to 9,300
mm long. The stroke force of the table piston in these cases reaches up to 10,000 kN.
Such large presses are mostly used for forming planks for wings and bodies [5].
Equipment for Tangential Stretch Forming
Source: Müller-Weingarten Co.
alu
Equipment for Tangential Stretch Forming 3703.02.02
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
The modern tangential stretch forming machines have to be able to form complicated
sheet shapes which have to meet the ever increasing demands on accuracy required for
the stretch formed sheet shapes, a typical example being parts for aeroplanes and space-
ships which have to be able to fulfil the high aerodynamical requirements. Parts of the
tanks of the American space-shuttles are formed from an aluminium alloy and have a
final size of 2,464 mm x 5,182 mm x 12.7 mm. In theses cases it is not possible to apply
the principle of "trial and error" to produce such parts. The machines used here must be
equipped with the necessary sensors for measuring force and distances moved,
regulating and controlling algorithms and a programmable process control [6].
The stretch forming of sheet metal parts having convex-concave contours is only
possible with stretch forming machines in which a counter pressure can be applied.
While a tensile stress is being applied to the sheet metal part with the gripping jaws, the
counter pressure equipment presses the contours into the sheet metal part.
TALAT 3703 7
8. 3703.03 The Cyril-Bath Process
Principles of the Process
Based on the principle of tangential stretch forming, the Cyril-Bath company has
developed a process which makes it possible to apply tangential stretch forming in a
mechanical or hydraulic drawing press, see Figure 3703.03.01. The Cyril-Bath process
is used to fabricate large, relatively plane sheet shapes in small and large series, e.g. car
bonnets (hoods).
The Cyril-Bath Process
1 2 3
4 5
Source: Cyril-Bath Co.
alu
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
The Cyril-Bath Process 3703.03.01
The process can be classified as a combination of stretch forming and deep drawing
operations [7]. It was the Cyril-Bath process, also called the stretch-draw process, which
made it possible to introduce stretch forming for the mass-production of body parts.
Depending on the body design, about 6 % to 10 % of the parts are made by the Cyril-
Bath process. Using this process, body parts can be produced at a rate of 8 strokes per
minute.
The system consists of two gripping jaws arranged opposite to each other and which can
be moved horizontally and vertically. These are mounted between the stands of a simple
hydraulic press. A form block is mounted on the table of the press between the gripping
jaws. The counter pressing equipment is mounted on the ramming punch of the press.
TALAT 3703 8
9. Operational Steps of the Cyril-Bath Process
The whole process is conducted in five process steps: Figure 3703.03.02
1. The sheet blank is clamped between two gripping jaws located opposite to each
other. The grips are moved away from each other stressing the blank, without
touching the form block, to an elongation of e = 2 % up to 4 %.
2. Without reducing this applied stress, the gripping jaws are moved downwards so
that the blank is wrapped around the form block to produce the convex contour.
3. The ramming punch is now moved downwards to produce the counter pressure
required for forming the concave contours. In order to prevent tearing in the
over-stressed regions of the concave contours, the gripping jaws are moved
horizontally and vertically in well-defined and controlled steps during the
downward motion of the counter pressing punch.
4. The punch is moved back to its original starting position.
5. The gripping jaws are opened and also moved to their original starting position,
enabling the shaped part to be removed.
Operation Steps of the Cyril-Bath Process
1. Clamping and pre-straining the sheet blank
2. Drawing the sheet blank over the form block
3. Application of counter pressure
4. Moving back the counter pressure equipment
5. Opening the gripping jaws and removing the sheet shape
alu
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Operation Steps of the Cyril-Bath Process 3703.03.02
The main difference between the Cyril-Bath process and stretch forming lies in the third
process step, in which the gripping jaws are moved in a controlled manner. Due to this
controlled movement of the gripping jaws, the stress applied to the blank through the
jaws can be kept constant or even reduced. This allows the sheet material to "flow in",
so that the additional surface area of the formed part does not solely have to be provided
by stretching the material volume, i.e. by thinning of the sheet cross section alone.
TALAT 3703 9
10. One of the advantages of the Cyril-Bath process is the good forming of the middle
regions of low-profile sheet metal parts, making it possible to attain a high amount of
work hardening and consequently a good dent resistance. At the same time, due to the
forming characteristics in the plastic state, the residual stress is reduced causing a
smaller springback of the shaped part and making it possible to replicate the required
form accurately. Furthermore, since an upper and a lower frame are no longer required,
the cost and assembly time for the equipment are reduced, thereby increasing the
economy of the process. An economical tool is thus available for producing prototypes
made of plastic or kirksite (Zamak).
The Cyril-Bath process is limited by the fact that it is only possible to apply a two-sided
stressing, so that only sheet shapes which require little deformation transverse to the
stressing direction can be formed. Thus it is not possible to effectively produce three-
dimensional, doubly curved contours, e.g., closed hollow bodies.
3703.04 Multiaxial Stretch Forming
The increasing popularity of the Cyril-Bath process and of the tangential stretch forming
process stimulated the design of flexible and programmable stretch forming equipment.
The aim of this development was to use the advantages of both these processes and, at
the same time, to eliminate the disadvantage of the two-sided stressing by arranging
gripping jaws all around the form block. In order to achieve these goals, the
requirements listed in the overhead were set up: Figure 3703.04.01.
Requirements for a
Flexible Stretch Forming Machine
1. The gripping jaws should be able to be arranged
around the sheet blank in order to increase the
variety of shape types which can be produced.
2. A segmented gripping system, allowing optimal
control of material flow and production of shapes
with unsymmetrical contours, should be used.
3. The system should be able to be enhanced and
adapted to fabricate convex-concave shaped parts.
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Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Requirements for a Flexible Stretch Forming Machine 3703.04.01
A consequence of these requirements is a flexible sheet stressing system consisting of
individual stressing systems. The individual stressing systems must each be individually
programmable and be able to be arranged flexibly around the form block.
TALAT 3703 10
11. The principle of a flexible stretch forming machine is illustrated in Figure 3703.04.02.
The process steps involved in the forming of shaped sheet parts with a flexible,
segmented stretch forming machine, are as follows:
1. The sheet blank is fixed to the leading edge of the gripping jaws. The gripping
segments are then moved towards each other so that the blank can be clamped in
all four gripping jaws. The gripping segments then move apart, thereby pre-
straining the blank.
2. The vertical and horizontal movements are coordinated, making it possible to
trace a curved path with which the blank can be drawn over the form block.
The determination and programming of the path to be traced is decisive for both the
forming operation as well as for the accuracy with which the contours can be replicated.
Each stressing segment can thus be programmed to describe its own individual path.
This can be achieved either by linear movements or by simple curves traced by applying
small discreet movements directly to the supports.
For form blocks with complicated geometries, the travel paths must be manually pre-
determined using the part drawing as a basis. The fine adjustment is then carried out
experimentally, using an iterative method.
Principle of a Flexible Stretch Forming System
Sheet blank Gripping jaw
1
Form block Tool base plate
2
Source: IfU - Stuttgart
alu
Principle of a Flexible Stretch Forming System 3703.04.02
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
TALAT 3703 11
12. The basic module consists of a gripping jaw which can be moved horizontally or
vertically by means of a hydraulic cylinder. The gripping jaws can move 200 mm
horizontally and 250 mm vertically. A further hydraulic cylinder activates the toggle-
lever sheet gripping jaws, whereby the gripping width is 250 mm. The total
constructional height of a module is 1,223 mm with a constructional length of 820 mm.
Four-sided Stretch Forming
Using a Hemispherical Punch
Source: IFU - Stuttgart
alu Four-sided Stretch Forming
3703.04.03
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies Using a Hemispherical Punch
Figure 3703.04.03 illustrates the arrangement of the segments of a four-sided stretch
forming machine with a hemispherical punch. Each of the four gripping segments can
be operated individually, i.e., each grip can be positioned and controlled independently.
Four such gripping modules were constructed for experimental purposes.
TALAT 3703 12
13. 3703.05 Literature
[1] VDI-Richtlinie 3140: Streckziehen auf Streckziehpressen.
[2] Möhrlin, W.: Die grundlegenden Tiefziehverfahren. Industrie-Anzeiger, Essen
79(1962) p. 53 - 55
[3] Oehler, G.: Gestaltung gezogner Blechteile. Konstruktionsbuch No. 11, 2nd
edition, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
[4] Kursetz, E.: Das Streckformen als modernes Verfahren der
Blechformteilherstellung. TZ für praktische Metallbearbeitung, 65 (1971) No. 8,
p. 357 - 362.
[5] Kursetz, E.: Blechumformung im amerikanischen Flugzeugbau. Blech 7(1969)
No. 5, p. 260 - 268
[6] Spallarossa, G.; Gropetti, R.: Numerisch gesteuertes Streckziehen. Werkstatt
und Betrieb 114 (1981) No. 8, p. 565 - 567
[7] Kursetz, E.: Kombiniertes Streckformen und Tiefziehen. Maschinenmarkt 75
(1969) No. 60, p. 1368 - 1370.
3703.06 List of Figures
Figure No. Figure Title (Overhead)
3703.01.01 Definition, Application and Types of Stretch Forming
3703.01.02 The Simple Stretch Forming Process
3703.01.03 Example for Simple Stretch Forming
3703.02.01 Tangential Stretch Forming
3703.02.02 Equipment for Tangential Stretch Forming
3703.03.01 The Cyril-Bath Process
3703.03.02 Operation Steps of the Cyril-Bath Process
3703.04.01 Requirements for a Flexible Stretch Forming Machine
3703.04.02 Principle of a Flexible Stretch Forming System
3703.04.03 Four-Sided Stretch Forming Using a Hemispherical Punch
TALAT 3703 13