This lecture describes the fundamentals of bending and folding aluminium sheet; it also describes different methods in design of folding tools. Background in production engineering and sheet metal forming and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 3701- 3705 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5104: Basic Approaches to Prevent Corrosion of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture describes important measures for the prevention of corrosion of unprotected, bare
aluminium. Basic knowledge of corrosion behaviour of aluminium and some knowledge of the electrochemical nature of corrosion is assumed
TALAT Lecture 4205: Testing Methods for Welded JointsCORE-Materials
This lecture gives information about the relevant non-destructive and destructive testing methods for aluminium welded joints. Background in production welding and quality assurance is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4101: Definition and Classification of Mechanical Fastening Met...CORE-Materials
This document provides an overview of mechanical fastening methods for joining aluminum parts, including definitions and classifications. It discusses screw joints, folds, rivets, and clinching. Screw joints can be pierced, through, or blind holes. Folds are formed locking joints created through folding, interlocking, and pressing sheets together. Riveting includes indirect and direct methods. Blind rivets have a predetermined break point. The document aims to introduce the principal types of mechanical fastening methods for aluminum.
Sheet metal is metal formed into thin, flat pieces that can be cut and bent into various shapes. Common materials used for sheet metal include steel, aluminum, copper, brass, tin, nickel, and titanium. Sheet metal has many applications and can be found in products like car bodies, roofs, and medical tables. The thickness of sheet metal can vary significantly and is referred to as its gauge, with higher gauges being thinner. Sheet metal is cut, bent, and formed using various tools and processes like shearing, punching, bending, and drawing.
This lecture describes fabrication processes for superplastic forming, i.e. female and male die forming, and the criteria for selecting the correct process. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3503: Finishing and other Supplementary OperationsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes supplementary fabrication measures for impact extruded parts and gives some examples of finished impacts. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3801: Manufacturing Examples and FundamentalsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the fundamentals of the superplastic behaviour phenomenon of aluminium alloys and the basic process parameters which govern the manufacturing of superplastic sheet metal parts. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5104: Basic Approaches to Prevent Corrosion of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture describes important measures for the prevention of corrosion of unprotected, bare
aluminium. Basic knowledge of corrosion behaviour of aluminium and some knowledge of the electrochemical nature of corrosion is assumed
TALAT Lecture 4205: Testing Methods for Welded JointsCORE-Materials
This lecture gives information about the relevant non-destructive and destructive testing methods for aluminium welded joints. Background in production welding and quality assurance is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4101: Definition and Classification of Mechanical Fastening Met...CORE-Materials
This document provides an overview of mechanical fastening methods for joining aluminum parts, including definitions and classifications. It discusses screw joints, folds, rivets, and clinching. Screw joints can be pierced, through, or blind holes. Folds are formed locking joints created through folding, interlocking, and pressing sheets together. Riveting includes indirect and direct methods. Blind rivets have a predetermined break point. The document aims to introduce the principal types of mechanical fastening methods for aluminum.
Sheet metal is metal formed into thin, flat pieces that can be cut and bent into various shapes. Common materials used for sheet metal include steel, aluminum, copper, brass, tin, nickel, and titanium. Sheet metal has many applications and can be found in products like car bodies, roofs, and medical tables. The thickness of sheet metal can vary significantly and is referred to as its gauge, with higher gauges being thinner. Sheet metal is cut, bent, and formed using various tools and processes like shearing, punching, bending, and drawing.
This lecture describes fabrication processes for superplastic forming, i.e. female and male die forming, and the criteria for selecting the correct process. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3503: Finishing and other Supplementary OperationsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes supplementary fabrication measures for impact extruded parts and gives some examples of finished impacts. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3801: Manufacturing Examples and FundamentalsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the fundamentals of the superplastic behaviour phenomenon of aluminium alloys and the basic process parameters which govern the manufacturing of superplastic sheet metal parts. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
This lecture provides a background on aluminium alloys suitable for impact extrusion. It draws attention to raw material parameters which may affect the properties of impact extruded parts. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
This lecture helps to understand how the properties of forgings evolve during the manufacturing process. General understanding of metallurgy and deformation processes is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 2301: Design of Members Example 5.5: Axial force resistance of ...CORE-Materials
This 3-page document provides an example calculation for determining the axial force resistance of a laced column. It includes dimensions, material properties, and calculations of various parameters needed for the analysis. Key steps and results are shown, such as determining the effective length, flexural buckling resistance, and checking that the lacing can resist the required shear force. In the end, it is determined that the lacing can adequately resist the applied axial load of 270 kN.
TALAT Lecture 2301: Design of Members Example 4.4: Bending moment resistance ...CORE-Materials
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the document:
1) The document is a 10 page example from a lecture on designing members for bending moment that analyzes the bending moment resistance of a welded hollow section with outstands using a class 4 cross section.
2) It presents the geometry, material properties, nodes, and elements of the hollow cross section and performs iterative calculations of the effective cross section area, stress distribution, and effective thicknesses accounting for any heat affected zones to determine the bending moment resistance.
3) The example is considered comprehensive because it shows calculations in detail, covers all classes of cross sections, and demonstrates how to increase effective thickness for non-fully stressed elements through
This document provides an overview of application characteristics for rivet and clinch joints. It discusses design considerations such as choosing rivet diameters and distances from edges. It also covers material and tooling parameters that influence joint quality like surface finish. Testing methods are described for shear-tensile, fatigue, and impact tests. Sample geometries and results are shown. Finally, it briefly discusses cost considerations for different joining technologies.
This lecture describes the factors important for the quality assurance of adhesive joining; it gives information about the destructive and non-destructive testing methods for the quality control of adhesive joining. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
This lecture describes the detailed processes of single-step and multiple-step clinching; it shows the differences of the various clinching methods concerning the amount of shearing; it illustrates the major differences in mechanical properties of clinch joints compared with resistance spot welds. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lecture 4101 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3505: Tools for Impact ExtrusionCORE-Materials
This lecture provides knowledge about design philosophy and tool materials for impact tools, which are a cost factor and eminently important for successful impact extrusion. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4703: Design and Calculation of Adhesive JointsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the basic types of loadings of adhesive joints and to give examples of recommended joint designs; it shows how to calculate the strength of adhesive joints. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4107: General Summary and Future TrendsCORE-Materials
This lecture points out the need of data sources for designing mechanical joints; it describes concepts for FEM-Modelling of mechanical joints. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 4101- 4106 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4702: Factors Influencing the Strength of Adhesive JointsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the factors governing the strength of adhesive joints in order to appreciate these factors for the design of adhesively bonded joints, i.e. geometry of joint, stiffness and strength of the adjoining parts, stress distribution in the adhesive layer as well as the effects of humidity and ageing. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4300: Beam Welding Processes of AluminiumCORE-Materials
The document provides information on beam welding processes for aluminium, including:
- Electron beam welding principles and process steps for deep welding. It describes terms used and discusses weldability of aluminium alloys.
- Laser welding principles and comparisons to electron beam welding. Solid-state lasers commonly used for thinner sheets while gas lasers used for thicker sheets.
- Laser cutting principles and comparisons of laser beam cutting to plasma cutting. Laser cutting well suited for aluminium.
- References 14 figures and discusses objectives of introducing beam welding and cutting techniques for aluminium. Provides overview of key beam welding and cutting topics.
TALAT Lecture 4601: Introduction to Brazing of Aluminium AlloysCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the characteristics of brazing aluminium and the process involved; it helps to understand the use potential and the limitations of brazing aluminium. Basic knowledge of aluminium alloys designation system, surface treatment and corrosion behaviour is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4701: Terms and Definitions for Adhesive BondingCORE-Materials
This lecture defines the terms and definition of adhesive bonding of metals; it describes the basic physical/chemical characteristics of adhesive bonding; it also describes the characteristics and the properties of adhesives used in metal bonding. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of the physics and chemistry of metallic surfaces and polymer science is assumed.
This lecture defines important terms of the process of stretch forming and it describes the basic processes of stretch forming. Background in production engineering and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lecture 3701 is assumed.
This lecture gives background to calculation methods for aluminium members in order to understand the specific behavior of statically loaded aluminium alloy structures. Basic structural mechanic, design philosophy and structural aluminium alloys and product forms is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3805: Combination of Superplastic Forming and Diffusion BondingCORE-Materials
This lecture reviews briefly the principles of diffusion bonding in combination with superplastic forming of aluminium alloys. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4400: Introduction to Friction, Explosive and Ultrasonic Weldin...CORE-Materials
This document provides an overview of friction, explosive, and ultrasonic welding processes for aluminium. It describes the basic principles of each process, including how friction welding uses rotation and pressure to generate heat, explosive welding uses shock waves to join materials, and ultrasonic welding uses ultrasonic vibrations. It also discusses parameters for welding different material combinations like aluminium to steel. Diagrams show macrostructures and hardness curves for joined regions. The document aims to introduce these welding techniques and their applications for joining aluminium.
This lecture gives a brief introduction into the basic fabrication methods for structural aluminium alloy materials with respect to machining, forming, joining and surface treatments as a necessary background for the design process; it describes the subject of welding structural aluminium alloys in order to understand the materials requirements which the designer has to take into account when designing load carrying welded aluminium structures. General materials engineering background is assumed.
SHEARING OPERATION IN SHEET METAL AND ITS APPLICATION.IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the shearing operation in sheet metal and its applications. It discusses how shearing separates sheet metal into pieces by applying cutting forces. Common shearing techniques include straight cutting, punching, slitting, blanking, notching, and trimming. Blanking uses a punch and die to cut out a specific shape from sheet metal. Shearing improves manufacturing by allowing for lightweight materials like aluminum to be used in vehicles to reduce emissions. While shearing provides benefits like straight cuts with minimal burrs or material loss, it can result in edge deformation. The document recommends not using shearing for low-volume production or hard metals, and provides other limitations.
TALAT Lecture 3300: Fundamentals of Metal FormingCORE-Materials
This lecture gives a brief review of the fundamental terms and laws governing metal forming at room temperature as well as at high temperatures. This lecture is a necessary prerequisite to understand the more specific treatment of metal forming subjects such as forging, impact extrusion and sheet metal forming in the subsequent TALAT This lectures 3400 to 3800. General background in production engineering, machine tools is assumed.
This lecture provides a background on aluminium alloys suitable for impact extrusion. It draws attention to raw material parameters which may affect the properties of impact extruded parts. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
This lecture helps to understand how the properties of forgings evolve during the manufacturing process. General understanding of metallurgy and deformation processes is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 2301: Design of Members Example 5.5: Axial force resistance of ...CORE-Materials
This 3-page document provides an example calculation for determining the axial force resistance of a laced column. It includes dimensions, material properties, and calculations of various parameters needed for the analysis. Key steps and results are shown, such as determining the effective length, flexural buckling resistance, and checking that the lacing can resist the required shear force. In the end, it is determined that the lacing can adequately resist the applied axial load of 270 kN.
TALAT Lecture 2301: Design of Members Example 4.4: Bending moment resistance ...CORE-Materials
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the document:
1) The document is a 10 page example from a lecture on designing members for bending moment that analyzes the bending moment resistance of a welded hollow section with outstands using a class 4 cross section.
2) It presents the geometry, material properties, nodes, and elements of the hollow cross section and performs iterative calculations of the effective cross section area, stress distribution, and effective thicknesses accounting for any heat affected zones to determine the bending moment resistance.
3) The example is considered comprehensive because it shows calculations in detail, covers all classes of cross sections, and demonstrates how to increase effective thickness for non-fully stressed elements through
This document provides an overview of application characteristics for rivet and clinch joints. It discusses design considerations such as choosing rivet diameters and distances from edges. It also covers material and tooling parameters that influence joint quality like surface finish. Testing methods are described for shear-tensile, fatigue, and impact tests. Sample geometries and results are shown. Finally, it briefly discusses cost considerations for different joining technologies.
This lecture describes the factors important for the quality assurance of adhesive joining; it gives information about the destructive and non-destructive testing methods for the quality control of adhesive joining. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
This lecture describes the detailed processes of single-step and multiple-step clinching; it shows the differences of the various clinching methods concerning the amount of shearing; it illustrates the major differences in mechanical properties of clinch joints compared with resistance spot welds. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lecture 4101 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3505: Tools for Impact ExtrusionCORE-Materials
This lecture provides knowledge about design philosophy and tool materials for impact tools, which are a cost factor and eminently important for successful impact extrusion. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4703: Design and Calculation of Adhesive JointsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the basic types of loadings of adhesive joints and to give examples of recommended joint designs; it shows how to calculate the strength of adhesive joints. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4107: General Summary and Future TrendsCORE-Materials
This lecture points out the need of data sources for designing mechanical joints; it describes concepts for FEM-Modelling of mechanical joints. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 4101- 4106 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4702: Factors Influencing the Strength of Adhesive JointsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the factors governing the strength of adhesive joints in order to appreciate these factors for the design of adhesively bonded joints, i.e. geometry of joint, stiffness and strength of the adjoining parts, stress distribution in the adhesive layer as well as the effects of humidity and ageing. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4300: Beam Welding Processes of AluminiumCORE-Materials
The document provides information on beam welding processes for aluminium, including:
- Electron beam welding principles and process steps for deep welding. It describes terms used and discusses weldability of aluminium alloys.
- Laser welding principles and comparisons to electron beam welding. Solid-state lasers commonly used for thinner sheets while gas lasers used for thicker sheets.
- Laser cutting principles and comparisons of laser beam cutting to plasma cutting. Laser cutting well suited for aluminium.
- References 14 figures and discusses objectives of introducing beam welding and cutting techniques for aluminium. Provides overview of key beam welding and cutting topics.
TALAT Lecture 4601: Introduction to Brazing of Aluminium AlloysCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the characteristics of brazing aluminium and the process involved; it helps to understand the use potential and the limitations of brazing aluminium. Basic knowledge of aluminium alloys designation system, surface treatment and corrosion behaviour is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4701: Terms and Definitions for Adhesive BondingCORE-Materials
This lecture defines the terms and definition of adhesive bonding of metals; it describes the basic physical/chemical characteristics of adhesive bonding; it also describes the characteristics and the properties of adhesives used in metal bonding. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of the physics and chemistry of metallic surfaces and polymer science is assumed.
This lecture defines important terms of the process of stretch forming and it describes the basic processes of stretch forming. Background in production engineering and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lecture 3701 is assumed.
This lecture gives background to calculation methods for aluminium members in order to understand the specific behavior of statically loaded aluminium alloy structures. Basic structural mechanic, design philosophy and structural aluminium alloys and product forms is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3805: Combination of Superplastic Forming and Diffusion BondingCORE-Materials
This lecture reviews briefly the principles of diffusion bonding in combination with superplastic forming of aluminium alloys. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4400: Introduction to Friction, Explosive and Ultrasonic Weldin...CORE-Materials
This document provides an overview of friction, explosive, and ultrasonic welding processes for aluminium. It describes the basic principles of each process, including how friction welding uses rotation and pressure to generate heat, explosive welding uses shock waves to join materials, and ultrasonic welding uses ultrasonic vibrations. It also discusses parameters for welding different material combinations like aluminium to steel. Diagrams show macrostructures and hardness curves for joined regions. The document aims to introduce these welding techniques and their applications for joining aluminium.
This lecture gives a brief introduction into the basic fabrication methods for structural aluminium alloy materials with respect to machining, forming, joining and surface treatments as a necessary background for the design process; it describes the subject of welding structural aluminium alloys in order to understand the materials requirements which the designer has to take into account when designing load carrying welded aluminium structures. General materials engineering background is assumed.
SHEARING OPERATION IN SHEET METAL AND ITS APPLICATION.IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the shearing operation in sheet metal and its applications. It discusses how shearing separates sheet metal into pieces by applying cutting forces. Common shearing techniques include straight cutting, punching, slitting, blanking, notching, and trimming. Blanking uses a punch and die to cut out a specific shape from sheet metal. Shearing improves manufacturing by allowing for lightweight materials like aluminum to be used in vehicles to reduce emissions. While shearing provides benefits like straight cuts with minimal burrs or material loss, it can result in edge deformation. The document recommends not using shearing for low-volume production or hard metals, and provides other limitations.
TALAT Lecture 3300: Fundamentals of Metal FormingCORE-Materials
This lecture gives a brief review of the fundamental terms and laws governing metal forming at room temperature as well as at high temperatures. This lecture is a necessary prerequisite to understand the more specific treatment of metal forming subjects such as forging, impact extrusion and sheet metal forming in the subsequent TALAT This lectures 3400 to 3800. General background in production engineering, machine tools is assumed.
Optimization of steel plate Girder Bridge with web openings and StiffenersIRJET Journal
The document discusses the optimization of steel plate girder bridges with web openings and stiffeners through finite element analysis. 24 simply supported steel plate girders with a 30m span and 2000mm web depth were analyzed with 800mm and 1000mm web openings and stiffener inclinations of 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°. The girders were subjected to class A, class 70R, and class AA loadings as per Indian code and analyzed for bending stresses, shear stresses, and deflection. Results found that bending and shear stresses increased with increased stiffener inclination. Deflection also increased with increased stiffener inclination. Stress values did not differ widely between 30° and 45° stiffener inclinations.
IRJET- Effect of Stiffened Element in Structural Behaviour of Steel Built...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of different stiffening patterns on the structural behavior of steel built-up beams. Three beam models were tested: an unstiffened beam, a beam with longitudinal stiffeners, and a beam with an N-truss pattern stiffener. Testing results showed that the beam with the N-truss stiffener had the highest load carrying capacity at 42.2% more than the unstiffened beam and 23.04% more than the longitudinally stiffened beam. Deflections were also lowest for the N-truss beam. While more costly, the N-truss pattern provides significantly higher strength, making it preferable for applications requiring high load capacity.
This document provides information about a sheet metal forming lab on shearing and bending. The lab objectives are to familiarize students with shearing and bending processes and analyze bending experiments to determine springback in aluminum strips. The document outlines the bending experiment procedure which involves cutting aluminum samples, bending them using different die radii, and measuring the resulting bend radii and angles to calculate springback. It also includes simulations of the bending and springback processes using finite element analysis.
This document provides an overview of continuous casting of aluminium, specifically focusing on strip casting and wire bar casting technologies. It describes the basic principles of continuous casting, including key features like using rotating drums or belts to form a mould for molten aluminium. It discusses different types of casters like twin drum casters, single drum casters, and those using belts or blocks. It also addresses properties of continuously cast products and their behavior in further processing like rolling. The document aims to give readers an understanding of the possibilities and limitations of continuous casting aluminium.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MULTIFACE HYDRAULIC BENDING MACHINE DIEIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of a multifaceted hydraulic bending machine die. It begins with an introduction to bending machine operations and describes how existing die designs require multiple dies and more time/space. The proposed new die design would combine multiple bending shapes into a single die to reduce material usage, errors, and improve efficiency. The document then analyzes the proposed die design using finite element analysis software to simulate stresses and strains on sample materials. Results found the new die design reduced stresses on materials compared to existing designs. In conclusion, the bending die process was determined to be important for manufacturing and the new integrated die design improved production over previous methods.
Concreat filing information about K007en.pdfthinagara
This document provides information on steel sheet pile products made by Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation. It summarizes their hat-type sheet pile product called NS-SP-900, which offers advantages over conventional sheet piles like improved drivability and cost-effectiveness due to a reduced amount of steel required per wall. It also describes their U-type sheet pile products, which come in a range of section modulus and have been widely used in permanent and temporary structures. The document provides details on the material quality, shapes, dimensions and properties of both hat-type and U-type sheet pile products.
This document provides an overview of shearing and bending processes, including:
1) Shearing involves cutting sheet metal using a punch and die, while bending deforms metal around a straight axis using tools like a finger brake.
2) The lab objectives are to familiarize students with shearing and bending and analyze springback in aluminum bending.
3) Finite element analysis simulations demonstrate the deformation and springback during bending.
1. The document discusses sheet metal forming processes including shearing, bending, and springback. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating forces in shearing and springback in bending.
2. An lab experiment is described that involves bending aluminum strips using a finger brake machine and measuring the resulting bend radii and angles to analyze springback.
3. Finite element analysis simulations are shown illustrating the deformation during bending and springback.
IRJET- Static and Dynamic Behaviour of Post Tensioned Skew Bridges by usi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research analyzing the static and dynamic behavior of post-tensioned skew bridges using finite element modeling techniques. Five bridge models with varying skew angles from 0° to 60° were created in CSiBridge software. The research found that bending moment generally decreases with increased skew angle, while shear forces and torsion increase. For combined dead and live loads, bending moment, torsional moment, and equivalent design bending moment all increased gradually with skew angle from 0° to 60°. Maximum longitudinal displacement of 0.13m was observed for the 60° skew model. The study provides insights into how changing skew angle affects key parameters like bending moment, shear, and torsion in post-tensioned concrete skew bridge design and
IRJET- Comparative Study and Buckling Analysis of Hollow Castellated Colu...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study and buckling analysis of hollow castellated columns through experimentation and software analysis. It discusses how castellated columns have a higher load-carrying capacity than normal hollow columns due to their increased width but reduced self-weight. The study considers using hollow square columns with various castellation geometries suitable for different loading conditions. It analyzes hexagonal, square, and cellular castellated columns through analytical solutions, experiments, and ANSYS software to validate the results and determine which geometries are most feasible in terms of stress distribution and deflection. The conclusions determined hexagonal castellations had the highest stress-bearing capacity while cellular columns also performed well with less deflection.
SEISMIC RESILIENCE PERFORMANCE OF CORRUGATED STEEL SLIT SHEAR WALLSIRJET Journal
This document discusses the seismic performance of corrugated steel slit shear walls. Several models were analyzed to understand how design parameters like corrugation angle, slit number and geometry affect hysteretic behavior. The study found that a 90 degree corrugation angle and inclusion of slits improved energy dissipation. Additional models with split slits were then analyzed and a combination of full and split slits performed best. Finally, models with and without slits were compared to understand how slits impact wall behavior. Overall, the study provides insights into parameters that enhance seismic performance of corrugated steel slit shear walls.
Fasteners are hardware devices that mechanically join or affix objects together. There are many types of fasteners including threaded and non-threaded. Threaded fasteners have external or internal threads and are defined by properties like pitch, diameter, and thread angle. Fasteners can be removable, semi-permanent, or permanent. Manufacturing processes for threaded fasteners include forging, rolling, and turning. Standards organizations define specifications for fastener design. Special fasteners may require unique designs or coating for corrosion resistance. The fastener industry is important for automotive, industrial, and construction applications.
TALAT Lecture 2101.01: Understanding aluminium as a materialCORE-Materials
This lecture is an introduction to aluminium alloys, fabrication methods and properties. It provides information about the classification of aluminium alloys, new alloys and composites; shaping processes, processing chains and component shapes; microstructure and the interaction between microstructure and properties. It promotes understanding of the fact that the correct choice of materials demands knowledge of alloys, shaping processes and microstructure and the interaction among them. The lecture is recommended for those situations, where a brief, general background information about aluminium is needed as an introduction of other subject areas of aluminium application technologies. This lecture is part of the self-contained course "Aluminium in Product Development", which is treated under TALAT lectures 2100.
Defects in rolled sheets-A paper reviewIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses defects that can occur during the metal rolling process, including surface defects and internal structural defects.
2. Surface defects are caused by impurities or inclusions on the metal surface, while structural defects include edge cracks, alligator cracks, wavy edges, and more.
3. Many rolling defects result from uneven heating, rolling, quenching, stress during the rolling process, non-uniform material flow, and imperfections in starting materials or rolls. Remedies include trimming edges, cambered rolls, and controlling roll deflection.
Vibratory Finishing SME Tech Paper John Kittredge Dave Davidson
This document discusses vibratory deburring processes. It defines what a burr is and categorizes burrs by degree. It explains how the vibratory finishing industry approaches deburring problems by selecting the appropriate equipment, media, and process parameters based on the part geometry and deburring requirements. Examples of successful deburring applications across different industries are provided to illustrate the wide scope of vibratory deburring.
IRJET- Behavior of Trapezoidal Corrugated Web Steel Built-Up Beam under Point...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study that compared the behavior of steel beams with trapezoidal corrugated webs with different corrugation angles (25°, 30°, 35°, 45°, 60°) under point load conditions. Five steel beam specimens were fabricated and tested. The results showed that the beam with a 35° corrugation angle experienced 21-82% less central deflection and 31-104% less lateral displacement compared to the other beams, indicating it provided the optimal combination of strength and material efficiency. Therefore, a trapezoidal corrugated web with a 35° corrugation angle can result in improved structural behavior for steel beams.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Crane Hook by using Composite MaterialIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that analyzed the design and stresses in a crane hook made of compacted graphite iron composite material compared to a forged steel crane hook. The crane hook model was designed in CATIA V5 and then both materials were analyzed in ANSYS for stresses and deformations under load. The results showed that the compacted graphite iron crane hook had lower stresses and weight than the forged steel design. Therefore, the study concluded that compacted graphite iron could be an improved alternative material for crane hooks compared to traditional forged steel.
Similar to TALAT Lecture 3706: Bending and Folding (20)
Series of powerpoint slides showing three different drawing processes used in the manufacture of wires, rod, tubes and drinks cans. The slides are adapted from the University of Liverpool "Materials Processing" lectures [MATS214] by Dr J. Wilcox.
The document describes several test geometries used to determine the failure strengths of composite materials, including the Double Cantilever Beam test for mode I failure, the End Notch Flexure test for mode II failure, and the Mixed-mode Interlaminar Fracture test for mixed mode I/II failure. It also lists the Single Cantilever Beam test for skin debonding energy in composite sandwiches, the Centre Notch Flexure test for thin skin debonding, and the Interlaminar Shear Strength test, a three point bend test to determine shear strength.
The document describes several common composite manufacturing techniques including wet lay-up, vacuum bagging, compression moulding, filament winding, pultrusion, and resin transfer moulding. Each technique involves different processes for combining fibres and resin such as applying layers by hand, using pressure and heat, winding fibres onto a rotating mandrel, pulling fibres through a resin bath, or injecting resin into a mould containing dry fibres. The techniques are suited for different part geometries and production volumes.
The role of technology in sporting performanceCORE-Materials
The lecture answers the questions of how much effect does engineering technology have on sport, is technology only used to increase performance and what are the "new technologies" being introduced. Courtesy of Prof Claire Davies, School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham.
The chapter describes principles of the chemical analysis in the SEM and TEM. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter gives insight into the scanning electron microscope technique. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter gives insight into the transmission electron microscope technique. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter explains the diffraction of electrons and demonstrates what it can reveal. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
Electrons and their interaction with the specimenCORE-Materials
The chapter explains the behaviour of electrons within a specimen and shows how they interact with the atoms of the sample. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter gives the comparison of electron microscopy with other imaging and analysis techniques. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter gives the basic principles of microscopy. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
TALAT Lecture 5301: The Surface Treatment and Coil Coating of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the continuous coil coating processes for aluminium in sufficient detail in order to understand the industrial coating technology and its application potential. General background in materials engineering and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5100 and 5200 is assumed.
This lecture describes the processes of electroless, electrolytic, as well as physical and chemical vapour deposition of metals on the aluminium surface in order to achieve variations in its surface properties for functional and decorative purposes. Some knowledge of the surface properties of metals, metallurgy and electrochemistry of aluminium and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5101, 5102, 5105 is assumed.
This lecture describes the process of anodic oxidation of aluminium, which is one of the most unique and commonly used surface treatment techniques for aluminium; it illustrates the weathering behaviour of anodized surfaces. Some familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5101- 5104 is assumed.
This lecture describes the key factors associated with conversion coatings on aluminium can be appreciated, such as general and local behaviour of the aluminium surface, range of conversion coatings and interrelationships, requirements of conversion coating, tailor-making of coatings, current and future issues. Some familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5101, 5102, 5201 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5105: Surface Treatment of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture helps to understand the general principles, methods, properties and applications of plating on aluminium. Some knowledge in general electrochemistry is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5103: Corrosion Control of Aluminium - Forms of Corrosion and P...CORE-Materials
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2. 3706 Bending and Folding
Table of Contents
3706 Bending and Folding...............................................................................................2
3706.01 The Folding Process.................................................................................... 3
Definition of folding ................................................................................................3
Classification of Folding Processes .........................................................................3
Fields of Application of Folding..............................................................................4
Process Steps during Folding...................................................................................4
Comparison of Fold Geometries for Drawn Parts Made of Steel and Aluminium..5
3706.02 Bending and Springback in the Folding Process ..................................... 6
The Bending Process................................................................................................6
Bending Line Geometries ........................................................................................6
Process of Bending with Counter Pressure ..............................................................7
Springback Angle: Geometric Relationship ............................................................8
Parameters Influencing Springback .........................................................................8
Springback Behaviour as a Function of the Yield Stress.........................................9
Springback as a Function of Pre-straining ...............................................................9
Failure Mechanism during Bending of Aluminium...............................................10
Tearing Behaviour as a Function of Pre-Straining.................................................10
3706.03 Pre-Folding Operation.............................................................................. 11
Bending Forces with Pre-Bending Punches Having Different Surface Forms ......11
Pre-Folding Process for Aluminium ......................................................................12
3706.04 Final Folding Operation ........................................................................... 13
Final Folding Process.............................................................................................13
Variations in Fold Geometry..................................................................................14
Final Geometry of Fold..........................................................................................14
3706.05 Literature/References ............................................................................... 15
3706.06 List of Figures............................................................................................ 16
TALAT 3706 2
3. 3706.01 The Folding Process
Definition of folding
In DIN 8593, part 5, folding is defined as "joining by forming in such a manner that
sheets, which have been prepared at their edges, are laid or inserted in each other, the
edges being then bent over to provide a form locking joint" (Figure 3706.01.01).
Definition of folding
Folding is joining by forming in such a manner
that sheets with prepared edges, are laid or
inserted in each other, the edges then being
bent over to deliver a form locking joint.
Source: DIN 8593
alu
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Definition of Folding 3706.01.01
Classification of Folding Processes
Two basic types of folding processes are most frequently used (Figure 3706.01.02):
- folding with point contact, e.g. hammer folding, rolling and bordering
- folding with line contact, e.g. toggle lever system, C-frame system and press system.
Classification of folding processes
Two basic types of folding processes are in use
Folding with point contact
• hammer folding
• rolling
• bordering
Folding with line contact
• C-frame system
• Press system
• Toggle lever system
alu
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Classification of Folding Processes 3706.01.02
TALAT 3706 3
4. Fields of Application of Folding
Figure 3706.01.03 lists the classical field of application of folding: in the packaging
industry (e.g. cans and beverage cans), in equipment construction (e.g. for ventilation
canals, in ventilation chutes, for metallic roof planking), household goods industry (e.g.
refrigerators, washing machines), in automobile construction for parts like doors,
bonnets and booth covers and generally for obtaining smooth edges or as edge stiffeners.
Fields of application of folding
Packaging industry - e.g., cans and beverage cans
Equipment construction - eg., ventilation canals,
metallic roof planking
Household goods - e.g., refrigerators, washing machines
Automobile construction - e.g., doors, bonnets
Others: -e.g., obtaining smooth edges,
edge stiffeners
Source: IfU, Stuttgart
alu
Fields of Application of Folding 3706.01.03
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Process Steps during Folding
Process steps during folding
A Edge forming
(bending to 90°)
Prefolding edges to 45°
B
(bending to 135°)
Fold closing
C (bending to 180°)
Source: IfU, Stuttgart
alu
Process Steps during Folding 3706.01.04
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Body parts are mostly folded in presses, in which the forming operation is carried out
over the whole rim of the part in two or three steps, unlike the partial round folding of
cans. The principle steps of the operation are shown in Figure 3706.01.04. In the first
step, the edges of the outer radii are bent to 90°. In the second step, the edge is bent
another 45° (bending to 135°, prefolding). In the third step, the fold is press closed
(bending to 180°, finished fold).
TALAT 3706 4
5. Comparison of Fold Geometries for Drawn Parts Made of Steel and Aluminium
There is a difference in the forming behaviour of aluminium and steel, the former metal
being characterised by
- a lower reduction in cross sectional area at rupture,
- a lower ability to accommodate stress concentrations and
- a lower limit curve in the formability limit diagram (FLD).
Consequently, the experience gained with steel sheets cannot be fully transferred to
aluminium sheets. For example, while folds in steel sheets can be pressed closed, larger
radii bends are required for aluminium alloy sheets. This type of fold is called a "bead
fold" or „rope hem“, see Figure 3706.01.05.
Comparison of fold geometries for drawn parts
made of steel and aluminium
Steel Aluminium
si si
Ra2
Ra1
sa
sa
Ra2 > Ra1
Ra1 = si / 2 + sa
sa : Sheet thickness, outside
sl : Sheet thickness, inside
Source: IfU, Stuttgart
alu Comparison of Fold Geometries for Drawn Parts
3706.01.05
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies Made of Steel and Aluminium
In summary, steel and aluminium have different forming behaviours which make it
necessary to use different designs for folding tools.
TALAT 3706 5
6. 3706.02 Bending and Springback in the Folding Process
The Bending Process
Folding consists of three bending operations: down-flanging to 90°, bending from 90° to
135° and finally finishing from 135° to 180°. In the standard down-flanging operation
the part is clamped on one side. The punch moves downward (or upward) forming the
flange over a predetermined inner bend radius ri, see Figure 3706.02.01.
The bending process
punch
blankholder
rST
blank
s
ri part support
Source: IfU, Stuttgart
alu
The Bending Process 3706.02.01
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Bending Line Geometries
During bending along a straight bending axis, pure bending stresses occur. In practice,
however, the sheet parts to be folded seldom have a straight contours; curved contours
occur most often, see Figure 3706.02.02. During bending around curved edges, the
bending stress is superposed on tensile and compressive stresses.
The following types of bending line geometries exist:
− Straight bending line: In this case one has a pure bending stress.
− Concave bending line: Here bending stresses occur together with tensile stresses,
which could cause the sheet edges to tear.
− Convex bending lines: The combination of compressive and bending stresses can
lead to formation of wrinkles in the down-flange.
TALAT 3706 6
7. Effects of bending line geometries
• straight bending line
pure bending stresses
• concave bending line
may cause edge tearing
• convex bending line
may cause folds
Source: IfU, Stuttgart
alu
Bending Line Geometry 3706.02.02
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Process of Bending with Counter Pressure
During bending with counter pressure (e.g. press-brake with bottoming die) the sheet
blank is bent between a punch and a bottoming die, see Figure 3706.02.03. The punch
moves downward, till the sheet blank is completely enclosed between the punch and
bottoming die. This hinders the formation of folds in convex line bending. In general,
the application of the counter pressure reduces the springback and minimises tearing
when bending along a concave line.
Process of bending with counter pressure
("down-flanging")
punch
blankholder
rSt sheet
s ri
support base
counter holder
ri : Inside radius
rSt : Punch radius
Source: IfU, Stuttgart
s : Sheet thickness
alu
Process of Bending with Counter Pressure 3706.02.03
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
TALAT 3706 7
8. Springback Angle: Geometric Relationship
Springback and tearing are important sources of failure during bending operations.
Springback is a result of the elastic-plastic forming behaviour of the material. After
removal of the bending moment which produced a bending angle of α2, the sheet
springs back by an angle of ∆α, see Figure 3706.02.04. Springback can be reduced or
compensated for by the proper use of material and tool technology.
Springback angle: Geometric conditions
S
ri
α1
α2
∆α
α1 Angle after removal of bending moments
∆α Springback angle
α2 Bending angle
S Sheet thickness
ri Bending radius, inside
Source: IfU, Stuttgart
alu
Training in Alum inium Application Technologies
Springback Angle: Geometric Conditions 3706.02.04
Parameters Influencing Springback
The main parameters influencing springback are listed in Figure 3706.02.05. By
changing the material characteristic values, e.g. increasing the modulus of elasticity and
decreasing the yield stress and strain hardening coefficient, the springback can be
minimised.
Parameters influencing springback
Material characteristic values
modulus of elasticity
yield strength (Rp0.2)
strain hardening coefficient
Geometric ratio ri / S
s: sheet thickness
ri: bending radius, inside
Source: IfU, Stuttgart
alu
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Parameters Influencing Springback 3706.02.05
By proper choice of the geometrical ratio the smallest bending factor ri/s can be
determined for which failure is not encountered and the springback is minimum.
TALAT 3706 8
9. Springback Behaviour as a Function of the Yield Stress
The example in Figure 3706.02.06 shows the influence of yield stress on the springback
behaviour. For constant sheet thickness (s = 1.25 mm) springback increases with
increasing yield stress and with increasing bending radius .
Springback Behaviour as a Function of Yield Stress
Sheet Thickness: 1.25mm without prestraining
Orientation of bending axis to rolling direction (RD): parallel
5182-0 Mill-finish
7 Rp0,2 = 137 N/mm2
6
6016-T4 EDT
Springback [dgr]
5 Rp0,2 = 127 N/mm2
4 5182-0 Isomill
3 Rp0,2 = 126 N/mm2
2 6016-T4 Isomill-R
Rp0,2 = 113 N/mm2
1
0
1 2 3 4
Bending radius ri -> [mm]
Source: IfU, Stuttgart
alu
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Springback Behaviour as a Function of Yield Stress 3706.02.06
Springback as a Function of Pre-straining
The springback angle of prestrained sheets depends on the degree of prestraining and the
hardening, Figure 3706.02.07. The samples shown here were prestrained to 5 %, 10 %
and 15 % before being bent to radii of 1, 2, 3 and 4 mm.
Springback as a function of prestraining
Material: AlMg0,4Si1,2-ka ; Surface: Mill-finish; Sheet thickness s= 1,25 mm
Bending axis parallel with RD Bending axis square with RD
12 12
Springback angle → [dgr]
Springback angle → [dgr]
Fractures in relation Fractures in relation
10 10
with roughness with roughness
15% 15%
8 8
10% 10%
6 6
5% 5%
4 4
0% 0%
2 2
0 0
1 2 3 4 mm 1 2 3 4 mm
Source: IfU, Stuttgart Bending radius ri → Bending radius ri →
alu
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Springback as a Function of Prestraining 3706.02.07
TALAT 3706 9
10. It is clearly evident here that the springback also depends on the position of the bending
axis with respect to the rolling direction. For the sheets in mill finish condition shown
here, the springback angle is higher when the bending axis is at 90° to the rolling
direction than when it is parallel to the rolling direction.
The increase in springback with 1 mm bending radius and additional prestraining is a
result of the formation of cracks.
Failure Mechanism during Bending of Aluminium
The formation of cracks in the outside fibres subjected to tensile stresses during bending
is considered to be the failure criterion. Akeret describes the failure mechanism during
bending as follows: The start of the bending process is accompanied by a roughening of
the surface (orange peeling) which gets more pronounced as the bending proceeds, thus
forming deeper surface valleys which produce notch effects, thereby initiating cracks
which finally cause failure, see Figure 3706.02.08.
The tearing behaviour is influenced by the material characteristic values, sheet
thickness, bending radius, rolling direction and the surface structure.
Failure mechanism during bending of aluminium
Surface roughening
(orange peeling)
Formation of roughness
"Valleys"
RD, s, r, surface condition Material characteristics
Depth of roughness "valleys"
increases (notch effects)
Cracks, tears from base of the
deepest roughness "valley"
Source: Akeret
alu
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Failure Mechanism During Bending of Aluminium 3706.02.08
Tearing Behaviour as a Function of Pre-Straining
Figure 3706.02.09 illustrates the tearing behaviour as a function of the degree of
(uniaxial) prestraining and the inner bending radius. Above the straight line G1, i.e. at
small bend radii and high degrees of prestraining, cracks and tears are encountered.
Thus in parts having undergone larger amounts of deformation prior to bending, larger
bending radii should be chosen. In the region between the straight lines G1 and G2, both
TALAT 3706 10
11. surface roughening and cracks start to appear. Successful bending operations can be
performed below line G2
Tearing behaviour as a function of prestraining
Alloys:
15 %
AlMg0,4Si1,2-T4
G1
Crack initiation or tears AlMg5Mn-0
G2
10 % Surfaces:
uniaxed prestraining →
Mill-finish
roughness Lasertex
or Isomill
5%
cracks Isomill-D
Good parts Isomill-R
EDT
0% Sheet thickness: 1.25 mm
0 1 2 3 4
Bending radius ri → [mm]
alu
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Tearing Behaviour as a Function of Prestraining 3706.02.09
3706.03 Pre-Folding Operation
Bending Forces with Pre-Bending Punches Having Different Surface Forms
During prefolding (bending from 90° to 135°), an effort is made to maintain a constant
radius required for the first bending operation, as explained earlier. The prefolding with
tools having a 45° angle is common for steel sheets but has been found to be unsuitable
for aluminium sheets, since the bending strain will concentrate at the zone of the initial
radius of the down-flange causing this radius to decrease. A solution is illustrated in the
lower part of Figure 3706.03.01.
Figure 3706.03.01 shows the forces acting when different tool angles are used and also
for tools with a curved working surface. It is clear from the figure that a large vertical
force component Fy acting at the beginning of the folding operation causes a
compression and a back-bending moment. Therefore, folding should be started with as
high a horizontal force component Fx as possible. As bending proceeds, the horizontal
force component should decrease, with the vertical force component increasing at the
same time. This procedure can be achieved with a suitable design of the pre-folding
tool.
TALAT 3706 11
12. Bending forces during tilting
with different tool geometries
45° F = F = const.
35° FX = const. X Y
FY = const.
FX FX < FY FX
FN => high compression
FY FY FN
M+ M+
60° FX = const.
FX
FY = const. FN FN
FX > FY FN FN
FY FN
M+
M+ Start conditions: FX = FN , FY = 0
Source: IfU, Stuttgart
End conditions: FX = 0 , FY = FN
alu
Bending Forces during Tilting with different tool geometries 3706.03.01
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Pre-Folding Process for Aluminium
The pre-folding of aluminium sheets should preferably be carried out using punches
with a curved surface, Figure 3706.03.02, so that the bent sheet part can be rounded as
in the bordering operation. In order to compensate for the springback, the punch is
constructed with an entry angle of β. The angle αv should be 2° to 4°smaller than 45° so
that when the stress on the bending part is removed, an angle of αv + ∆αv, which is
smaller than or equal to 45°, is obtained.
Tilting process
RStv
αV < 45°
β
α + ∆α
Inside sheet
Punch Outside sheet
Part support
rStv
Source: IfU, Stuttgart
alu
Tilting Process 3706.03.02
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
TALAT 3706 12
13. 3706.04 Final Folding Operation
Final Folding Process
If the minimum radius set during 90° down-flanging and during pre-folding to 135° is
successfully maintained, then crack-free folds can be obtained in most cases even during
the final folding to 180°.
In order to maintain the bead (rope hem) radius during the final folding operation, the
punch can be designed with an inclined surface with an angle α to the horizontal which
can be varied, depending on the sheet thickness and the minimum allowable inside
bending radius, Figure 3706.04.01.
Final folding process
Punch
α
α + ∆α
Interior sheet
Exterior sheet
Part support
alu
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Final folding process 3706.04.01
In order to ensure that the fold edge, which in most cases is also a visible surface, is free
of surface markings, the final folding operation has to be conducted without any contact
between the tool and the folded edge. Experiments were conducted with an adjustable
stopper for positioning the parts to be folded. The stopper is designed to permit
movement during the forming operation. Experiments with a rigid, motion-free stopper
have shown that during folding along a convex line, the folding edge is heavily
compressed.
The contour line of the inside sheet or the inside part must correspond to the bending
line geometry of the outside part.
TALAT 3706 13
14. Variations in Fold Geometry
In order to adjust the final folding tool to conform to the geometrical requirements given
by the sheet thickness and the smallest possible bending radius, the angle α of the
folding punch can be varied to suit the final geometry of the fold, see Figure
3706.04.02.
Variation in fold geometry
Upper die
α'
α
Interior sheet
R'
R
Exterior sheet
alu
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Variation in Fold Geometry 3706.04.02
Final Geometry of Fold
The final geometry of the fold is usually defined as a function of the sheet thickness sa
of the outer sheet metal part. The minimum radii which can be obtained during folding
are important points to consider, see Figure 3706.04.03.
Final geometry of fold
f: Flanged part pressed flat
l: Ending of radial part
l f Ra1, Ra2: Exterior radius at fold end
α: Fold flange angle of inclination
h: Fold height
α Ra2
si: Interior sheet thickness
sa: Exterior sheet thickness
h si
sa
Ra1
Source: IfU, Stuttgart
alu
Final Geometry of Fold 3706.04.03
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
TALAT 3706 14
15. Figure 3706.04.03 illustrates that the outside radii of the fold edge (Ra1, Ra2) of a bead
fold can be varied. These radii depend on the inside bending radius ri used for the 90°
bending as well as on the geometry or angle α of the final folding punch.
3706.05 Literature/References
[1] Siegert, K.: "Vergleich zwischen Karosserieblechen aus Aluminium und aus
Stahl". ALUMINIUM 59(1983), p. 363-366; p. 438-442
[2] Ostermann F.: "Aluminium-Werkstofftechnik für den Automobilbau". Vol. 375,
Expert Verlag
[3] Schaub, W.: "Untersuchung der Verfahrensgrenzen bei 180°-Biegen von Fein-
und Mittelblechen". Reports of the Institut für Umformtechnik No. 52, University
of Stuttgart. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1980
[4] Wolff, N. P.: Interrelation between part and die design for aluminum auto body
panels. SAE paper 780392.
[5] Minimising the weight and cost of an aluminum deck lid. SAE paper 810783.
[6] Siegert, K.: "Umformen von Aluminiumblechen im Karosseriebau". In
Symposium band "Blechbearbeitung Technologie der Zukunft", Deutsche
Forschungsgesellschaft für Blechverarbeitung 1989.
[7] Akeret, R.: "Versagensmechanismen beim Biegen von Aluminium und
Grenzender Biegbarkeit". ALUMINIUM 54 (1978), p. 117-123
[8] Akeret, R.: "Versagen von Aluminium bei der Umformung infolge lokalisierter
Schiebezonen". ALUMINIUM 54 (1978), p. 193-198.
[9] Akeret, R.; Rodriques, P.M.B.: "Metallkundliche Probleme der Umformbarkeit
von Aluminiumwerkstoffen". In Lange, K. (ed.): Grundlagen Technologie
Werkstoffe. Oberursel: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Metallkunde (DGM) 1983.
[10] Rodrigues, P.M.B.; Akeret, R.: "Surface roughening and strain inhogogenities in
Aluminium sheet forming". Proc. 12th Conf. IDDRG; S. Margherita. Ligure 1982.
TALAT 3706 15
16. 3706.06 List of Figures
Figure No. Figure Title (Overhead)
3706.01.01 Definition of Folding
3706.01.02 Classification of Folding Processes
3706.01.03 Fields of Application of Folding
3706.01.04 Process Steps during Folding
3706.01.05 Comparison of Fold eometries for Drawn Parts Made of Steel and
Aluminium
3706.02.01 The Bending Process
3706.02.02 Bending Line Geometry
3706.02.03 Process of Bending with Counter Pressure
3706.02.04 Springback Angle: Geometric Conditions
3706.02.05 Parameters Influencing Springback
3706.02.06 Springback Behaviour as a Function of Yield Stress
3706.02.07 Springback as a Function of Prestraining
3706.02.08 Failure Mechanism during Bending of Aluminium
3706.02.09 Tearing Behaviour as a Function of Prestraining
3706.03.01 Bending Forces during Tilting with Different Tool Geometries
3706.03.02 Tilting Process
3706.04.01 Final Folding Process
3706.04.02 Variation in Fold Geometry
3706.04.03 Final Geometry of Fold
TALAT 3706 16