Talaromycosis, caused by Talaromyces marneffei, is a dimorphic fungus predominantly affecting HIV-infected individuals, particularly in Southeast Asia. It can present with symptoms similar to chronic lymphadenitis and is diagnosed through various laboratory tests including microscopy and culture. Treatment typically involves a combination of antifungal medications, with ongoing care needed for patients with AIDS.

2. INTRODUCTIO
N
• Talaromycosis is a Dimorphic fungus
and Endemic fungi .
• Caused by Talaromyces marneffi
(formerly penicillium marneffi ).
• Infections involved in mononulear
phagocytic system and occurs primarily
in HIV - infected individuals.
• It's a Disseminated mycosis.

3. MORPHOLOGY
Saprobic phase[ Mold in 25°C]
• Mold with conidiophores
terminating in conspicuous
,penicillus - bearing ,
ellispsodial,Smooth conidia .
• Formation od Red pigment that
diffuses into agar .
• It exhibits sporulating structures
that are typical of the genus.

4. Parasitic phase [yeast in 37°c]
• Pleomorphic elongated yeast (1-8
micrometer ) with transverssepta.
Morphology in tissue
• Globose to elongated sausage -
shaped yeast (3-5 micrometer ) that
are intracellular ,divided by Fission .

5. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• T.marneffi as a prominent mycotic pathogen
among HIV-infected individuals in South East
Asia.
• Talaromycosis (penicillliosis) has become an
early indicator of HIV-infection .
• It has been isolated from Bamboo rats and
occasionally from soil.
• T.marneffi is only pathogenic fungi in genus
Talaromyces.

6. CLINICAL SYMPTOMS
• The infection may mimic
Chronic cervical lymphadinitis (resembling
tuberculosis)
Leishmaniasis
• Other opportunistic infection AIDS- related such as
histoplasmosis ,Cryptococcosis.
• Patients may present with fever, cough ,
lymphadenopathy , organomegaly , anemia , leuko
/Thrombocytopenia.
• Bronchopneumonia with or without alenopathy ,
cavitary lung lesion.

7. Pathogenesis
• Infection due to inhalation of conidia of T.marneffi
which present in soil.
• Affects the pulmonary part of the body.
• Incubation period- 2 weeks to years .
• Asymptomatic in immunocomptent hosts and
disseminated infection develops.
• Later ,Skinlesions reflects hematogenous
dissemination and appear molluscum contagiosum
- like lesions on face and trunk .

8. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Clinical specimens
For microscopic demonstration , mucosal scraping
,sputum, blood, lung and liver biopsy, broncho alveolar
lavage and tissue.
Staining
• Staining of skin, lymph- H & E stain ,PAS(periodic
acishaff's stain, Wright's and calcofluor white stain.
• Gomori methensmine silver stain - stained yeast forms
of Talaromyces marneffi was used wide ,transverse
septa , single forms .

9. Culture morphology
In culture 25 ° c to 30 °c , typically penicillium-like
morphology and diffusible red pigmentation.
Conversation to yeast phase at 37° c is Confirmatory
phase.
Microscopy - Elliptic fission yeast inside phagocytes in
buffy coats of smears.
Serogical tests
• Indirect IFAT, Immunoblot
• PCR and DNA sequencing for sp. Detection.
• But nconnmercial standardized test available.

10. TREATMENT
• A lipid Formation of Amphotericin B, Vorironazole
& intaconazole.
• Administration of Amphotericin B for 2 weeks
should followed itraconazole for another10
weeks .
• AIDS patients may require life-long treatment
with intaconazole and Vorironazoke.
• Echinocandins as well posaconazole and
terbinafine may be useful .

11. REFERENCE
"MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY" by Murray, Rosenthal,
Pfaller , consultant JMI laboratories- 8thedition
,Elsevier publication canada,2016.