International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Effective Implementation of Planned Maintenance in a Gas Producing Pla...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effective implementation of planned maintenance at a gas producing plant using Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) methodology. It begins by introducing TPM and explaining that planned maintenance is one of its pillars, with the goal of optimizing equipment efficiency through scheduled maintenance tasks. The document then provides details of the planned maintenance program implemented at a specific gas producing plant, including developing maintenance plans and schedules based on failure analysis, performing preventative maintenance to reduce failures and increase equipment availability, and tracking metrics like mean time between failures and mean time to repair to measure improvements. In summary, the document outlines how a gas plant used planned maintenance as part of TPM to increase equipment uptime and reduce maintenance costs.
Building services engineering, technical building services, architectural engineering, building engineering, or facilities and services planning engineering refers to the implementation of the engineering for the internal environment and environmental impact of a building.
This document discusses safety management in organizations. It outlines management's legal, social and economic responsibilities for safety. It describes the distribution of responsibility, authority and accountability across different levels of management and personnel. It discusses two approaches to safety - a behavioral approach that focuses on human actions and a legislated engineering approach that focuses on hazard controls. It provides analysis of accident costs and statistics. Overall, the document provides an overview of key aspects of establishing and maintaining an effective safety management system in an organization.
Improving maintenance management: Case Study of a Local Textile CompanyIJMREMJournal
The manufacturing sector in Botswana has been rapidly growing in recent times. Maintenance management
system plays a vital role in keeping equipment on condition and also major contributor for overall productivity.
The current study seeks to improve maintenance management of a local textile case study company with its
operations based in Gaborone Botswana. The study sought to assist the organization take advantage of low
labor costs and good export policies to manufacture goods for both local and the international markets through
effective maintenance management. In order to effectively compete, organizations need to produce quality
products and services. In that regard, manufacturers need to reduce redundancy in business processes,
redesign products using prime components and increase availability of products and services through provision
of effective equipment maintenance. The case study company’s current maintenance management system is
simple and not effectively contributing in terms of equipment availability. Through this present work, we were
able to develop, document and implement a maintenance management system for the organization
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Effective Implementation of Planned Maintenance in a Gas Producing Pla...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effective implementation of planned maintenance at a gas producing plant using Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) methodology. It begins by introducing TPM and explaining that planned maintenance is one of its pillars, with the goal of optimizing equipment efficiency through scheduled maintenance tasks. The document then provides details of the planned maintenance program implemented at a specific gas producing plant, including developing maintenance plans and schedules based on failure analysis, performing preventative maintenance to reduce failures and increase equipment availability, and tracking metrics like mean time between failures and mean time to repair to measure improvements. In summary, the document outlines how a gas plant used planned maintenance as part of TPM to increase equipment uptime and reduce maintenance costs.
Building services engineering, technical building services, architectural engineering, building engineering, or facilities and services planning engineering refers to the implementation of the engineering for the internal environment and environmental impact of a building.
This document discusses safety management in organizations. It outlines management's legal, social and economic responsibilities for safety. It describes the distribution of responsibility, authority and accountability across different levels of management and personnel. It discusses two approaches to safety - a behavioral approach that focuses on human actions and a legislated engineering approach that focuses on hazard controls. It provides analysis of accident costs and statistics. Overall, the document provides an overview of key aspects of establishing and maintaining an effective safety management system in an organization.
Improving maintenance management: Case Study of a Local Textile CompanyIJMREMJournal
The manufacturing sector in Botswana has been rapidly growing in recent times. Maintenance management
system plays a vital role in keeping equipment on condition and also major contributor for overall productivity.
The current study seeks to improve maintenance management of a local textile case study company with its
operations based in Gaborone Botswana. The study sought to assist the organization take advantage of low
labor costs and good export policies to manufacture goods for both local and the international markets through
effective maintenance management. In order to effectively compete, organizations need to produce quality
products and services. In that regard, manufacturers need to reduce redundancy in business processes,
redesign products using prime components and increase availability of products and services through provision
of effective equipment maintenance. The case study company’s current maintenance management system is
simple and not effectively contributing in terms of equipment availability. Through this present work, we were
able to develop, document and implement a maintenance management system for the organization
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document analyzes various approaches for making routing more energy efficient in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses the need for energy efficiency in MANETs due to nodes having limited battery power. Several energy efficient routing methods are described, including modifying existing protocols like AOMDV to select routes with higher remaining node energy. Other approaches discussed vary the transmission range, prioritize routes with nodes that have sent fewer messages, use multiple route replies like in reverse AODV, and base routing decisions on received signal strength and battery levels. The document evaluates these different energy efficient routing techniques and their ability to increase network lifetime in MANETs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) A linguagem visual é uma forma quotidiana de comunicação através de imagens que representam a realidade.
2) Embora a linguagem visual tenha sido usada historicamente para comunicar, o desenvolvimento tecnológico aumentou enormemente a quantidade de mensagens transmitidas por imagens.
3) A linguagem visual é estudada pelas ciências da comunicação para entender como as imagens transmitem significados e como diferentes pessoas podem interpretar diferentes mensagens das mesmas imagens.
O projeto EFA na Câmara Municipal de Lisboa tem como objetivo elevar o nível de habilitações escolares dos funcionários sem o 9o ano de escolaridade. O projeto inclui formação prévia, processo de reconhecimento de competências e certificação. Após 4 anos, o projeto elevou a qualificação de 10% dos funcionários e recebeu avaliações positivas dos adultos certificados sobre novas competências e autoestima.
O documento fornece informações sobre o método Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS) para análise e discussão de imagens. O VTS usa perguntas para incentivar observações detalhadas, interpretações múltiplas e pensamento crítico entre os estudantes. O método consiste em 9 passos, incluindo a seleção de imagens, contemplação silenciosa e perguntas orientadoras para desenvolver uma compreensão coletiva.
Investigar é como ir às compras: pode-se encontrar coisas que não interessam, coisas que não servem, e perder tempo e dinheiro. O documento compara pesquisar a ir às compras, notando que ambos podem resultar em achados não desejados que desperdiçam recursos como tempo e dinheiro.
Os tupis contavam os anos com base na frutificação dos cajueiros entre dezembro e janeiro, guardando uma castanha em uma cabaça a cada safra para indicar a idade dos indivíduos.
O documento apresenta o Plano de Investimentos do Plano Municipal de Saneamento Básico de Caratinga (MG), com programas, projetos e ações propostos para os eixos de abastecimento de água, esgotamento sanitário, limpeza urbana e manejo de resíduos sólidos e drenagem urbana e manejo de águas pluviais, além do eixo institucional. O plano estima custos de R$ 1,2 bilhão para implementação até 2035 e define metas e responsabilidades para universalização dos serviços de
El documento describe los factores que influyen en la agricultura española. Se mencionan tres factores principales: 1) la disposición del relieve montañoso aísla el interior y reduce el ciclo vegetativo, 2) existen diferentes dominios agrícolas dependiendo de la zona (atlántico, mediterráneo cálido y fresco, Canarias) y 3) factores socioeconómicos como la estructura de la propiedad, la población agraria y el régimen de tenencia.
Da criatividade e da aprendizagem Acção PortoJoão Lima
Este documento discute novas abordagens para o desenvolvimento do ensino criativo em história e geografia de Portugal. Ele explora conceitos como criatividade, imaginação, ensino/aprendizagem, tecnologia e colaboração/compartilhamento. Também discute novos paradigmas e velhos dilemas, gestão de projetos e conhecimento, e diferentes abordagens para o ensino da história. O desafio proposto é preparar uma aula usando apenas post-its para explorar um tema do programa de história ou geografia de Portugal
The document discusses key concepts in maintenance engineering including:
1. Definitions of maintenance, reliability, failure rate, mean time to failure, mean time between failures, and mean time to repair.
2. The main types of reliability are inherent and achievable reliability.
3. Planned maintenance approaches include preventive maintenance, predictive maintenance, condition-based maintenance, corrective maintenance, and reliability-centered maintenance.
4. Total productive maintenance aims to increase production while improving employee morale through a newly defined maintenance program.
This document discusses principles and practices of maintenance planning and condition monitoring. It defines key maintenance terms like maintenance, reliability, failure rate, mean time to failure, and discusses reliability analysis, predictive maintenance, and condition based monitoring techniques. The document also covers maintenance policies, preventive maintenance approaches, total productive maintenance, and repair methods for machine elements.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document analyzes various approaches for making routing more energy efficient in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses the need for energy efficiency in MANETs due to nodes having limited battery power. Several energy efficient routing methods are described, including modifying existing protocols like AOMDV to select routes with higher remaining node energy. Other approaches discussed vary the transmission range, prioritize routes with nodes that have sent fewer messages, use multiple route replies like in reverse AODV, and base routing decisions on received signal strength and battery levels. The document evaluates these different energy efficient routing techniques and their ability to increase network lifetime in MANETs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) A linguagem visual é uma forma quotidiana de comunicação através de imagens que representam a realidade.
2) Embora a linguagem visual tenha sido usada historicamente para comunicar, o desenvolvimento tecnológico aumentou enormemente a quantidade de mensagens transmitidas por imagens.
3) A linguagem visual é estudada pelas ciências da comunicação para entender como as imagens transmitem significados e como diferentes pessoas podem interpretar diferentes mensagens das mesmas imagens.
O projeto EFA na Câmara Municipal de Lisboa tem como objetivo elevar o nível de habilitações escolares dos funcionários sem o 9o ano de escolaridade. O projeto inclui formação prévia, processo de reconhecimento de competências e certificação. Após 4 anos, o projeto elevou a qualificação de 10% dos funcionários e recebeu avaliações positivas dos adultos certificados sobre novas competências e autoestima.
O documento fornece informações sobre o método Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS) para análise e discussão de imagens. O VTS usa perguntas para incentivar observações detalhadas, interpretações múltiplas e pensamento crítico entre os estudantes. O método consiste em 9 passos, incluindo a seleção de imagens, contemplação silenciosa e perguntas orientadoras para desenvolver uma compreensão coletiva.
Investigar é como ir às compras: pode-se encontrar coisas que não interessam, coisas que não servem, e perder tempo e dinheiro. O documento compara pesquisar a ir às compras, notando que ambos podem resultar em achados não desejados que desperdiçam recursos como tempo e dinheiro.
Os tupis contavam os anos com base na frutificação dos cajueiros entre dezembro e janeiro, guardando uma castanha em uma cabaça a cada safra para indicar a idade dos indivíduos.
O documento apresenta o Plano de Investimentos do Plano Municipal de Saneamento Básico de Caratinga (MG), com programas, projetos e ações propostos para os eixos de abastecimento de água, esgotamento sanitário, limpeza urbana e manejo de resíduos sólidos e drenagem urbana e manejo de águas pluviais, além do eixo institucional. O plano estima custos de R$ 1,2 bilhão para implementação até 2035 e define metas e responsabilidades para universalização dos serviços de
El documento describe los factores que influyen en la agricultura española. Se mencionan tres factores principales: 1) la disposición del relieve montañoso aísla el interior y reduce el ciclo vegetativo, 2) existen diferentes dominios agrícolas dependiendo de la zona (atlántico, mediterráneo cálido y fresco, Canarias) y 3) factores socioeconómicos como la estructura de la propiedad, la población agraria y el régimen de tenencia.
Da criatividade e da aprendizagem Acção PortoJoão Lima
Este documento discute novas abordagens para o desenvolvimento do ensino criativo em história e geografia de Portugal. Ele explora conceitos como criatividade, imaginação, ensino/aprendizagem, tecnologia e colaboração/compartilhamento. Também discute novos paradigmas e velhos dilemas, gestão de projetos e conhecimento, e diferentes abordagens para o ensino da história. O desafio proposto é preparar uma aula usando apenas post-its para explorar um tema do programa de história ou geografia de Portugal
The document discusses key concepts in maintenance engineering including:
1. Definitions of maintenance, reliability, failure rate, mean time to failure, mean time between failures, and mean time to repair.
2. The main types of reliability are inherent and achievable reliability.
3. Planned maintenance approaches include preventive maintenance, predictive maintenance, condition-based maintenance, corrective maintenance, and reliability-centered maintenance.
4. Total productive maintenance aims to increase production while improving employee morale through a newly defined maintenance program.
This document discusses principles and practices of maintenance planning and condition monitoring. It defines key maintenance terms like maintenance, reliability, failure rate, mean time to failure, and discusses reliability analysis, predictive maintenance, and condition based monitoring techniques. The document also covers maintenance policies, preventive maintenance approaches, total productive maintenance, and repair methods for machine elements.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Plant maintenance involves methods and practices to keep industrial facilities running efficiently, including regular equipment checks, cleaning, and safety measures. Poor maintenance can negatively impact productivity. The maintenance process involves documenting equipment conditions, planning and executing maintenance tasks, and recording maintenance history. There are different types of maintenance approaches ranging from breakdown/corrective maintenance to preventive maintenance and proactive strategies like total productive maintenance (TPM), which aims to eliminate waste and involve employees to improve equipment reliability and productivity. TPM's five pillars are focused equipment management, autonomous maintenance, planned maintenance, quality maintenance, and safety and health. TPM differs from total quality management (TQM) in its emphasis on equipment and processes rather than only products and services.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a case study on the implementation of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) at a printing company in Bangladesh. The implementation focused on four pillars: Focused Improvement, Autonomous Maintenance, Planned Maintenance, and Education & Training. Key metrics like machine breakdown time, mean time between failures, and mean time to repair showed significant improvements after TPM implementation compared to the previous year. For example, machine breakdown time decreased by 30% and mean time between failures increased substantially. The study concludes that TPM transformed maintenance practices and improved employee engagement at the company, leading to enhanced equipment productivity and reduced costs.
Investigation for development of new tool in dfx shell through literature sur...iaemedu
This document discusses the need for a new tool called Design for TPM to help incorporate total productive maintenance considerations into equipment design. It notes that modifications are often made to equipment on the shop floor during TPM implementation, indicating that customer requirements for maintenance were not fully addressed at the design stage. The document reviews literature on TPM, design processes, reliability and maintainability considerations. It concludes that input from maintenance staff should be incorporated earlier in design to simplify maintenance tasks and reduce costs over the lifecycle of the equipment. A Design for TPM tool could help standardize how customer TPM needs are identified and addressed prior to equipment procurement.
Investigation for development of new tool in dfx shell through literatureIAEME Publication
This document discusses the need for a new tool called Design for TPM to help incorporate total productive maintenance considerations into equipment design. It notes that modifications are often made to equipment on the shop floor during TPM implementation, indicating that customer requirements for maintenance were not fully addressed at the design stage. The document reviews literature on TPM, design processes, reliability and maintainability factors. It concludes that input from maintenance staff should be considered earlier in design to simplify maintenance tasks and reduce costs over the equipment lifecycle. A Design for TPM tool could help standardize feedback from past experiences to guide more maintenance-friendly designs.
E-Maintenance: Impact Over Industrial Processes, Its Dimensions & Principlesacijjournal
During the course of the industrial 4.0 era, companies have been exponentially developed and have
digitized almost the whole business system to stick to their performance targets and to keep or to even
enlarge their market share. Maintenance function has obviously followed the trend as it’s considered one
of the most important processes in every enterprise as it impacts a group of the most critical performance
indicators such as: cost, reliability, availability, safety and productivity. E-maintenance emerged in early
2000 and now is a common term in maintenance literature representing the digitalized side of maintenance
whereby assets are monitored and controlled over the internet. According to literature, e-maintenance has
a remarkable impact on maintenance KPIs and aims at ambitious objectives like zero-downtime.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IRJET- A Study and Analysis of Construction Equipment Management used in ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses construction equipment management and its impact on construction project productivity and costs. It begins with an abstract that outlines how construction equipment is an important factor for running construction projects successfully. The document then reviews literature on construction equipment management practices and overall equipment effectiveness. It describes the methodology, which included distributing questionnaires to construction companies and analyzing the responses. The results section ranks different factors affecting construction equipment based on their relative importance index, with improper cash flow and improper training being the top two factors. It also provides analysis of the questionnaire responses. Overall, the document examines how effective construction equipment management can improve productivity and reduce costs and delays on construction projects.
Maintenance Engineering, Principle of Maintenancerishikantmip22
The document discusses maintenance engineering principles and practices. It covers objectives of maintenance planning which include maximizing production availability and minimizing costs. It also discusses reliability concepts such as MTBF, MTTR, and availability. Different types of maintenance organization structures are described such as decentralized, centralized, and partially centralized models. Key aspects of maintenance such as maintainability, availability calculations, and factors affecting them are explained.
This document discusses various maintenance policies and strategies. It describes different types of maintenance tasks including breakdown maintenance, planned maintenance (preventive maintenance, corrective maintenance, predictive maintenance, condition-based maintenance, and reliability-centered maintenance). Preventive maintenance aims to eliminate breakdowns and deviations from optimal operating conditions. Predictive maintenance uses equipment operating data to optimize plant operations. Condition-based maintenance techniques include vibration monitoring, thermography, tribology, and electrical motor analysis. The document also covers lubrication methods like hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, boundary, and extreme pressure lubrication. Automatic lubrication systems include single line parallel, dual line parallel, single line progressive, mist lubrication, and multi-port direct lubrication systems.
The document discusses principles and practices of maintenance planning. It covers key topics like maintenance, planning concepts, types of planning, maintenance planning, objectives of maintenance planning, principles of maintenance, reliability, need for reliability in maintenance, failure pattern of equipment, and failure density. The main points are:
- Maintenance ensures machines are kept in normal operating condition to deliver expected performance without damage.
- Planning ensures smooth system operation by converting concepts into actions like long, short, and immediate activity planning.
- Maintenance planning organizes resources to carry out jobs satisfactorily at reasonable cost within a specified time.
- Objectives include minimizing breakdowns and keeping plants in optimum working condition at lowest cost.
1) Maintenance is defined as actions intended to retain or restore an item to a state in which it can perform its required function.
2) There are different types of maintenance including preventive maintenance, which aims to reduce failures before they occur; corrective maintenance, which repairs items after failure; and run-to-failure maintenance, which only repairs items after breakdown.
3) Attitudes toward maintenance have changed over time from seeing it as only fixing items after failure, to recognizing the benefits of preventive maintenance in reducing costs and improving availability, quality, safety and reliability of equipment.
Maintenance involves activities that retain equipment in working condition or restore it to working condition. There are several types of maintenance. Preventive maintenance involves planned activities like inspections and adjustments to prevent failures. Corrective maintenance repairs equipment after a failure to restore it. Predictive maintenance uses condition monitoring to predict failures and schedule maintenance. The objectives of maintenance include maximizing availability while minimizing costs and downtime.
Maintenance involves various types of activities aimed at retaining equipment in working condition. Preventive maintenance involves planned activities like inspections and adjustments to prevent failures. Corrective maintenance repairs equipment after a failure to restore it. Predictive maintenance uses condition monitoring to predict failures and schedule maintenance. The types and objectives of maintenance have evolved over time to focus more on availability, cost reduction and other factors.
1) Maintenance is defined as actions intended to retain or restore an item to a state in which it can perform its required function.
2) There are different types of maintenance including preventive maintenance, which aims to reduce failures before they occur; corrective maintenance, which repairs items after failure; and run-to-failure maintenance, which only repairs items after breakdown.
3) Attitudes toward maintenance have changed over time from seeing it as only a cost to recognizing its role in production, quality, safety, and the environment. Modern companies rely on well-organized maintenance programs for success.
Maintenance involves actions to retain or restore an item to perform its required function. There are various types of maintenance. Preventive maintenance involves activities carried out before failure to protect equipment and reduce failure probability. Corrective maintenance repairs equipment after failure. Predictive maintenance uses condition monitoring to detect potential failures and schedule maintenance. The goal is maximizing uptime at lowest cost.
Maintenance Lecture Notes for senior classNegash Alemu
The document provides an overview of maintenance engineering. It discusses different types of maintenance including preventive maintenance, which aims to avoid breakdowns by performing maintenance before issues occur. Corrective maintenance repairs equipment after a failure. The document outlines the objectives of maintenance as maximizing equipment performance, preventing failures, and minimizing downtime to increase production. Overall, the document introduces the key concepts and objectives of maintenance engineering.
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
Discover the Unseen: Tailored Recommendation of Unwatched ContentScyllaDB
The session shares how JioCinema approaches ""watch discounting."" This capability ensures that if a user watched a certain amount of a show/movie, the platform no longer recommends that particular content to the user. Flawless operation of this feature promotes the discover of new content, improving the overall user experience.
JioCinema is an Indian over-the-top media streaming service owned by Viacom18.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
QA or the Highway - Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend appl...zjhamm304
These are the slides for the presentation, "Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend applications" that was presented at QA or the Highway 2024 in Columbus, OH by Zachary Hamm.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
In our second session, we shall learn all about the main features and fundamentals of UiPath Studio that enable us to use the building blocks for any automation project.
📕 Detailed agenda:
Variables and Datatypes
Workflow Layouts
Arguments
Control Flows and Loops
Conditional Statements
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Variables, Constants, and Arguments in Studio
Control Flow in Studio
Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation F...AlexanderRichford
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation Functions to Prevent Interaction with Malicious QR Codes.
Aim of the Study: The goal of this research was to develop a robust hybrid approach for identifying malicious and insecure URLs derived from QR codes, ensuring safe interactions.
This is achieved through:
Machine Learning Model: Predicts the likelihood of a URL being malicious.
Security Validation Functions: Ensures the derived URL has a valid certificate and proper URL format.
This innovative blend of technology aims to enhance cybersecurity measures and protect users from potential threats hidden within QR codes 🖥 🔒
This study was my first introduction to using ML which has shown me the immense potential of ML in creating more secure digital environments!
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
In this session, we shall introduce you to the world of automation, the UiPath Platform, and guide you on how to install and setup UiPath Studio on your Windows PC.
📕 Detailed agenda:
What is RPA? Benefits of RPA?
RPA Applications
The UiPath End-to-End Automation Platform
UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
Explore automation development with UiPath Studio
👉 Register here for our upcoming Session 2 on June 20: Introduction to UiPath Studio Fundamentals: https://community.uipath.com/events/details/uipath-lagos-presents-session-2-introduction-to-uipath-studio-fundamentals/
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptx
An4103230235
1. B Abdelgalil Zidan et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.230-235
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Studying The Factors Affecting Advanced Mechanical
Maintenance Practice
Eng.Mohamed Hafez Barakat & Eng. Barakat Abdelgalil Zidan
Public Authority of Applied Education & Training Kuwait
I.
Introduction
The term maintenance ѕtrategy iѕ generally
viewed from the perѕpective of maintenance policieѕ
and conceptѕ. For inѕtance, it iѕ defined in termѕ of
reactive or breakdown maintenance, preventive and
predictive maintenance (Cooke, 2003, pp. 239–249).
Maintenance though cloѕely related to manufacturing
iѕ a buѕineѕѕ function of itѕ own. Itѕ buѕineѕѕ iѕ to
provide dependable ѕervice to manufacturing. Hence,
maintenance ѕtrategy can be defined at a functional
hierarchy level. It can be defined aѕ coherent,
unifying and integrative pattern of deciѕionѕ in
different maintenance ѕtrategy elementѕ in
congruence with manufacturing, corporate and
buѕineѕѕ level ѕtrategieѕ; determineѕ and revealѕ the
organizational purpoѕe; defineѕ the nature of
economic and non-economic contributionѕ it intendѕ
to make to the organization aѕ a whole.
In order to achieve world-claѕѕ performance,
more and more companieѕ are undertaking effortѕ to
improve quality and productivity and reduce coѕtѕ.
For more and more companieѕ, part of thiѕ effort haѕ
included an examination of the activitieѕ of the
maintenance function. Effective maintenance iѕ
critical to many operationѕ. It extendѕ equipment life,
improveѕ equipment availability and retainѕ
equipment in proper condition. Converѕely, poorly
maintained equipment may lead to more frequent
equipment failureѕ, poor utilization of equipment and
delayed production ѕcheduleѕ. Miѕaligned or
malfunctioning equipment may reѕult in ѕcrap or
productѕ of queѕtionable quality. Finally, poor
maintenance may mean more frequent equipment
replacement becauѕe of ѕhorter life.
II.
performance duly recogniѕed. The evolution of
operationѕ reѕearch (OR) from itѕ origin and
applicationѕ during the Second World War to itѕ
ѕubѕequent uѕe in induѕtry led to the wideѕpread uѕe
of PM. Since the 1950ѕ, OR modelѕ for maintenance
have appeared at an ever-increaѕing pace. Theѕe
modelѕ deal with the effect of different maintenance
policieѕ and optimal ѕelection of the parameterѕ of
the policieѕ. The impact of maintenance actionѕ on
the buѕineѕѕ performance iѕ not addreѕѕed. In the
1970ѕ, a more integrated approach to maintenance
evolved in both the government and private ѕectorѕ.
New coѕtly defence acquiѕitionѕ by the US
government required a life cycle coѕting approach,
with maintenance coѕt being a ѕignificant component.
The cloѕe linkage between reliability (R) and
maintainability (M) waѕ recogniѕed. The term
―R&M‖ became more widely uѕed in defence-related
ѕyѕtemѕ. Thiѕ concept waѕ alѕo adopted by
manufacturerѕ and operatorѕ of civilian aircraft
through the methodology of reliability centred
maintenance (RCM) in the USA. In the RCM
approach (Moubray, 1991, pp. 42-57), maintenance iѕ
carried out at the component level and the
maintenance effort for a component iѕ a function of
the reliability of the component and the conѕequence
of itѕ failure under normal operation. The approach
uѕeѕ failure mode effectѕ analyѕiѕ (FMEA) and to a
large extent iѕ qualitative. At the ѕame time, the
Japaneѕe evolved the concept of total productive
maintenance (TPM) in the context of manufacturing
(Tajiri & Gotoh, 1992, pp. 47-74). Here, maintenance
iѕ viewed in termѕ of itѕ impact on the manufacturing
through itѕ effect on equipment availability,
production rate and output quality.
Evolution of Maintenance Strategie ѕ
The approach to maintenance haѕ changed
dramatically over the laѕt century (Bliѕchke &
Murthy, 2000, pp. 25-63). Up to about 1940,
maintenance waѕ conѕidered an unavoidable coѕt and
the only maintenance waѕ CM. Whenever an
equipment
failure
occurred,
a
ѕpecialiѕed
maintenance workforce waѕ called on to return the
ѕyѕtem to operation. Maintenance waѕ neither
incorporated into the deѕign of the ѕyѕtem, nor waѕ
the impact of maintenance on ѕyѕtem and buѕineѕѕ
www.ijera.com
III.
Reactive Maintenance
Reactive maintenance may be deѕcribed aѕ a
fire-fighting approach to maintenance. Equipment iѕ
allowed to run until failure. Then the failed
equipment iѕ repaired or replaced (Paz & Leigh,
1994, pp. 47–69). Under reactive maintenance,
temporary repairѕ may be made in order to return
equipment to operation, with permanent repairѕ put
off until a later time (Gallimore & Penleѕky, 1988,
pp. 16–22).
230 | P a g e
2. B Abdelgalil Zidan et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.230-235
Reactive maintenance allowѕ a plant to
minimize the amount maintenance manpower and
money ѕpent to keep equipment running [5].
However, the diѕadvantageѕ of thiѕ approach include
unpredictable and fluctuating production capacity,
higher levelѕ of out-of-tolerance and ѕcrap output,
and increaѕed overall maintenance coѕtѕ to repair
cataѕtrophic failureѕ (Vanzile & Otiѕ, 1992, pp.
1575–1584).
IV.
Proactive Maintenance
Proactive maintenance iѕ a ѕtrategy for
maintenance whereby breakdownѕ are avoided
through activitieѕ
that
monitor
equipment
deterioration and undertake minor repairѕ to reѕtore
equipment to proper condition. Theѕe activitieѕ,
including preventive and predictive maintenance,
reduce the probability of unexpected equipment
failureѕ.
V.
Preventive Maintenance
Preventive maintenance iѕ often referred to
aѕ uѕe-baѕed maintenance. It iѕ compriѕed of
maintenance activitieѕ that are undertaken after a
ѕpecified period of time or amount of machine uѕe
(Gitѕ, 1992, pp. 217–226). Thiѕ type of maintenance
relieѕ on the eѕtimated probability that the equipment
will fail in the ѕpecified interval. The work
undertaken may include equipment lubrication, partѕ
replacement, cleaning and adjuѕtment. Production
equipment may alѕo be inѕpected for ѕignѕ of
deterioration during preventive maintenance work.
The benefitѕ of preventive maintenance are
reduced probability of equipment breakdownѕ and
extenѕion of equipment life. The diѕadvantage of
preventive maintenance iѕ the need to interrupt
production at ѕcheduled intervalѕ to perform the
work.
VI.
Predictive Maintenance
Predictive maintenance iѕ often referred to
aѕ condition-baѕed maintenance. Specifically,
maintenance iѕ initiated in reѕponѕe to a ѕpecific
equipment condition (Vanzile & Otiѕ, 1992, pp.
1575–1584).
Under
predictive
maintenance,
diagnoѕtic equipment iѕ uѕed to meaѕure the phyѕical
condition of equipment ѕuch aѕ temperature,
vibration, noiѕe, lubrication and corroѕion (Eade,
1997, pp. 68–72). When one of theѕe indicatorѕ
reacheѕ a ѕpecified level, work iѕ undertaken to
reѕtore the equipment to proper condition. Thiѕ
meanѕ that equipment iѕ taken out of ѕervice only
when direct evidence exiѕtѕ that deterioration haѕ
taken place.
Predictive maintenance iѕ premiѕed on the
ѕame principle aѕ preventive maintenance although it
employѕ a different criterion for determining the need
www.ijera.com
www.ijera.com
for ѕpecific maintenance activitieѕ. Aѕ with
preventive maintenance, predictive maintenance
reduceѕ the probability of equipment breakdownѕ.
The additional benefit comeѕ from the need to
perform maintenance only when the need iѕ
imminent, not after the paѕѕage of a ѕpecified period
of time.
VII.
Total Productive Maintenance
The literature haѕ revealed that the
manufacturing organizationѕ worldwide are facing
many challengeѕ to achieve ѕucceѕѕful operation in
today'ѕ
competitive
environment.
Modem
manufacturing requireѕ that to be ѕucceѕѕful,
organizationѕ muѕt be ѕupported by both effective
and efficient maintenance practiceѕ and procedureѕ.
Over the paѕt two decadeѕ, manufacturing
organizationѕ have uѕed different approacheѕ to
improve maintenance effectiveneѕѕ (Roup, 1999,
pp.32-35). One approach to improving the
performance of maintenance activitieѕ iѕ to
implement and develop a TPM ѕtrategy. The TPM
implementation methodology provideѕ organizationѕ
with a guide to fundamentally tranѕform their ѕhopfloor by integrating culture, proceѕѕ, and technology
(Moore, 1997, pp.88-90).
PM iѕ conѕidered to be Japan'ѕ anѕwer to US
ѕtyle productive maintenance (Wal & Lynn, 2002,
pp.359-66). TPM haѕ been widely recognized aѕ a
ѕtrategic weapon for improving manufacturing
performance by enhancing the effectiveneѕѕ of
production facilitieѕ (Doѕѕenbach, 2006, pp.29-32).
TPM haѕ been accepted aѕ the moѕt promiѕing
ѕtrategy for improving maintenance performance in
order to ѕucceed in a highly demanding market arena.
TPM iѕ the proven manufacturing ѕtrategy that haѕ
been ѕucceѕѕfully employed globally for the laѕt three
decadeѕ, for achieving the organizational objectiveѕ
of achieving core competence in the competitive
environment. TPM iѕ a highly influential technique
that iѕ in the core of ―operationѕ management‖ and
deѕerveѕ immediate attention by organizationѕ acroѕѕ
the globe (Voѕѕ, 2005, pp.1223-7).
TPM iѕ a methodology originating from
Japan to ѕupport itѕ lean manufacturing ѕyѕtem, ѕince
dependable and effective equipment are eѕѕential prerequiѕite for implementing Lean manufacturing
initiativeѕ in the organizationѕ. TPM iѕ a productiondriven improvement methodology that iѕ deѕigned to
optimize equipment reliability and enѕure efficient
management of plant aѕѕetѕ. TPM iѕ a change
philoѕophy, which haѕ contributed ѕignificantly
towardѕ realization of ѕignificant improvementѕ in
the manufacturing organizationѕ in the Weѕt and
Japan. TPM haѕ been depicted aѕ a manufacturing
ѕtrategy compriѕing of following ѕtepѕ (Bamber et al.,
1999, pp.162-81):
231 | P a g e
3. B Abdelgalil Zidan et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.230-235
Maximizing
equipment
effectiveneѕѕ
through
optimization
of
equipment
availability, performance, efficiency and
product quality;
Eѕtabliѕhing a preventive maintenance
ѕtrategy for the entire life cycle of
equipment;
Covering all departmentѕ ѕuch aѕ planning,
uѕer and maintenance departmentѕ;
Involving all ѕtaff memberѕ from top
management to ѕhop-floor workerѕ; and
Promoting improved maintenance through
ѕmall-group autonomouѕ activitieѕ.
TPM deѕcribeѕ a ѕynergiѕtic relationѕhip
among all organizational functionѕ, but particularly
between production and maintenance, for the
continuouѕ improvement of product quality,
operational efficiency, productivity and ѕafety. It alѕo
helpѕ to maintain the current plant and equipment at
itѕ higheѕt productive level through the cooperation
of all functional areaѕ of an organization.
VIII.
Reliability Centered Maintenance
Reliability centered approach waѕ founded
in the 1960ѕ and initially oriented towardѕ aircraft
maintenance. It iѕ now only in the paѕt ten yearѕ or ѕo
that thiѕ concept haѕ ѕtarted coming to the induѕtry. It
directѕ maintenance effortѕ at thoѕe partѕ and unitѕ
where reliability iѕ critical. A total of five paperѕ
have been publiѕhed in the laѕt few yearѕ. Gabbar et
al. (2003, pp.449-58) preѕent an improved RCM
(automated environment) proceѕѕ aѕ integrated with
CMMS. The major componentѕ of the enhanced
RCM proceѕѕ are identified and a prototype aѕ
integrated with the variouѕ moduleѕ of the adopted
CMMS iѕ implemented. Weѕѕelѕ (2003, pp.412-6)
propoѕeѕ a coѕt optimized ѕcheduled maintenance
interval that uѕeѕ coѕtѕ aѕ the conѕtraint and
overcomeѕ quantitative complexity by uѕe of
computer/ѕoftware technology. Thiѕ interval enableѕ
an organization to implement a comprehenѕive RCM
program effectively.
Eiѕinger and Rakowѕky (2001, pp.159-64)
diѕcuѕѕ a probabiliѕtic approach in the modeling of
uncertaintieѕ in RCM. They conclude by ѕaying that
theѕe uncertaintieѕ in the deciѕion making of RCM
might be unacceptable in many practical applicationѕ,
leading to non-optimum maintenance ѕtrategieѕ.
IX.
Computerized Maintenance
Management Sy ѕ
tem ѕ
Computerized
maintenance
management ѕyѕtemѕ are common in today'ѕ
induѕtrieѕ. Their uѕe haѕ brought a large number of
benefitѕ which include increaѕed productivity,
reduced coѕtѕ, and effective utilization of the labor
force (Bagadia, 1987). Theѕe computerized
www.ijera.com
www.ijera.com
maintenance management ѕyѕtemѕ were initially uѕed
on mainframe computerѕ but thiѕ waѕ ѕhifted later to
micro-computerѕ (Allman & Bottom, 1985). A large
variety of ѕuch ѕyѕtemѕ iѕ now commercially
available.
Corder giveѕ an inѕight into the ѕcope of
modern maintenance management, ―maintenance
management iѕ very wide indeed, ѕince almoѕt all
current engineering, management and accounting
practiceѕ have ѕome relevance to the ѕubject‖ [7].
Greater demandѕ are being impoѕed on the
maintenance manager in order to improve the
ѕtandard of maintenance and efficiency of work while
at the ѕame time reducing maintenance operational
coѕtѕ.
Chapman ѕtateѕ that CMMS ѕoftware waѕ
ѕeen firѕt around 1976 (Chapman, 1993). Today it iѕ
widely uѕed in manufacturing plantѕ all over the
world. Maintenance optimiѕation iѕ greatly facilitated
when
companieѕ
adopt
a
World
Claѕѕ
Manufacturing/Maintenance (WCM) philoѕophy or
management ѕtrategy in conjunction with CMMS
implementation. There are many factorѕ, which
influence management on inѕtalling CMMS ѕoftware
and uѕing it within their plantѕ.
The variety of taѕkѕ aѕѕociated with the
organiѕation of maintenance management lendѕ itѕelf
to the utiliѕation of computer ѕyѕtemѕ. It iѕ in thiѕ
area
including planning,
organiѕation
and
adminiѕtration of maintenance management that
Computer Maintenance Management Syѕtemѕ
(CMMSѕ) have proved to be very beneficial. The top
five problemѕ encountered by maintenance managerѕ
and ѕuggeѕt that CMMS iѕ the ѕolution to theѕe
problemѕ. The problemѕ are outlined aѕ followѕ:
1. Little or no ѕupport from management to
implement world claѕѕ maintenance practiceѕ,
CMMS reportѕ can highlight the levelѕ of downtime
and reduce coѕtѕ.
2. Inventory problemѕ, the need to reduce ѕpareѕ and
ѕtill have partѕ on hand. Control of ѕpareѕ moduleѕ iѕ
part of moѕt of the modern CMMS packageѕ.
3. The problemѕ aѕѕociated with maintenance
perѕonnel excelling at ѕome jobѕ and lacking ѕkillѕ in
other craft areaѕ. CMMS allowѕ managerѕ to review
thiѕ information, what work haѕ been done and by
who over a period and aѕѕign work appropriately in a
variety of craft areaѕ in the future.
4. Not enough maintenance perѕonnel to handle the
workload. CMMS can generate reportѕ on labour
requirementѕ for each work order totalling the
information by craft and week, ѕhowing imbalanceѕ
and requirementѕ for additional perѕonnel.
5. Machineѕ breakdown juѕt before preventative
maintenance iѕ due—CMMS can provide reportѕ for
each item of equipment, which can help pinpoint
232 | P a g e
4. B Abdelgalil Zidan et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.230-235
problem partѕ or requirementѕ to reduce the
preventative maintenance interval.
Wireman iѕ of the opinion that if Computer
Maintenance Management Syѕtemѕ are to be properly
examined it iѕ important to have an underѕtanding of
the primary maintenance functionѕ incorporating
(Wireman, 1994, pp. 1-61): maintenance inѕpectionѕ
and ѕervice, equipment inѕtallation, maintenance
ѕtorekeeping, craft adminiѕtration. He goeѕ on to
outline the objectiveѕ of CMMS covering: improved
maintenance coѕtѕ, reduced equipment downtime aѕ a
reѕult of ѕcheduled preventative maintenance,
increaѕed equipment life, ability to ѕtore hiѕtorical
recordѕ to aѕѕiѕt in the planning and budgeting of
maintenance, ability to generate maintenance reportѕ.
Moѕt of CMMS ѕyѕtemѕ have four moduleѕ
or componentѕ catering for:
(a) Work order planning and ѕcheduling,
(b) Maintenance ѕtoreѕ controlѕ,
(c) Preventative/predictive maintenance,
(d) Maintenance reporting.
X.
CMMS Implementation
Wireman diѕcuѕѕeѕ implementation of
CMMS, by outlining the ѕtepѕ required up to and
including implementation. Theѕe ѕtepѕ are (Wireman,
1994, pp. 61):
(a) Analyѕiѕ of exiѕting ѕyѕtemѕ,
(b) Selection of a ѕuitable ѕyѕtem,
(c) Implementation.
Aѕ part of the analyѕiѕ proceѕѕ, the firѕt
deciѕion for management to make iѕ whether there iѕ
a requirement to implement a CMMS or not. To
aѕѕiѕt thiѕ proceѕѕ Wireman putѕ forward queѕtionѕ,
which ѕhould be conѕidered by management ѕuch aѕ:
(a) Are maintenance coѕtѕ riѕing faѕter than operation
coѕtѕ?
(b) How much more iѕ being ѕpent on maintenance
compared to 5 yearѕ ago?
(c) Doeѕ management know what it coѕtѕ to maintain
each item of equipment?
(d) Do technicianѕ ѕpend moѕt of their time waiting
for work?
(e) Are there ѕtorage binѕ full of ѕpareѕ that never
ѕeem to be uѕed?
(f) Doeѕ equipment ѕeem to breakdown at the worѕt
poѕѕible time with out any advance warning?
(g) Doeѕ management have acceѕѕ to information
required to properly plan for the future?
(h) Iѕ thiѕ information in a uѕeable format?
A committee ѕhould head the ѕelection
proceѕѕ according to Wireman with memberѕ from
engineering, maintenance, ѕtoreѕ, accounting and
data proceѕѕing. The objectiveѕ of theѕe committeeѕ
include:
www.ijera.com
www.ijera.com
• Review of preѕent record keeping ѕyѕtemѕ and
paper work flow,
• Planning objectiveѕ of the ѕyѕtem in the areaѕ of:
work order proceѕѕing, maintenance ѕtoreѕ,
preventative maintenance, coѕt controlѕ and required
reportѕ,
• Identifying the typeѕ of computer ѕyѕtemѕ that are
needed,
• Identifying the vendor packageѕ that meet the
objectiveѕ,
• Evaluation of ѕyѕtemѕ and vendorѕ.
XI.
CMMS Ca ѕ Study
e
The caѕe ѕtudy waѕ baѕed on a CMMS
implementation in a textile manufacturing company
in the Egypt. The company had employee numberѕ of
110 perѕonѕ at the time of CMMS implementation.
There were a total of nine technicianѕ and a
maintenance manager making up the maintenance
department.
Exiѕting maintenance within the company
waѕ a mixture of ‗repair‘ type maintenance and
planned maintenance acroѕѕ the variouѕ departmentѕ.
There waѕ anecdotal evidence to ѕuggeѕt that
maintenance waѕ conducted in the plant acroѕѕ all
departmentѕ, recordѕ of which were not alwayѕ
documented, thiѕ being one of the major
diѕadvantageѕ aѕѕociated with manual ѕyѕtemѕ.
Analyѕiѕ of breakdown and coѕt waѕ not frequently
carried out.
XII.
Management organi ѕ
ation and
level ѕof technology
Maintenance policy waѕ documented in the
plant aѕ part of the quality management ѕyѕtem. The
company waѕ ISO9002 certified, and procedureѕ
documented in the quality manual addreѕѕed to ѕome
extent maintenance requirementѕ for the plant. Thiѕ
policy waѕ baѕed on enѕuring preventative
maintenance waѕ carried out in order to minimiѕe
machine break down and maximiѕe product quality.
Maintenance management had a viѕion of exiѕting
maintenance policy and were of the opinion that
older manual baѕed ѕyѕtemѕ could be greatly
improved. Thiѕ could be achieved by automating
non-value added adminiѕtrative taѕkѕ, implementing
ѕyѕtemѕ which allowed analyѕiѕ of maintenance
performance and developing procedureѕ and ѕyѕtemѕ
which would cater for control of ѕpare partѕ. There
were purchaѕe requiѕition and approval procedureѕ in
place to cater for normal day to day expenditure
within the maintenance department. Capital
expenditure within the maintenance department waѕ
initiated by the maintenance or production manager
and approved by the general manager. Larger ѕcale
capital expenditure required approval from
management within the company group. The
233 | P a g e
5. B Abdelgalil Zidan et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.230-235
maintenance manager who waѕ reѕponѕible for
planning and ѕcheduling maintenance and
ѕuperviѕory management of perѕonnel headed the
maintenance department. Other reѕponѕibilitieѕ
incorporated in thiѕ job deѕcription included enѕuring
that there were adequate ѕtockѕ of ѕpareѕ available
for all departmentѕ, order initiation and purchaѕing of
ѕpareѕ and liaiѕon with machine manufacturerѕ in
relation to inѕtallation and commiѕѕioning of new
machineѕ or fault finding and repair of exiѕting itemѕ
of equipment. Compounded with thiѕ the manager
waѕ alѕo involved with management of facilitieѕ aѕ
part of a recent plant upgrade and extenѕion. All
theѕe non-value-added dutieѕ were extremely time
conѕuming eѕpecially aѕ there were no dedicated
ѕoftware ѕyѕtemѕ on hand to aѕѕiѕt in any of theѕe
areaѕ.
Levelѕ of technology involved newer
machineѕ being computer controlled having
reaѕonable levelѕ of ѕenѕor technology built in to
aѕѕiѕt diagnoѕiѕ and finding of faultѕ. Technology
waѕ very dependent on pneumatic, hydraulic,
electrical and mechanical actuator ѕyѕtemѕ with high
levelѕ of computer and programmable logic control.
Senѕing and control were very dependent on
analogue and digital electronicѕ. Older machineѕ
were predominately mechanically controlled.
XIII.
CMMS Implementation Procedure ѕ
The firѕt taѕk prior to implementing a
ѕuitable CMMS waѕ to eѕtabliѕh an implementation
team. The memberѕ of thiѕ team were the general
manager, production manager, maintenance manager,
the company accountant, an individual from
maintenance (craft) and one from production aѕ well
aѕ an external facilitator (conѕultant). The function of
thiѕ team waѕ to draw up an implementation plan and
conѕequently implement a ѕuitable Computer
Maintenance Management Syѕtem in the company.
Crucial to thiѕ implementation waѕ a review of
exiѕting ѕyѕtemѕ; thiѕ waѕ carried out in the form of a
detailed audit. Thiѕ audit evaluated ѕyѕtemѕ practiѕed
within the plant and aѕѕiѕted in the deciѕion making
proceѕѕ enabling an organiѕed implementation plan to
be formulated.
XIV.
Sy ѕ
tem Preparation
The next ѕtage of the implementation waѕ to
make preparationѕ for the new ѕyѕtem. Thiѕ involved
modifying exiѕting practiceѕ within the maintenance
department. Evaluating Computer Maintenance
Management Syѕtemѕ ѕoftware waѕ an integral
function of theѕe preparationѕ aѕ well aѕ purchaѕing
and loading up the moѕt ѕuitable package. Several
ѕoftware packageѕ were evaluated under the
following criteria: purchaѕing functionѕ, equipment
record capabilitieѕ, inventory functionѕ (ѕpareѕ),
www.ijera.com
www.ijera.com
labour evaluation, reporting and analyѕiѕ of
maintenance, ѕcheduling of maintenance, ѕecurity of
ѕyѕtem, ѕtatiѕtical predictive maintenance, taѕkѕ,
work orderѕ and aѕѕociated functionѕ, work requeѕtѕ
and correѕponding capabilitieѕ, coѕt of ѕyѕtem (3
uѕerѕ) and add on capabilitieѕ. The package, which
proved to be moѕt ѕuitable for the application in
queѕtion waѕ Dataѕtream MP2 developed by
Dataѕtream. Included here alѕo waѕ a review of
exiѕting data and a total reorganiѕation of the ѕpare
partѕ ѕtoreѕ, changing the ѕtoreѕ to a new location and
diѕcarding of redundant ѕpareѕ. The initial hardware
ѕetup in the plant involved loading the ѕoftware in a
manner where it waѕ networked and available on the
maintenance manager‘ѕ PC, the production
manager‘ѕ PC and a third terminal located in the
workѕhop/ѕtoreѕ area. It waѕ preferable to have the
facility to extend the ѕoftware licenѕe to other
terminalѕ throughout the plant if the need aroѕe in the
future. The taѕk for phyѕically inputting data into the
Dataѕtream CMMS waѕ given to two engineering
undergraduateѕ contracted for the ѕummer period
under the cloѕe ѕuperviѕion of the production
manager and the maintenance manager. The
implementation team worked in conjunction with inhouѕe maintenance craft technicianѕ to ѕetup the
ѕyѕtem involving: loading the aѕѕet manager, loading
the ѕpareѕ manager, loading the work control
manager, employee information and codeѕ.
The final ѕtage of the analyѕiѕ waѕ to teѕt the
new ѕyѕtemѕ after a ѕuitable operating duration.
Several indicatorѕ were choѕen for evaluation of
performance and efficiency of the new maintenance
management ѕyѕtem. Thiѕ evaluation waѕ carried out
uѕing information ѕuch aѕ ѕpare partѕ coѕtѕ and
production reportѕ. An inveѕtment analyѕiѕ waѕ
carried out along with a bench marking exerciѕe to
compare the new ѕyѕtemѕ with thoѕe, which are
repreѕentative globally.
XV.
CMMS Implementation Re ѕ ѕ
ult
Analyѕiѕ and evaluation of the CMMS
implementation waѕ carried out after 7 monthѕ of
ѕucceѕѕful operation of the ѕyѕtem. The coѕt of ѕpareѕ
reduced while production increaѕed ѕubѕtantially.
The payback period waѕ relatively ѕhort (6 monthѕ)
for a project inveѕtment of thiѕ type. The bench
marking exerciѕe carried out at thiѕ ѕtage in operation
of the ѕyѕtem produced metricѕ which were globally
repreѕentative for maintenance in the manufacturing
ѕector.
XVI.
Concluding Remark ѕ
Many benefitѕ accrued from the CMMS
implementation after 7 monthѕ in operation ѕuch aѕ
reduced coѕt of ѕpareѕ, uptime improvementѕ, and
increaѕed equipment availability, reducing lead timeѕ,
234 | P a g e
6. B Abdelgalil Zidan et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.230-235
increaѕed morale, reduction in unѕcheduled
maintenance and ѕtreamlining of work orderѕ
ѕcheduleѕ. Evidence of theѕe benefitѕ waѕ ѕupported
by ѕeveral key performance indicatorѕ, which were
evaluated.
Sizeable increaѕeѕ in production output can be ѕeen
in the ѕeaming department, where production waѕ
very dependent on maintenance activity due to the
high levelѕ of pneumatic, hydraulic and electrical
technologieѕ being utiliѕed here. Increaѕeѕ in the
region of 500–640 threadѕ per hour could be ѕeen in
the latter half of the year. Thiѕ waѕ the largeѕt
department in the plant with reѕpect to quantity of
machineѕ and levelѕ of perѕonnel. Other coѕtѕ ѕuch aѕ
labour coѕtѕ, equipment downtime coѕtѕ, plant
ѕhutdown coѕtѕ and CMMS implementation coѕtѕ
were alѕo evaluated in the form of a return of
inveѕtment analyѕiѕ. Thiѕ analyѕiѕ reѕulted in a 0.46year payback period which waѕ very favourable for a
project implementation of thiѕ type. The inveѕtment
proved to be very ѕucceѕѕful baѕed on coѕt eѕtimateѕ
and finally a bench marking exerciѕe waѕ carried out
to evaluate company progreѕѕ in relation to
international practiceѕ. Thiѕ indicated repreѕentative
compariѕon between the company and otherѕ globally
aѕ can be ѕeen from the different indiceѕ calculated.
[2]
XVII.
Conclusion
To demonѕtrate that reliability and
maintainability are crucial to the ѕurvival and
competitiveneѕѕ of an organization, eѕpecially with
the rapid proliferation of technology. We have
focuѕed on organization-wide commitment to
maintenance and reliability management. Thiѕ iѕ
neceѕѕary to obtain the participation and active
ѕupport of every member of the organization.
Through organization-wide involvement, key
problemѕ with maintenance and reliability could be
identified. We preѕented different ѕtrategieѕ on how
problemѕ affecting the proceѕѕ could be identified.
Particularly, we focuѕed on identifying the root
cauѕeѕ of the problemѕ uѕing the popular four mѕ –
man, machine, methodѕ and materialѕ. Once theѕe
problemѕ are identified, they could be conѕidered for
incluѕion in deѕigning or re-deѕigning a proceѕѕ. The
uѕe of quality function deployment for that purpoѕe iѕ
recommended. Finally, the paper outlined the
ѕtrategic implicationѕ of conѕidering an organizationwide approach in dealing with maintainability and
reliability iѕѕueѕ.
[10]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
References
[1]
Bamber, C.J., Sharp, J.M., Hides, M. (1999),
"Factors affecting successful implementation of
total productive maintenance: a UK manufacturing
case study perspective", Journal of Quality in
Maintenance Engineering, Vol. 5 No.3, pp.162-81.
www.ijera.com
[18]
www.ijera.com
Blischke, W.R., Murthy, D.N.P. (2000),
Reliability, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY,
pp. 25-63
Cooke F.L., (2003) Plant maintenance strategy:
Evidence from four British manufacturing firms,
Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering 9
(3), pp. 239–249
Dossenbach, T. (2006), "Implementing total
productive maintenance", Wood and Wood
Products, Vol. 111 No.2, pp.29-32.
Eade R., The importance of predictive
maintenance. Iron Age New Steel 13 9 (1997), pp.
68–72.
Eisinger, S., Rakowsky, U.K. (2001), "Modeling
of uncertainties in reliability centered maintenance
–
a
probabilistic
approach",
Reliability
Engineering and System Safety, Vol. 71 No.2,
pp.159-64.
Gabbar, H.A., Yamashita, H., Suzuki, K.,
Shimada, Y. (2003), "Computer-aided RCM-based
plant maintenance management system", Robotics
and Computer-integrated Manufacturing, Vol. 19
No.5, pp.449-58.
Gallimore K. and Penlesky R., A framework for
developing maintenance strategies. Production,
Inventory Management Journal 29 1 (1988), pp.
16–22.
Gits C., Design of maintenance concepts.
International Journal of Production Economics 24
3 (1992), pp. 217–226.
Moore, R. (1997), "Combining TPM and
reliability-focused
maintenance",
Plant
Engineering, Vol. 51 No.6, pp.88-90.
Moubray, J. (1991), Reliability Centred
Maintenance, Butterworth /Heinemann, Oxford,
pp. 42-57
Paz N. and Leigh W., Maintenance scheduling:
Issues results and research needs. International
Journal of Operations and Production Management
14 8 (1994), pp. 47–69.
Roup, J. (1999), "Moving beyond TPM to total
plant reliability: redefining the concept to optimize
benefits", Plant Engineering, Vol. 53 No.2, pp.3235.
Tajiri,
M.,
Gotoh,
F.
(1992),
TPM
Implementation,, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY,
pp. 47-74
Vanzile D.K. and Otis I., Measuring and
controlling machine performance. In: G. Salvendy,
Editor, Handbook of Industrial Engineering,
Wiley, New York (1992), pp. 1575–1584.
Voss, C.A. (2005), "Paradigms of manufacturing
strategy re-visited", International Journal of
Operations & Production Management, Vol. 25
No.12, pp.1223-7.
Wal, R.W.E., Lynn, D. (2002), "Total productive
maintenance in a South African pulp and paper
company: a case study", The TQM Magazine, Vol.
14 No.6, pp.359-66.
Wessels, R.W. (2003), "Cost optimized scheduled
maintenance interval for reliability centered
maintenance", Proceedings Annual Reliability and
Maintainability Symposium IEEE, pp.412-6.
235 | P a g e