This document studied the mechanical and electrical properties of KAl(SO4)2.12H2O aqueous solutions at different concentrations. Mechanical properties like ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, and bulk modulus were measured. Absorption coefficient and compressibility increased with concentration while bulk modulus decreased. Electrical conductivity also increased with concentration. Molar conductivity decreased with concentration, obeying Ostwald's law of dilution. The degree of dissociation results showed KAl(SO4)2.12H2O is a strong electrolyte. In conclusion, this material could be used for ultrasonic detection coatings, in electrical circuits requiring conductivity sensing, and as an environmentally resistant material due to its mechanical properties.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Investigation on Growth and Optical Properties of LVCC Single CrystalsIJERA Editor
L-valine cadmium chloride (LVCC) single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique with different
concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 mole) of CdCl2. All the grown crystals were subjected to single crystal
X-ray diffraction analysis. Solid state parameters were calculated for the grown crystals. The optical properties
of the crystals were investigated by UV-Vis. absorption spectroscopy. The results revealed that, the wider
bandgap and large transparency in the visible region along with higher polarizability of the grown crystals are
highly useful in optoelectronic devices. Also according to our needs, one can tune the optical and electrical
properties of LVCC crystals by adjusting the concentration of CdCl2 in LVCC.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, a novel copper oxide coated kaolinite was prepared as an adsorbent of Hg(II) ions from aqueous media. The materials used for this study were synthesized, characterised and the product tested for mercury ion removal using standard laboratory procedures. Reactivity and removal kinetic models derived from Freundlich isotherm were used to investigate contact time and pH effects on the coefficient of protonation and rate of mass transfer of Hg(II) ions to the reactive sites, Proton coefficient of 0.89 indicated a decrease in proton consumption function when compared with uncoated kaolinite. At the 12th h reaction time, a maximum adsorption capacity of 85% was achieved. Mass transfer rates of 0.9359h-1 and 0.0748h-1 for the first and second reaction phases indicated a reduction when compared with uncoated kaolinite. These changes may be ascribed to masking of reaction sites and exposed surface area of the Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite.
Computer Science
Active and Programmable Networks
Active safety systems
Ad Hoc & Sensor Network
Ad hoc networks for pervasive communications
Adaptive, autonomic and context-aware computing
Advance Computing technology and their application
Advanced Computing Architectures and New Programming Models
Advanced control and measurement
Aeronautical Engineering,
Agent-based middleware
Alert applications
Automotive, marine and aero-space control and all other control applications
Autonomic and self-managing middleware
Autonomous vehicle
Biochemistry
Bioinformatics
BioTechnology(Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Geology)
Broadband and intelligent networks
Broadband wireless technologies
CAD/CAM/CAT/CIM
Call admission and flow/congestion control
Capacity planning and dimensioning
Changing Access to Patient Information
Channel capacity modelling and analysis
Civil Engineering,
Cloud Computing and Applications
Collaborative applications
Communication application
Communication architectures for pervasive computing
Communication systems
Computational intelligence
Computer and microprocessor-based control
Computer Architecture and Embedded Systems
Computer Business
Computer Sciences and Applications
Computer Vision
Computer-based information systems in health care
Computing Ethics
Computing Practices & Applications
Congestion and/or Flow Control
Content Distribution
Context-awareness and middleware
Creativity in Internet management and retailing
Cross-layer design and Physical layer based issue
Cryptography
Data Base Management
Data fusion
Data Mining
Data retrieval
Data Storage Management
Decision analysis methods
Decision making
Digital Economy and Digital Divide
Digital signal processing theory
Distributed Sensor Networks
Drives automation
Drug Design,
Drug Development
DSP implementation
E-Business
E-Commerce
E-Government
Electronic transceiver device for Retail Marketing Industries
Electronics Engineering,
Embeded Computer System
Emerging advances in business and its applications
Emerging signal processing areas
Enabling technologies for pervasive systems
Energy-efficient and green pervasive computing
Environmental Engineering,
Estimation and identification techniques
Evaluation techniques for middleware solutions
Event-based, publish/subscribe, and message-oriented middleware
Evolutionary computing and intelligent systems
Expert approaches
Facilities planning and management
Flexible manufacturing systems
Formal methods and tools for designing
Fuzzy algorithms
Fuzzy logics
GPS and location-based app
Oxidized multi walled carbon nanotubes for improving the electrocatalytic act...Iranian Chemical Society
In the present paper, the use of a novel carbon paste electrode modified by 7,8-dihydroxy-3,3,6-trimethyl-3,4-dihydrodibenzo[b,d]furan-1(2H)-one (DTD) and oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (OCNTs) is described for determination of levodopa (LD), acetaminophen (AC) and tryptophan (Trp) by a simple and rapid method. At first, the electrochemical behavior of DTD is studied, then, the mediated oxidation of LD at the modified electrode is investigated. At the optimum pH of 7.4, the oxidation of LD occurs at a potential about 330 mV less positive than that of an unmodified carbon paste electrode. Based on differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the oxidation current of LD exhibits a linear range between 1.0 and 2000.0 μM of LD with a detection limit (3σ) of 0.36 μM. DPV was also used for simultaneous determination of LD, AC and Trp at the modified electrode. Finally, the proposed electrochemical sensor was used for determinations of these substances in human serum sample.
Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in HCl Medium by a Condensation Productijtsrd
A condensation product CP was successfully synthesized from reaction of dimethyl amino benzaldehyde and aniline giving yields of 80 . The compound was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR Spectroscopy. The corrosion inhibiting property of the CP on mild steel in HCl solution were investigated by the weight loss measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy EIS and linear polarization resistance LPR . The concentrations of CP were varied from 1 x 10 3 M to 5 x 10 3 M. The inhibition efficiencies obtained from all the methods employed were in good agreement where the percentage of inhibition efficiencies increased with concentration of CP. Results showed that CP was the better inhibitor with inhibition efficiency of 90 at 5 x 10 3 M additive concentration. This is likely due to the effect of its large molecular size, higher number of electroactive heteroatoms and bigger p electron cloud of the conjugated double bond system. Ganesha Achary "Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in HCl Medium by a Condensation Product" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30869.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/physical-chemistry/30869/corrosion-inhibition-of-mild-steel-in-hcl-medium-by-a-condensation-product/ganesha-achary
In present work forward osmosis (FO) process was used as a novel process for the removal of Cd+2 ions from wastewater. Cellulose acetate (CA) membrane used as flat sheet membrane for Cd+2 ions removal. MgSO4.7H2O with different concentration was used as draw solution. Influence of different parameters was studied such as concentration of draw solutions ranged (10-150 g/l), concentration of feed solutions (10-200 mg/l), flow rate of draw solutions (30-100 l/hr), flow rate of feed solutions (30-100 l/hr), and temperature of both feed and draw solution (10-40oC) at constant pressure 0.3 bar gauge. The results proved that when the draw solution concentration, flow rate of feed solution, and temperature of both feed solution and draw solution increased, the water flux increase. Water flux decreased by increasing cadmium ions concentration in feed solution, operating time of experiment, and flow rate of draw solution. Cadmium ions concentration in feed solution effluent increased when concentration of feed solution increased, time of experimental work, draw solution concentration, feed solution flow rate, and temperature of feed and draw solutions and decreased with increasing draw solution flow rate. According to the results obtained, forward osmosis process can be used to recover Cd+2 ions contaminated wastewater with removal efficiency 78.87% after 3 hrs. Reverse salt flux of MgSO4.7H2O through the CA membrane decreased with time which reached 23.34 g/m2.h after 3 hrs
The project will focus on synthesis of hexagonal structured pure phases of compositions: BaM1/3Ti2/3O3-δ and BaM1/6Ti5/6O3-δ, where M= Sc, In and Fe via different methods such as Solid state sintering and wet chemical route. The ultimate goal is to finding structure – functionality relationships within these proton and mixed conducting systems. A substantial effort will focus on search for and fabrication of new materials although the main part of the work will concentrate on detailed structural characterisation (rietveld refinement), impedance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis.
Removal of 137Cs from contaminated soil using pilot electrokinetic decontamin...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
—The removal efficiencies of 137Cs for 10 days were 50-70%. The removal efficiencies according to the elapsed time after 10 days were reduced. When an electric current density of 25-75 mA/cm2, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid as electrolyte, a 0.5-2.0 cm/min hydraulic conductivity of soil were applied, respectively, the time required for the removal efficiency of 137Cs to reach 80% was 20-30 days. For improving removal efficiency of 137Cs from contaminated soil, it is necessary to increase an electric current density using sulfuric acid as an electrolyte and to decrease hydraulic conductivity of soil in the soil cell.
Investigation on Growth and Optical Properties of LVCC Single CrystalsIJERA Editor
L-valine cadmium chloride (LVCC) single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique with different
concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 mole) of CdCl2. All the grown crystals were subjected to single crystal
X-ray diffraction analysis. Solid state parameters were calculated for the grown crystals. The optical properties
of the crystals were investigated by UV-Vis. absorption spectroscopy. The results revealed that, the wider
bandgap and large transparency in the visible region along with higher polarizability of the grown crystals are
highly useful in optoelectronic devices. Also according to our needs, one can tune the optical and electrical
properties of LVCC crystals by adjusting the concentration of CdCl2 in LVCC.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, a novel copper oxide coated kaolinite was prepared as an adsorbent of Hg(II) ions from aqueous media. The materials used for this study were synthesized, characterised and the product tested for mercury ion removal using standard laboratory procedures. Reactivity and removal kinetic models derived from Freundlich isotherm were used to investigate contact time and pH effects on the coefficient of protonation and rate of mass transfer of Hg(II) ions to the reactive sites, Proton coefficient of 0.89 indicated a decrease in proton consumption function when compared with uncoated kaolinite. At the 12th h reaction time, a maximum adsorption capacity of 85% was achieved. Mass transfer rates of 0.9359h-1 and 0.0748h-1 for the first and second reaction phases indicated a reduction when compared with uncoated kaolinite. These changes may be ascribed to masking of reaction sites and exposed surface area of the Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite.
Computer Science
Active and Programmable Networks
Active safety systems
Ad Hoc & Sensor Network
Ad hoc networks for pervasive communications
Adaptive, autonomic and context-aware computing
Advance Computing technology and their application
Advanced Computing Architectures and New Programming Models
Advanced control and measurement
Aeronautical Engineering,
Agent-based middleware
Alert applications
Automotive, marine and aero-space control and all other control applications
Autonomic and self-managing middleware
Autonomous vehicle
Biochemistry
Bioinformatics
BioTechnology(Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Geology)
Broadband and intelligent networks
Broadband wireless technologies
CAD/CAM/CAT/CIM
Call admission and flow/congestion control
Capacity planning and dimensioning
Changing Access to Patient Information
Channel capacity modelling and analysis
Civil Engineering,
Cloud Computing and Applications
Collaborative applications
Communication application
Communication architectures for pervasive computing
Communication systems
Computational intelligence
Computer and microprocessor-based control
Computer Architecture and Embedded Systems
Computer Business
Computer Sciences and Applications
Computer Vision
Computer-based information systems in health care
Computing Ethics
Computing Practices & Applications
Congestion and/or Flow Control
Content Distribution
Context-awareness and middleware
Creativity in Internet management and retailing
Cross-layer design and Physical layer based issue
Cryptography
Data Base Management
Data fusion
Data Mining
Data retrieval
Data Storage Management
Decision analysis methods
Decision making
Digital Economy and Digital Divide
Digital signal processing theory
Distributed Sensor Networks
Drives automation
Drug Design,
Drug Development
DSP implementation
E-Business
E-Commerce
E-Government
Electronic transceiver device for Retail Marketing Industries
Electronics Engineering,
Embeded Computer System
Emerging advances in business and its applications
Emerging signal processing areas
Enabling technologies for pervasive systems
Energy-efficient and green pervasive computing
Environmental Engineering,
Estimation and identification techniques
Evaluation techniques for middleware solutions
Event-based, publish/subscribe, and message-oriented middleware
Evolutionary computing and intelligent systems
Expert approaches
Facilities planning and management
Flexible manufacturing systems
Formal methods and tools for designing
Fuzzy algorithms
Fuzzy logics
GPS and location-based app
Oxidized multi walled carbon nanotubes for improving the electrocatalytic act...Iranian Chemical Society
In the present paper, the use of a novel carbon paste electrode modified by 7,8-dihydroxy-3,3,6-trimethyl-3,4-dihydrodibenzo[b,d]furan-1(2H)-one (DTD) and oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (OCNTs) is described for determination of levodopa (LD), acetaminophen (AC) and tryptophan (Trp) by a simple and rapid method. At first, the electrochemical behavior of DTD is studied, then, the mediated oxidation of LD at the modified electrode is investigated. At the optimum pH of 7.4, the oxidation of LD occurs at a potential about 330 mV less positive than that of an unmodified carbon paste electrode. Based on differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the oxidation current of LD exhibits a linear range between 1.0 and 2000.0 μM of LD with a detection limit (3σ) of 0.36 μM. DPV was also used for simultaneous determination of LD, AC and Trp at the modified electrode. Finally, the proposed electrochemical sensor was used for determinations of these substances in human serum sample.
Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in HCl Medium by a Condensation Productijtsrd
A condensation product CP was successfully synthesized from reaction of dimethyl amino benzaldehyde and aniline giving yields of 80 . The compound was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR Spectroscopy. The corrosion inhibiting property of the CP on mild steel in HCl solution were investigated by the weight loss measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy EIS and linear polarization resistance LPR . The concentrations of CP were varied from 1 x 10 3 M to 5 x 10 3 M. The inhibition efficiencies obtained from all the methods employed were in good agreement where the percentage of inhibition efficiencies increased with concentration of CP. Results showed that CP was the better inhibitor with inhibition efficiency of 90 at 5 x 10 3 M additive concentration. This is likely due to the effect of its large molecular size, higher number of electroactive heteroatoms and bigger p electron cloud of the conjugated double bond system. Ganesha Achary "Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in HCl Medium by a Condensation Product" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30869.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/physical-chemistry/30869/corrosion-inhibition-of-mild-steel-in-hcl-medium-by-a-condensation-product/ganesha-achary
In present work forward osmosis (FO) process was used as a novel process for the removal of Cd+2 ions from wastewater. Cellulose acetate (CA) membrane used as flat sheet membrane for Cd+2 ions removal. MgSO4.7H2O with different concentration was used as draw solution. Influence of different parameters was studied such as concentration of draw solutions ranged (10-150 g/l), concentration of feed solutions (10-200 mg/l), flow rate of draw solutions (30-100 l/hr), flow rate of feed solutions (30-100 l/hr), and temperature of both feed and draw solution (10-40oC) at constant pressure 0.3 bar gauge. The results proved that when the draw solution concentration, flow rate of feed solution, and temperature of both feed solution and draw solution increased, the water flux increase. Water flux decreased by increasing cadmium ions concentration in feed solution, operating time of experiment, and flow rate of draw solution. Cadmium ions concentration in feed solution effluent increased when concentration of feed solution increased, time of experimental work, draw solution concentration, feed solution flow rate, and temperature of feed and draw solutions and decreased with increasing draw solution flow rate. According to the results obtained, forward osmosis process can be used to recover Cd+2 ions contaminated wastewater with removal efficiency 78.87% after 3 hrs. Reverse salt flux of MgSO4.7H2O through the CA membrane decreased with time which reached 23.34 g/m2.h after 3 hrs
The project will focus on synthesis of hexagonal structured pure phases of compositions: BaM1/3Ti2/3O3-δ and BaM1/6Ti5/6O3-δ, where M= Sc, In and Fe via different methods such as Solid state sintering and wet chemical route. The ultimate goal is to finding structure – functionality relationships within these proton and mixed conducting systems. A substantial effort will focus on search for and fabrication of new materials although the main part of the work will concentrate on detailed structural characterisation (rietveld refinement), impedance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis.
Removal of 137Cs from contaminated soil using pilot electrokinetic decontamin...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
—The removal efficiencies of 137Cs for 10 days were 50-70%. The removal efficiencies according to the elapsed time after 10 days were reduced. When an electric current density of 25-75 mA/cm2, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid as electrolyte, a 0.5-2.0 cm/min hydraulic conductivity of soil were applied, respectively, the time required for the removal efficiency of 137Cs to reach 80% was 20-30 days. For improving removal efficiency of 137Cs from contaminated soil, it is necessary to increase an electric current density using sulfuric acid as an electrolyte and to decrease hydraulic conductivity of soil in the soil cell.
Computation of Dielectric Constant and Loss Factor of Water and Dimethylsulph...Scientific Review
This study examined the computation of the dielectric constant (ε′) and dielectric loss factor (ε′′) of water and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO)at temperature 20oc, 30oc, 40oc and 500C within the frequency range of f GHz using Debye equations. The Debye equations were derived, and the experimental values of the static dielectric constant (εs), dielectric constant at high frequency (ε ) and the relaxation time (τ) of water and DMSO at those temperatures were substituted into the derived equations and the dielectric constant (ε′) and loss factor (ε′′) of water and DMSO were computed with aid of maple-13 and results were generated. These results revealed that the method is capable of reproducing good results forwork done using single Debye and that of the reflection cell ofdimethylsulphoxide.
Computation of Dielectric Constant and Loss Factor of Water and Dimethylsulp...Scientific Review SR
This study examined the computation of the dielectric constant (ε′) and dielectric loss factor (ε′′) of
water and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO)at temperature 20
o
c, 30
o
c, 40
o
c and 50
0
C within the frequency range of
f GHz using Debye equations. The Debye equations were derived, and the experimental values of the
static dielectric constant (ε
s
), dielectric constant at high frequency (ε ) and the relaxation time (τ) of water and
DMSO at those temperatures were substituted into the derived equations and the dielectric constant ( ε′) and loss
factor (ε′′) of water and DMSO were computed with aid of maple-13 and results were generated. These results
revealed that the method is capable of reproducing good results forwork done usin g single Debye and that of the
reflection cell ofdimethylsulphoxide.
Determination of the hydrogen coefficient diffusion DH in the MmNi3.55Mn0.4Al...AI Publications
The hydrogen storage alloys MmNi3.55Mn0.4Al0.3Co0.75-xFex (0 ≤ x ≤0.75) were used as negative electrodes in the Ni-MH accumulators. The chronopotentiommetry and the cyclic voltammetry were applied to characterize the electrochemical properties of these alloys. The obtained results showed that the substitution of the cobalt atoms by iron atoms has a good effect on the life cycle of the electrode. The discharge capacity reaches its maximum in MmNi3.55Mn0.4Al0.3Co0.75-x Fex ( x = 0, 0.15, 0.35, 0.55 and 0.75) are, respectively, equal to 270, 266, 260, 210 and 200 mAh/g after 12 charge-discharge cycles. The diffusion behaviour of hydrogen in the negative electrodes made from these alloys was characterized by cyclic voltammetry after few activation cycles. The values of the hydrogen coefficient in MmNi3.55Mn0.4Al0.3Co0.75-x Fex ( x = 0, 0.15, 0.35, 0.55 and 0.75) are, respectively, equal to 5.86 10-10, 1.95 10-9, 3.44 10-9, 2.96 10-9 and 4.98 10-10 cm2 s-1. However, the values of the charge transfer coefficients are respectively equal to 0.35, 0.6, 0.5, 0.33 and 0.3. These results showed that the substitution of cobalt by iron decreases the reversibility and the kinetic of the electrochemical reaction in these alloys.
Influence of the alkyl chain length of alkyltriazoles on the corrosion inhibi...Al Baha University
Abstract. Steel is an important material and has been widely used in today's industrial production. Using organic
corrosion inhibitors is an effective means to prevent steel from corrosion. Generally, the molecular structures of
inhibitors can have a major impact on their corrosion inhibition efficiency. In this work, the influence of alkyl chain
length of three alkyltriazoles on the corrosion inhibition of iron has been investigated by density functional based tight
binding (DFTB) approach. Several typical descriptors such as frontier molecular orbital, adsorption energy, density of
states have been discussed in detail. Our findings will contribute to the understanding of the inhibition mechanism and
the designing of novel corrosion inhibitors.
Study the effect of Mn2+ ions on the ac electrical properties of some iron do...IJRES Journal
Oxide glasses doped with transition metal ions are of high interest because of their variant applications in both science and technology fields. However, the normal melt quench method have used to prepared some iron doped phosphate glasses according the following molecular formula: (65-x) mol% P2O5 - 20 mol% Na2O - 15 mol% Fe2O3 - x mol% MnO, Where x= 0, 5,10, 20, 25. The room temperature Mössbauer Effect ME Spectra used to characterized the glassy state homogeneity of these glasses. ME spectra show, for all glasses, no magnetic field participate which mean good glassy state formation. The ac electrical transport properties were also measured, as function of temperature up to 500k. It was found that the ac conductivity increased with the gradual increase of Mn2+ cations, while the electrical activation energy decreased.
Receptor function and response of semiconductor gas sensorSherry Huang
Theoretical approaches to receptor function and response of semiconductor gas sensor are described, following the illustrations of some relevant key issues such as tunneling transport.
Characterization and Humidity Sensing Application of WO3-SnO2 NanocompositeIOSR Journals
Studies on the sensitivity of the electrical resistance and fabrication process of SnO2 doped WO3
nanometer materials for sensing applications are reported in details .Other properties such as reproducibility,
aging and hysteresis were also recorded and found satisfactory. The sensing mechanism was discussed based on
their annealing temperature, composition, crystallite size, surface area and porosity of the sensing element. In
general, at low humidity, surface area and water adsorption plays the dominant role, while at high humidity,
mesopore volume and capillary condensation become important. At the annealing temperature 600°C, sample 3
weight % of SnO2 doped WO3 nanocomposites have been prepared through solid-state reaction route, shows
average sensitivity of 18.61 MΩ/%RH in the 15%-95% RH range, lower hysteresis, less effect of ageing and
high reproducibility. It was observed that as resistance of the pellets continuously decreased when relative
humidity in the chamber was increased from 15% to 95%. As calculated from Scherer’s formula, crystallite size
for the sensing elements of SnO2 doped WO3 are in 11–234 nm range, respectively.
Similar to Prepare and study some mechanical and electrical properties of k al(so4)2.12 h2o as aqueous solutions (20)
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
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Prepare and study some mechanical and electrical properties of k al(so4)2.12 h2o as aqueous solutions
1. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol.3 No.7, 2013
65
Prepare and Study Some Mechanical and Electrical Properties of
KAl(SO4)2.12H2O as Aqueous Solutions
1
Prof.Dr.Abdul-Kareem J. Al-Bermany
2
Dr.Abdul amir Khalaf Arat
3
Jassim Mohamad Abdul Hussein
1. Babylon University / College of Science / Department of Physics
2. Babylon University / College of basic Education / Department of Science
3. Babylon University / College of Science / Department of Chemistry
(1)
dr.abdulkaream@yahoo.com & (2)
abdul amir Khalaf@yahoo.com
Abstract
Some of physical properties of KAl(SO4)2.12H2O dissolves in distilled water had been studied at different
concentrations (0.05% , 0.075% , 0.1% , 0.125 and 0.15 gm./ml) such as (mechanical and electrical properties),
the mechanical properties such as ultrasonic velocity had been measured by ultrasonic waves system at
frequency 25 KHz, other mechanical properties had been calculated such as absorption coefficient of ultrasonic
waves, relaxation time, relaxation amplitude, specific acoustic impedance, compressibility and bulk modules.
The electrical properties such as electrical conductivity, molar conductivity and degree of dissociation were
measured by conductivity meter, The results show that the specific acoustic impedance and bulk modules are
increasing with the increase of the concentration , absorption coefficient of ultrasonic waves ,compressibility,
relaxation time, relaxation amplitude and shear viscosity are decreasing with increase the concentration, also The
results show that the conductivity is increasing with increase the concentration.
Keywords: KAl(SO4)2.12H2O solution, Electrical properties, Mechanical properties, ultrasound technique.
1. Introduction
This materials is used in many industrial fields that are related to human life, it can be used as a purifying factor
for irrelevant objects that are found in drinking water as it (i.e. crystal) melts with water thus producing Tri-
Alominium Ion which forms a hydroxide with water having a foam –like quality that causes the irrelevant
objects in water to go down the water container, thus it can be removed by mechanical methods [1].
In addition to the above uses, the crystal is used as a purifying factor for injuries and it helps to keep the skin in
a smooth condition in certain illness conditions or surgeries. It can also be used to produce Alominium that is an
important factor in making parts of airplanes and as an element in producing Alomia (Alominium oxide) that is
used as a dying element for satellite dishes and other similar objects [2].
some of mechanical properties of different materials were carried by some workers using ultrasonic
technique[10]. The purpose of this research was to investigate the physical properties of KAl(SO4)2.12H2O as
aqueous solutions by ultrasound wave at fixed frequency (25 KHZ) and know its ability to industrial
applications.
2. Experimental:
1.2 Preparation of Solutions:
We prepared KAl(SO4)2.12H2O with assay (99.8%). and different solutions were prepared by dissolving a
known weights of The KAl(SO4)2.12H2O powder in affixed volume (500 ml) of distilled water under stirring
for ( 10 min). The KAl(SO4)2.12H2O concentrations were (0.05% , 0.075% , 0.1% , 0.125 and 0.15 gm./ml) .
The resulting solution was stirred continuously for (10 min) until the solution mixture became a homogeneous.
2.2 Ultrasonic measurements:
Ultrasonic measurements were made by pulse technique of sender-receiver type (SV-DH-7A/SVX-7 velocity of
sound instrument) with constant frequency (25 KHz), the receiver quartz crystal mounted on a digital vernier
scale of slow motion, the receiver crystal could be displaced parallel to the sender and the samples were put
between sender and receiver. The sender and receiver pulses (waves) were displaced as two traces of cathode ray
oscilloscope, and the digital delay time (t) of receiver pulses were recorded with respect to the thickness of the
samples (x). The pulses height on oscilloscope (CH1) represents incident ultrasonic wave’s amplitude (A0) and
the pulses height on oscilloscope (CH2) represents the receiver ultrasonic wave’s amplitude (A).
2. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol.3 No.7, 2013
66
Generator and Receiver of Ultrasonic Waves
3.2 Theoretical calculation:
The absorption coefficient (α ) was calculated from Lambert – Beer law[3]:
)1(/ )(
0 LLLx
eAA α−
=
Where ( 0A ) is the initially amplitude of the ultrasonic waves,( A ) is the wave amplitude after absorption and
( x ) is the thickness of the sample.
The ultrasonic wave velocity (V ) was calculated using the following equation[4]:
)2(/ LLLtxV =
Where (t ) is time that the waves need to cross the samples (digital obtained from the instrument). Attenuation is
generally proportional to the square of sound frequency so the relaxation amplitude ( D ) was calculated from the
following equation[5] where ( f ) is the ultrasonic frequency:
)3(2
LLL
f
D
α
=
The acoustic impedance of a medium ( Z ), it was calculated by equation[6,7]:
)4(LLLVZ ρ=
Bulk modulus ( K ) is the substance's resistance to uniform compression, it is defined as the pressure increase
needed to decrease the volume; it was calculated by Laplace equation[8] :
)5(2
LLLVK ρ=
Compressibility ( B ) is a measure of the relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a pressure (or
mean stress) change, it was calculated by the following equation[9]:
)6()( 12
LLL−
= VB ρ
The relaxation time (τ ) was calculated from the equation[10]:
)7(34 2
LLLVS ρητ =
the viscosity of the samples was measured by knowing absorption coefficient using the equation: [11]
η shear = 3 α ρ v3
/ 8 π2
F2
…….. (8)
4.2 Conductivity measurements:
The conductivity was measured using (DDS – 307 microprocessor conductivity meter -England) [12], the
calibration was made and the correction factor taken account in measuring the samples, all conductivities values
obtained for KAl(SO4)2.12H2O, the figure shows conductivity meter.
3. Chemistry and Materials Research
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol.3 No.7, 2013
5.2 Theoretical calculations:
The molar conductivity (Λm) is defined as the conductivity of an electrolyte solution divided by the molar
concentration of the electrolyte, and so measures the efficiency with which a given electrolyte conducts
electricity in solution, it calculated by [1
Where σ is the conductivity and (c) is the molar concentration.
The degree of dissociation (D) is calculated by the following equation [15]:
Where Λo is the extrapolation of molar conductivity to infinite dilution
conductivity.
3. Results and Discussion:
1.3 Mechanical properties:
Since there is no interaction or network formation between the two types of molecules (solvent and solute)
because of absence of bonding attachments. The s
bonding this lead to molecules to have free movement inside solution then allow ultrasound waves passes with
out changes shows in (Fig.1)[16]. (Fig.2) shows that absorption coefficient is increasing
attributed to the fact that when KAL(SO4)2.12H2O
solution this lead to more attenuation against wave propagation, the attenuation can be attributed to the friction
and heat exchange between the particles and the surrounding medium as well as to the decay of the acoustic
wave in the forward direction due to scattering by the Particles, this behavior same to that give by [11] for other
materials, Compressibility of samples was calc
that the compressibility are increasing with increasing concentration this behavior same to that given by [17.18]
for other materials; this could be attributed that ultrasonic waves propag
together, this change confirmation and configuration of these molecules. bulk modulus is decreasing with
concentration as shown in(Fig.4) because The compressibility is increasing with the increase of concentration
(Fig.3) There are inverse proportionality between compressibility and bulk modulus .
Specific acoustic impedance shown in (Fig.5) is decreasing with concentrations this behavior same to that given
[18] for other Materials. Ultrasonic relaxation amplitude was
(Fig.6) and Ultrasonic relaxation time was calculated by using equation no. (7) Shown in (Fig.7) these values are
increasing with concentration, this behavior is the same to that given by [6] for other mater
the fact that ultrasonic energy depends on viscosity ,thermal conductivity, scattering and intermolecular
processes .Thermal conductivity, scattering are known to be negligible , so viscosity is responsible for the
increase of relaxation amplitude for this reason absorption coefficient commonly known as visco
[11] Shear Viscosity shown in (Fig .8) is increasing with concentration, this attributed to the mechanism that
hydrogen bonding of water attached to oxygen sites, th
molecules.
2.3 Electrical properties:
The measured conductivity of all
figure (9), this shows that increases the ions in the solu
0956 (Online)
67
) is defined as the conductivity of an electrolyte solution divided by the molar
concentration of the electrolyte, and so measures the efficiency with which a given electrolyte conducts
electricity in solution, it calculated by [13, 14]:
Λm = σ/c……(9)
Where σ is the conductivity and (c) is the molar concentration.
The degree of dissociation (D) is calculated by the following equation [15]:
D= Λm/Λo … (10)
is the extrapolation of molar conductivity to infinite dilution the limiting value of the molar
Since there is no interaction or network formation between the two types of molecules (solvent and solute)
because of absence of bonding attachments. The solute molecules dispersion through the solvent with out
bonding this lead to molecules to have free movement inside solution then allow ultrasound waves passes with
out changes shows in (Fig.1)[16]. (Fig.2) shows that absorption coefficient is increasing
when KAL(SO4)2.12H2O concentration increase there will be more molecules in
solution this lead to more attenuation against wave propagation, the attenuation can be attributed to the friction
ange between the particles and the surrounding medium as well as to the decay of the acoustic
wave in the forward direction due to scattering by the Particles, this behavior same to that give by [11] for other
materials, Compressibility of samples was calculated using Laplace equation no. (6), the results in Fig. (3) show
that the compressibility are increasing with increasing concentration this behavior same to that given by [17.18]
for other materials; this could be attributed that ultrasonic waves propagation made molecule to be each close
together, this change confirmation and configuration of these molecules. bulk modulus is decreasing with
concentration as shown in(Fig.4) because The compressibility is increasing with the increase of concentration
.3) There are inverse proportionality between compressibility and bulk modulus .
Specific acoustic impedance shown in (Fig.5) is decreasing with concentrations this behavior same to that given
[18] for other Materials. Ultrasonic relaxation amplitude was calculated by using equation no.(3) and shown in
(Fig.6) and Ultrasonic relaxation time was calculated by using equation no. (7) Shown in (Fig.7) these values are
increasing with concentration, this behavior is the same to that given by [6] for other mater
the fact that ultrasonic energy depends on viscosity ,thermal conductivity, scattering and intermolecular
processes .Thermal conductivity, scattering are known to be negligible , so viscosity is responsible for the
ation amplitude for this reason absorption coefficient commonly known as visco
Shear Viscosity shown in (Fig .8) is increasing with concentration, this attributed to the mechanism that
hydrogen bonding of water attached to oxygen sites, this leads to salvation sheaths and increase the size of the
The measured conductivity of all KAL(SO4)2.12H2O solutions for different concentrations were plotted in
figure (9), this shows that increases the ions in the solution and reducing the number of dipole moment of
www.iiste.org
) is defined as the conductivity of an electrolyte solution divided by the molar
concentration of the electrolyte, and so measures the efficiency with which a given electrolyte conducts
the limiting value of the molar
Since there is no interaction or network formation between the two types of molecules (solvent and solute)
olute molecules dispersion through the solvent with out
bonding this lead to molecules to have free movement inside solution then allow ultrasound waves passes with
out changes shows in (Fig.1)[16]. (Fig.2) shows that absorption coefficient is increasing with concentration this
concentration increase there will be more molecules in
solution this lead to more attenuation against wave propagation, the attenuation can be attributed to the friction
ange between the particles and the surrounding medium as well as to the decay of the acoustic
wave in the forward direction due to scattering by the Particles, this behavior same to that give by [11] for other
ulated using Laplace equation no. (6), the results in Fig. (3) show
that the compressibility are increasing with increasing concentration this behavior same to that given by [17.18]
ation made molecule to be each close
together, this change confirmation and configuration of these molecules. bulk modulus is decreasing with
concentration as shown in(Fig.4) because The compressibility is increasing with the increase of concentration
Specific acoustic impedance shown in (Fig.5) is decreasing with concentrations this behavior same to that given
calculated by using equation no.(3) and shown in
(Fig.6) and Ultrasonic relaxation time was calculated by using equation no. (7) Shown in (Fig.7) these values are
increasing with concentration, this behavior is the same to that given by [6] for other materials ,and attributed to
the fact that ultrasonic energy depends on viscosity ,thermal conductivity, scattering and intermolecular
processes .Thermal conductivity, scattering are known to be negligible , so viscosity is responsible for the
ation amplitude for this reason absorption coefficient commonly known as visco- absorption
Shear Viscosity shown in (Fig .8) is increasing with concentration, this attributed to the mechanism that
is leads to salvation sheaths and increase the size of the
solutions for different concentrations were plotted in
tion and reducing the number of dipole moment of the
4. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol.3 No.7, 2013
68
KAL(SO4)2.12H2O and water molecules then there will be ionic conduction which make conductivity increase
[16]. The molar conductivity of all samples were shown in figure (10) and decreasing with increasing
concentrations, this can be attributed to the fact that the dielectric constant of the mixtures increases because of
the stronger hydrogen-bonding interactions [14] and in dilute concentrations it has higher values than that in high
concentration , this attributed that there is no intermolecular interactions occurs , the electrostatics repulsing
leads to a reduction of intermolecular bonding and increase of KAL(SO4).12H2O dimensions whereas higher
concentration lead to inhibition of intermolecular bonding [15]. The extrapolation of this plot to infinite dilution
gives the limiting value of molar conductivity; this is the value when the ions are so far a part that they do not
interact [12, 17, 18], Ostwald of dilution indicates that complete dissociation when the dilution approach infinite
therefore the dilute solution may be represented as strong electrolyte [20,21] the value of degree of dissociation
has the range 0≤ D ≤1 for strong electrolyte D=1 and for weak electrolyte D=0 [15] , figure (11) shows that
KAL(SO4).12H2O stronge electrolyte, according to KAL(SO4).12H2O ionic characteristics and figure also
shows that this curve obey Ostwald law of dilution for aqueous solutions.
4. Conclusions:
1. ultrasonic absorption coefficient increases with increasing concentration so it can be used as coated
materials for moving bodies in order to detect by ultrasonic technique .
2. the shear Viscosity increases with concentration because of the increasing in the size of the molecules,
so it reduce tensile strength and increase its chains viscosity which is responsible for the increase of
relaxation amplitude.
3. this composite has good mechanical properties so it may use as resistant materials against environment.
4. the conductivity increases when concentration is increasing so it can be used in electrical circuits with
sensing range of electrical conductivity.
5. References
1. Martin S.Silberberg , Third Edition Chemistry the molecular Nature Of Matter and change , copy rights
by the Mc Graw-Hill companies, Inc.
2. Raymond change , chemistry Eighth Edition , Mc Graw-Hill companies, Inc.
3. Zong fang Wu1 and Dong C. Liu (2011) “Method of improved scattered size estimation without
Attenuation known a priori” Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (ICBBE), 4th International
Conference, IEEE, 8(10).
4. Boutouyrie P, Briet M, Collin C, Vermeersch S and Pannier B (2009) “Assessment of pulse wave
velocity”, ArteryResearch, 3 (1).
5. Josef and Herbert Krautkramer (1990) “Ultrasonic testing of materials” 4th
edition, Springer.
6. Jarth Mc-Hugh (2008). a thesis PhD Bundesanstalt fur Material for schung und - prufung (BAM),
Germany.
7. Al-Bermany K.J. (2010) “Enhancement of mechanical properties using gamma radiation for HEC
Polymer”, Journal of college of Education, Babylon University, 1(5).
8. Siddhartha Roy ,Alexander Winner ,Tillman Beck Thomas Studnitzky and Gunter Stephanie (2011)
“Mechanical properties of cellular solids produced from hollow stainless steel spheres” J Mater Sci.
9. R. Palani and S. Kalavathy (2011), volumetric compressibility and transport studies on molecular
Interactions of mono, di and tri saccharine in aqueous sodium butyrate mixtures at 303.15 K, Advances
in Applied Science Research, (2011), 2 (2).
10. Curi E.,Campana S. (2006), Journal of Macromolecules science chem.A431,4.
11. Ehssan D.J, a thesis M.Sc (2004) “Gamma relaxation effect on some physical properties of polymer
xanzan cellulose” university of Babylon.
12. Zhuo, K., Liu, H., Tang, J., Chen, Y., Wang, J.: Interactions of sodium halides with sugars in water: a
study of viscosity and 1H spin-lattice relaxation time. J. Phys. Chem. B 113, (2009).
13. The best test preparation for the GRE Graduate Record Examination Chemistry Test. Published by the
Research and Education Association, (2000).
14. Al-Bermany K. (1995) “a study of the physicals properties of some cellulose derivative polymers” Ph.D.
thesis, Al-Mustansirya University, Iraq.
15. Barthel, J.M.G., Krienke, H., Kunz, W.: Physical Chemistry of Electrolyte Solutions. Springer,
Darmstadt (1998).
16. E.Foled, M.Iring and F.tudds (1988)”degradation of HDPE and LLDPE in closed mixing chamber”,
polymer Bulletin J.Vol20, no.1.
17. Al-Bermany (2009), Journal of college of Education, Babylon University, vol.1, no.5.
18. Formageau J., Brusseau E. Vary D., Gimenez G. and Chartre P.(2003)”characterization of PVA cryogel
5. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol.3 No.7, 2013
69
for intravascular ultrasound elasticity imaging”, IEEE transactions on ultrasonic ferroelectrics and
frequency control,Vol.50,issue 10.
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Velocity(m/sec)
Concentration (gm/ml) %
Figure.1. Velocity due to concentration
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
UltrasonicAbsorptionCoefficient
(m-1)
Concentration (gm/ml) %
Fig.2. Absorption coefficient due to concentration
10. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol.3 No.7, 2013
74
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
DegreeofDissociation
Concentration (gm/ml) %
Fig.11. Degree of Dissociation due to concentration
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