This study evaluated the rutting performance of hot mix asphalt containing recycled asphalt mixes using a flow time test. Two mixes were designed using the Marshall mix design method - one without recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and one with up to 40% RAP. Cylindrical samples were tested under a constant load at high temperature to measure flow time, which indicates rutting resistance. The results showed that mixes containing RAP had higher flow times, and therefore better rutting resistance, than the mix without RAP. Specifically, mixes with 10-20% RAP showed significantly increased flow times compared to the 0% RAP mix. The study suggests using RAP can improve rutting performance of as
Developing an Environmentally Sustainable Hot Mix Asphalt Using Recycled Conc...IJERA Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc
Developing an Environmentally Sustainable Hot Mix Asphalt Using Recycled Conc...IJERA Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc
Dave Aver, City of Santa Rosa, and Greg Reader, George Reed Inc., deliver a presentation on Superpave Mix Designs, test methods and how the results are incorporated in the final Job Mix Formula. Presentation delivered on Nov. 7, 2019 at the California Asphalt Pavement Association Fall Asphalt Pavement Conference in Sacramento, Calif.
Structural design and economic evaluation of roller compacted concrete pavementSalih Taner YILDIRIM
Abut, Y., & Yildirim, S. T. (2017, October). Structural design and economic evaluation of roller compacted concrete pavement with recycled aggregates. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 245, No. 2, p. 022064). IOP Publishing.
Presentation by Jack Van Kir,, Director of Asphalt Technology, George Reed Inc. on best practices for Rubberized Hot Mix Asphalt (RHMA) Mix Design. Presentation delivered during the CalAPA Fall Asphalt Pavement Conference Oct. 26-27, 2016 in Sacramento, Calif.
Utilisation of RAP (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement) Material Obtained By Milling ...IJERA Editor
Some practical options to use the RAP material in urban areas and thereby achieving economy in the construction besides solving the raised level of roads, effective disposal of RAP and above all using the principles of environment friendly Green technology that is: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
Behaviour of pavement quality concrete with reclaimed asphalt pavement aggreg...eSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete is the basic material in all construction works and coarse aggregates constitute more than 50% of the mix. But the
procurement and generation of natural aggregates is getting difficult day by day because of lack of natural source and
environmental effects. In search of alternative for natural aggregates, lead to the usage of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
aggregates, which are produced abundantly due to replacement of Flexible Pavements with Rigid Pavements in India. This study
is taken up to determine the variation of different properties of strength and mainly durability of concrete pavements with natural
aggregates and RAP aggregates. The cubes will be casted and tested for Strength and Flexural Strength is also determined by
casting beams. The results can be analyzed to identify the importance of RAP aggregates for its effective and efficient usage for
present scenario of India. The RAP Aggregates are procured from NICE, Bangalore. And it is checked for the effective utilization
in Concrete Pavements. RAP aggregates are replaced with Natural Aggregates by 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% and evaluated.
Also the fatigue models are developed by testing the beams under repeated loadings by considering stress ratio of 65%, 75% and
85%.
Keywords: Concrete, Fatigue Models, Flexible Pavements, Flexural Strength, Natural Aggregates, Reclaimed Asphalt
Pavement (RAP), Repeated Loadings, Rigid Pavements, Stress Ratio.
A Comparison of Multimodal Chromatographic Resin: Protein Binding & SelectivityKBI Biopharma
A presentation from 2015 by KBI Biopharma on: Mixed Mode Chromatography, Mixed Mode Resin characterization, Comparison of Mixed Mode Resins, High throughput method for identifying optimal operating ranges for mixed mode resins, Chromatography experiments to characterize HCP & HMW removal.
In the recent years, the rapid growths of population and industrialization levels have been
resulted in increased for demand of transportation. In addition, this growth increases the traffic loads
which cause several pavement distresses such as rutting. Several trials were made to control
pavement rutting by mix enhancement. These trials were already limited pavement rutting, but on the
other hand showed pavement cracking as a result of lower flexibility for the modified pavements.
This study aims at investigating the effect of crumb rubber on the characteristics of asphalt mixes. To
achieve this objective, crumb rubber with different percentages of fine aggregate (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20,
24 and 28%) were used to manufacture the investigated asphalt mixes. Marshall designs were used to
obtain the optimum asphalt contents and the corresponding characteristics of the investigated mixes.
Other mix characteristics including Marshall stiffness, loss of stability, tensile strength as well as
rutting resistance were measured for the investigated mixes. Loss of stability test, indirect tensile test
(ITT) and wheel tracking test (WTT) were conducted to measure these characteristics. Analyzing the
study results showed that, the use of crumb rubber has a noticeable effect on the characteristics of
asphalt mixes. It is noticed that, the use of rubber percent up to 16% by weight of fine aggregate
increases the pavement resistance to cracking and does not greatly affect the pavement resistance to
rutting.
Dave Aver, City of Santa Rosa, and Greg Reader, George Reed Inc., deliver a presentation on Superpave Mix Designs, test methods and how the results are incorporated in the final Job Mix Formula. Presentation delivered on Nov. 7, 2019 at the California Asphalt Pavement Association Fall Asphalt Pavement Conference in Sacramento, Calif.
Structural design and economic evaluation of roller compacted concrete pavementSalih Taner YILDIRIM
Abut, Y., & Yildirim, S. T. (2017, October). Structural design and economic evaluation of roller compacted concrete pavement with recycled aggregates. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 245, No. 2, p. 022064). IOP Publishing.
Presentation by Jack Van Kir,, Director of Asphalt Technology, George Reed Inc. on best practices for Rubberized Hot Mix Asphalt (RHMA) Mix Design. Presentation delivered during the CalAPA Fall Asphalt Pavement Conference Oct. 26-27, 2016 in Sacramento, Calif.
Utilisation of RAP (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement) Material Obtained By Milling ...IJERA Editor
Some practical options to use the RAP material in urban areas and thereby achieving economy in the construction besides solving the raised level of roads, effective disposal of RAP and above all using the principles of environment friendly Green technology that is: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
Behaviour of pavement quality concrete with reclaimed asphalt pavement aggreg...eSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete is the basic material in all construction works and coarse aggregates constitute more than 50% of the mix. But the
procurement and generation of natural aggregates is getting difficult day by day because of lack of natural source and
environmental effects. In search of alternative for natural aggregates, lead to the usage of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
aggregates, which are produced abundantly due to replacement of Flexible Pavements with Rigid Pavements in India. This study
is taken up to determine the variation of different properties of strength and mainly durability of concrete pavements with natural
aggregates and RAP aggregates. The cubes will be casted and tested for Strength and Flexural Strength is also determined by
casting beams. The results can be analyzed to identify the importance of RAP aggregates for its effective and efficient usage for
present scenario of India. The RAP Aggregates are procured from NICE, Bangalore. And it is checked for the effective utilization
in Concrete Pavements. RAP aggregates are replaced with Natural Aggregates by 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% and evaluated.
Also the fatigue models are developed by testing the beams under repeated loadings by considering stress ratio of 65%, 75% and
85%.
Keywords: Concrete, Fatigue Models, Flexible Pavements, Flexural Strength, Natural Aggregates, Reclaimed Asphalt
Pavement (RAP), Repeated Loadings, Rigid Pavements, Stress Ratio.
A Comparison of Multimodal Chromatographic Resin: Protein Binding & SelectivityKBI Biopharma
A presentation from 2015 by KBI Biopharma on: Mixed Mode Chromatography, Mixed Mode Resin characterization, Comparison of Mixed Mode Resins, High throughput method for identifying optimal operating ranges for mixed mode resins, Chromatography experiments to characterize HCP & HMW removal.
In the recent years, the rapid growths of population and industrialization levels have been
resulted in increased for demand of transportation. In addition, this growth increases the traffic loads
which cause several pavement distresses such as rutting. Several trials were made to control
pavement rutting by mix enhancement. These trials were already limited pavement rutting, but on the
other hand showed pavement cracking as a result of lower flexibility for the modified pavements.
This study aims at investigating the effect of crumb rubber on the characteristics of asphalt mixes. To
achieve this objective, crumb rubber with different percentages of fine aggregate (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20,
24 and 28%) were used to manufacture the investigated asphalt mixes. Marshall designs were used to
obtain the optimum asphalt contents and the corresponding characteristics of the investigated mixes.
Other mix characteristics including Marshall stiffness, loss of stability, tensile strength as well as
rutting resistance were measured for the investigated mixes. Loss of stability test, indirect tensile test
(ITT) and wheel tracking test (WTT) were conducted to measure these characteristics. Analyzing the
study results showed that, the use of crumb rubber has a noticeable effect on the characteristics of
asphalt mixes. It is noticed that, the use of rubber percent up to 16% by weight of fine aggregate
increases the pavement resistance to cracking and does not greatly affect the pavement resistance to
rutting.
Suntainable Road Infrasructure Development In Nigeria': Addressing the proble...NSEAkure
Maintainace Management as an Essential part for sustainable of the instegrated Infrasturcture plan by Engr. Kupolati and Engr. ogunmola @the nse conference in #thedome @ #Akure #Nigeria
Study on rutting and surface behaviour of urban flexible pavementeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Laboratory investigation on hot mix asphalt using reclaimed asphalt pavement ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Self-compacting Concrete Study using Recycled Asphalt Pavement Incorporating ...IJCMESJOURNAL
This research evaluates the feasibility of using recycles asphalt pavement (RAP) and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in self consolidating concrete (SCC). The fresh, mechanical and durability properties of SCC mixtures were investigated. A total of sixteen mixtures divided into four groups with different RAP proportions: 0, 15, 30, and 55% replacing the natural coarse aggregate (NCA), and different percentages of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) replacing cement:60% Fly ash (FA), 60% ground granulated blast furnace slag (S), and 30% FA and 30% S. Constant water to cementitious materials ratio of 0.4 was maintained in all mixtures. The compressive strengths at 3, 14 and 28 days and split tensile strength at 28 days were tested. The durability characteristics including the unrestrained shrinkage strain and rapid chloride permeability (RCPT) tests were conducted. The results show that while the use of RAP reduces both the compressive and tensile strengths of SCC mixtures, it increases the resistance to chloride permeability.
A Review on use of Bituminous Pavementwastes in Cement Concreteijtsrd
In general, aggregate make up 60 75 of concrete volume, so their selection is important, also they control concrete properties. Aggregate provide strength and wear resistance in these applications. Hence, the selection and proportioning of aggregate should be given careful attention. The aggregate is generally coarse gravel or crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, along with a fine aggregate such as sand or stone dust. Bulk of pavement structure is formed by aggregate. This paper presents a review on the use of bituminous pavement wastes in cement concrete. This will help in achieving economy in road construction as well as saving environmental degradation in term of reduced mining and less pollution. Gulshan | Nitin thakur "A Review on use of Bituminous Pavementwastes in Cement Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28043.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/28043/a-review-on-use-of-bituminous-pavementwastes-in-cement-concrete/gulshan
Effects of Fiberglass on the Strength of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This research study investigates the effect of fiberglass content on the strength of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) material as a subbase layer of flexible pavement. Laboratory modified proctor and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were conducted on the mixture of RAP and fiberglass. The obtained results show that, 100% RAP material can be used as subbase material. In addition to that, there is a slight reduction in maximum dry density (γdmax) values when RAP is blended with fiberglass. Similarly, the soaked and unsoaked CBR values of the mixture decreased slightly. However, the mixture of RAP and fiberglass achieved the specification requirements as a subbase layer according to the Egyptian specifications. The relationship between fiberglass content and maximum dry density of RAP is found to be linear. Also, a linear relationship exists between percentage of fiberglass and unsoaked CBR. Finally, the relationship between the percentage of fiberglass and soaked CBR is found to be nonlinear.
Indian Rice Husk Ash – Improving the Mechanical Properties of Concrete: A ReviewIJERA Editor
The objective of this paper is to study a review of Indian Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as a partial cement replacement in different percentage and performance of strength and durability of RHA blended concrete. The demand for producing durable construction material is the result of the environmental pollution. Supplementary cementitious materials prove to be effective to meet most of the requirements of durable concrete, RHA is available in plenty to other supplementary materials like silica fume and fly ash, Due to its high pozzolanic activity, and the strength and durability of concrete are improved. This paper presents an over view of the work carried out on the use of Indian RHA to improve the strength and durability of concrete
Experimental investigations on the performance of bituminous mixes with recla...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A LABORATORY STUDY ON ACID MODIFIED BITUMINOUS MIXES IN COMPARISON FOR RUTTIN...civejjour
The rapid growth in trafficload intensity, tire pressure and traffic volume has put a hugedemand on pavements to perform satisfactorily for the design period. A number of efforts are made in the past to develop pavement materials that helped in attaining longer serviceability. Most of these efforts were directed towards improving the design of bituminous mix through modified bituminous binders. In this context an attempt is made to evaluate rutting characteristics of conventional bitumen modified with Poly phosphoric Acid (PPA). Immersion Type Wheel Rutting Machine was used for evaluation of rutting characteristics and is considered as one of the major critical criteria for design of pavement. Poly phosphoric Acid (PPA) is added as modifier to virgin bitumen (VG – 30) at regular interval of 1% up to 6% to the weight of Bitumen. Bituminous Concrete of Grade-II is considered for Analysis. Slabs of 400X300X50mm are prepared for evaluation of rutting characteristics. Stability, density, voids and flow parameters were determined using marshal test method for virgin and PPA modified mix. The result of immersion wheel rutting explains that acid modified binders resist more rutting compared to virgin binders. Acid modified mixes at 3% optimum performs better in rutting characteristics when tested in laboratory for induced applied pressures, load and number of passes.
A Laboratory Study on Acid Modified Bituminous Mixes in Comparison for Ruttin...civej
The rapid growth in trafficload intensity, tire pressure and traffic volume has put a hugedemand on
pavements to perform satisfactorily for the design period. A number of efforts are made in the past to
develop pavement materials that helped in attaining longer serviceability. Most of these efforts were
directed towards improving the design of bituminous mix through modified bituminous binders. In this
context an attempt is made to evaluate rutting characteristics of conventional bitumen modified with Poly
phosphoric Acid (PPA). Immersion Type Wheel Rutting Machine was used for evaluation of rutting
characteristics and is considered as one of the major critical criteria for design of pavement. Poly
phosphoric Acid (PPA) is added as modifier to virgin bitumen (VG – 30) at regular interval of 1% up to
6% to the weight of Bitumen. Bituminous Concrete of Grade-II is considered for Analysis. Slabs of
400X300X50mm are prepared for evaluation of rutting characteristics. Stability, density, voids and flow
parameters were determined using marshal test method for virgin and PPA modified mix. The result of
immersion wheel rutting explains that acid modified binders resist more rutting compared to virgin
binders. Acid modified mixes at 3% optimum performs better in rutting characteristics when tested in
laboratory for induced applied pressures, load and number of passes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
"Heart failure is a typical clinical accompanied by symptoms syndrome (e.g. shortness of breath, ankle swelling and fatigue) that lead to structural or functional abnormalities of the heart (e.g. high venous pressure, pulmonary edema and peripheral edema).
In recent years, the significant role of B-type natriuretic peptide has been revealed in the pathogenesis of heart disease and the use of the drug sacubitril/valsartan has started. It has a positive effect on the regulation of the level of B-type natriuretic peptide in the body. It is obviously seen from the the world literature that natriuretic peptides play an important role in the pathophysiology of heart failure. For this reason, many studies suggest that the importance of natriuretic peptides in the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure is recommended.
Due to this, we tried to investigate the effects of a comprehensive medication therapy with a combination of sacubitril/valsartan in the patients with chronic heart failure."
Parallel generators of pseudo random numbers with control of calculation errors
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1. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Impact Factor (2012): 3.358
Evaluation of Rutting Performances of Hot Mix
Asphalt Containing Recycled Asphalt Mixes using
Flow Time Test
Darshita Tiwari1, Anoop Patel2
1Department of Civil Engineering, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science Indore (M.P.) India, 452003
2Department of Civil Engineering, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science Indore (M.P.) India, 452003
Abstract: Utilization of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) has gained worldwide popularity in highway industry recently. Use of RAP in
asphalt mixes can reduce cost of materials (aggregates and bitumen), conserve aggregates and asphalt, save environment, and help solve
the problem of solid waste disposal. However, construction of highways with RAP is not as popular in India as it expected to be due to lack
of laboratory facilities and field performance data. In this study, the objective was to conduct a laboratory investigation of rutting
resistance of hot mix asphalt containing RAP. Two mixes, one without RAP and the other with up to 40% RAP (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%)
were designed in the laboratory using Marshall mix design method. It can be comprehended that using RAP not only reduce the cost of
construction but also increases the characteristics of mixes as it was seen that inclusion of RAP increases rutting performance of a mix.
Overall, the present study would be helpful to characterize mixes containing RAP.
Keyword: recycled asphalt pavement, hot mix asphalt, flow time, rutting resistance.
1. Introduction
methodology is presented in Figure 1. The project started
with materials collection, mix design, and performance
Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is a material collected
evaluation of mixes in laboratory. The detail discussion on
from deteriorated and structurally deficient flexible
each of the task is presented below.
pavements. The RAP contains aggregates coated with
bitumen. Use of RAP in asphalt mixes can reduce cost of
materials (aggregates and bitumen), conserve aggregates and
asphalt which can help save the environment, and also help
solve the problem of solid waste disposal. According to a
survey conducted by National Asphalt Association (NAPA)
in partnership with Federal highway Association (FHWA),
about 86.7 million tons of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP)
was utilized in construction of flexible pavements in US
during 2012. However, due to the lack of laboratory facilities
and field performance data, agencies and contractors are not
trained enough to judge the quality of RAP materials and to
design a mix containing RAP. Moreover, non-availability of
standards and specification and variability of RAP, and past
bitter experience with RAP have demotivated many industry
and highway engineers to promote utilization of RAP. It is
expected that aged binder in RAP may produce stiffer mixes,
resulting in lower fatigue and brittle mixes. Many researchers
have reported that addition of RAP results in better rutting
resistance of mixes (Kanishak et al.,). However, limited
Figure 1: Flow Chart of Methodology
studies have been done on evaluation of rutting performances
of mixes containing RAP.
4. Materials Collection
2. Objectives
The aggregates of different sizes: 20 mm and 10 mm down
and stone dust were collected from J.M. Mhatre Infra Private
Study rutting performance of asphalt mixes with and without
Limited. The aggregate was a basaltic rock with dark grey
RAP (up to 40% RAP) using flow time test
colour. The asphalt binder sample of viscosity grade (VG)
was collected from Hindustan Colas Limited. The VG30
3. Methodology
binder is generally used for construction of flexible
pavements in India as per Indian Road Congress
specification. RAP was collected from Indore. This road
In this study, a bituminous concrete (BC) Grade-1 was
needed resurfacing due to potholes and other distresses, and
designed as per MoRTH specification with (0% RAP) and
hence top 40 mm of the pavement was removed by milling.
without (0 to 40%) RAP content. The flow chart of the
Volume 3 Issue 10, October 2014
www.ijsr.net
Paper ID: OCT14463 1660
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
2. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Impact Factor (2012): 3.358
4.1 Mix Design
The Marshall mix design procedure was employed to design
mixture. Materials meet the gradation specification of
MoRTH and all the mixtures were adjusted to keep the
similar aggregate structures after RAP was added, gradation
curves of aggregates is shown in Figure 1and gradation
curves of filler and stone dust is shown in Figure 2 . Table 3
presents the different asphalt contribution from RAP and
virgin asphalt.
Table 1: Asphalt contribution from RAP and virgin
Volume 3 Issue 10, October 2014
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
asphalt
RAP
(%)
OBC (%) Virgin Binder
to be added (%)
Binder from
RAP (%)
Binder
Saving (%)
0 5.41 5.41 - -
10 4.89 4.89 0.49 9
20 4.25 4.25 1.12 20.7
30 3.92 3.92 1.61 29.76
40 2.83 2.83 2.26 41.77
OBC= Optimum Bitumen Content, RAP= Reclaimed
Asphalt Pavement
5. Laboratory Performance Tests
Rutting Performance Using Flow Time
Rutting is one of the major distresses in a flexible pavement
which can lead to early failure. The rutting is caused due to
application of repeated loads which results in densification
and lateral plastic flow under the wheel path. The flow time
has been recognized as one of the important tests to evaluate
rutting performance of asphalt mixes. In this test, a static
load of selected magnitude is applied for 10,000 s to a
cylindrical sample of 100 mm diameter and 150 mm height.
The test is generally conducted a higher temperature to
simulate rutting behavior of a pavement. The permanent
deformation is measured with time. The plot of permanent
deformation versus time has three different zones: primary
zone (reflecting initial densification stage), secondary zone
(indicate long time densification), and tertiary zone (shear
failure) which is shown in Figure 2. A flow time is defined
as a time where zone shifts from secondary to tertiary. A
flow time is an indication of rutting performance of a mix. A
higher flow time value indicates stronger mix and vice versa.
The rutting performance of asphalt mixes containing
different percentages of RAP (i.e., 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and
40%) were evaluated in the laboratory.
Figure 2: Different Zones of Rutting in Flow Time Test
The samples of 100 mm diameter and 150 mm in height
were prepared in the laboratory using Marshall sample
compactor with target air void in range of 5±1%. The
number of blows was changed accordingly to achieve the
target air voids in the compacted samples. This test was
performed as uniaxial static creep test. Cylindrical samples
were subjected to a constant compressive load of 500 kPa at
a test temperature of 550C for 10,000 seconds. The samples
were kept in water for 2 hours to achieve test temperature
which is shown in Figure 3. The resulting axial strain was
measured as a function of time and numerically
differentiated to calculate the flow time which is defined as
the time corresponding to the minimum rate of change of
axial strain.
Figure 3: Flow time specimen testing
Paper ID: OCT14463 1661
3. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Impact Factor (2012): 3.358
6. Results and Discussion
The rutting performance of different types of HMA-RAP
mixes is presented in Figure 4. A high value of flow time
indicates a stronger mix, and better rut resistance. The
results show the addition of RAP increases flow time. For
example, addition of 10%, and 20% RAP resulted in an
increase in flow time from 1925 seconds (0% RAP) to
approximately 2250 seconds and 8750 seconds flow time,
respectively. The addition to 30% and 40% RAP resulted in
flow time greater than 10,000 seconds, indicating no sign of
failure of a sample. The increase in rut resistance of a mix
with addition of RAP can be due to the addition of aged and
stiffer binders.
Figure 4: Comparison of Flow Time
7. Summary and Conclusions
The construction of highways with RAP materials is not as
popular in India as it expected to be, due to lack of
laboratory and field performance data. The present study
was undertaken to design and evaluate performance of
bituminous mixes containing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 30%
RAP. The results show that RAP mix is better rut resistance
than a mix without RAP. The results show the addition of
RAP increases flow time. For example, addition of 10%, and
20% RAP resulted in increase in flow time from 1925
seconds (0% RAP) to approximately 2250 seconds and 8750
seconds flow time, respectively. The addition to 30% and
40% RAP resulted in flow time greater than 10,000 seconds,
indicating no sign of failure of a sample. The increase in rut
resistance of a mix with addition of RAP can be due to the
addition of aged and stiffer binders.
8. Recommendations
1. The rutting performance of HMA and WMA mixes
should be evaluated based on the accelerated rutting test
methods, such as Hamburg wheel tracking test
2. The effects of RAP on other laboratory performance
parameters namely, dynamic modulus, creep compliance
should be evaluated.
3. The effects of rejuvenators should be evaluated to use
higher percentages of RAP in the laboratory
4. Overall, a field demonstration project should be carried
out to validate laboratory performance of mixes
containing RAP
References
[1] Ali, H. and Grzybowski, K. (2012). “Life Cycle of Hot
In-Place Pavement Recycling”, Transportation Research
Record 2292, Washington, D.C., pp. 29–35.
[2] Huang, B., Shu, X. and Tang, Y. (2005). “Comparison of
semi-Circular Bending and Indirect Tensile Strength
Tests for HMA Mixtures”, Advances in Pavement
Engineering.
[3] Kanishak, C., Kumar, A., Mallick, R. and Veeraragavan,
A., (2012). “Investigation on Laboratory Performance of
Bituminous Mixes With Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
Materials- A Step Towords Sustainable Road
Infrastructure In India”, Journal of the Indian Roads
Congress Paper No. 584, India, Vol. 73-3.
[4]Mostafa A. Elseifi, Louay N. Mohammad, Hao Yang and
Samuel cooper (2012). “Modeling and Evaluation of the
Cracking Resistance of asphalt Mixtures Using the Semi-
Circular Bending Test at Intermediate Temperature”
Road Materials and Pavement Design, Vol. 13, No. S1,
pp. 124-139.
[5] Zhao, S., Haung, B., Shu, X., Jia, X. and Woods, M.
(2012). “Laboratory Performance Evaluation of Warm
Mix Asphalt Containing High Percentage of RAP”,
Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting.
[6]Mohammad, L.N., Saaadeh, S., Obulareddy, S. and
Cooper, S. (2007). “Characterization of Louisiana
Asphalt Mixtures Using Simple Performance Tests”,
Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting,
Washington, D.C.
[7] Mohammad, L.N., Cooper, S.B. and Mostafa, A.E.
(2011). “Characterization of HMA Mixtures Containing
High Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Content with Crumb
Rubber Additives”, Journal of Material in Civil
Engineering, Vol. 23, pp. 1560-1568.
[8] Ying, H., Mostafa, A.E., Louay, N.M. and Heshmat A.A.
(2013). “A Crack Propagation Model for Asphalt
Mixtures Based on the Cyclic Semi-Circular Bending
Test”, Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting,
Washington, D.C.
[9] Mailick, R.B., Kandhal, P.S. and Bradbury, R.L. (2008).
“Using-Warm Asphalt Technology to Incorporate High
Percentage of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Material in
Asphalt Mixture”, Transportation Research Record
2051, Washington, D.C., pp.
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Paper ID: OCT14463 1662
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY