The education system in Poland is regulated by the Constitution and various acts of parliament. It is divided into pre-primary, primary, lower secondary, upper secondary and higher education. Compulsory education lasts until age 18 and is provided free of charge in public schools. The system is decentralized with responsibilities divided between the national, regional, district and institutional levels. Schools are managed by heads and involve teachers councils, school councils, parents councils and student governments. Funding comes primarily from the national budget.
The Polish education system has several stages: pre-school for ages 3-6, compulsory education from ages 6-18 which includes primary school from ages 7-13 and lower secondary/gymnasium from ages 13-16, and post-compulsory education such as secondary/high school from ages 16-19 and higher education from ages 19-21. Within compulsory education, students are assessed through external exams at the ends of primary school at age 13 and lower secondary at age 16. Admission to further education depends on results from these exams and other criteria set by individual schools. The system includes provisions for special education and qualifications for teachers.
The education system in Poland is centrally managed by the Ministry of National Education and Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Compulsory education begins at age 5 and lasts until age 18, consisting of primary school from ages 6/7-13, and lower secondary (gimnazjum) from ages 13-16. Students then have the option to attend various types of upper secondary schools from ages 16-18/20 to obtain qualifications for employment or higher education. Assessment of students is done continuously by teachers and also through external tests and examinations at the ends of primary school, lower secondary, and post-compulsory education, with the matura examination allowing entrance to university.
- In Poland, pre-primary education is for children ages 3-6 and involves kindergartens or a "0 grade" year to prepare for primary school. Primary school is for ages 7-12.
- Lower secondary education involves gymnasium for ages 13-16, ending with an exam. Upper secondary options include 3-year liceum or 4-year technikum, both ending with a matura exam equivalent to A-levels.
- Post-secondary options include colleges, universities or polytechnics leading to licencjat or magister degrees, with opportunities for Ph.D. or professor titles for the most ambitious students.
The document summarizes Poland's education system. It begins with kindergarten for ages 3-5, then primary school from ages 6-13 which is divided into two steps. Next is junior high school for ages 13-16, followed by optional vocational, general secondary, or technical schools. Universities offer bachelor's and master's degrees. Education is compulsory from ages 6-18 and public schools are free in Poland.
- Children in Poland typically attend pre-primary education between ages 3-5, which is not compulsory. At age 6, education becomes compulsory with an obligatory "0" grade in kindergarten or pre-primary classes attached to primary schools.
- Public kindergartens are administered and financed by local governments. The education system then consists of primary school (ages 7-13), lower secondary/gymnasium (ages 13-16), and secondary/upper secondary school (ages 16-18 or 19/20).
- Schools follow a weekly schedule divided into classes, and students are assessed using a 6-point grading scale with additional "+" or "-" marks. National exams are conducted at various
The education system in Poland has several stages that are either compulsory or optional. Children typically attend primary school from ages 7-13, then lower secondary school from ages 13-16. Students can then choose to attend upper secondary school, such as a general secondary school, vocational school, or technical school, until age 19. Tertiary education is provided at universities and other institutions for students aged 19 and older. There are over 460 higher education institutions in Poland serving over 1.8 million students. The Polish education system is largely funded by the state budget and provides free public education, though some fees may apply at non-public schools and for additional services.
The educational system in Poland is dominated by public schools and includes external examinations at the end of primary and secondary school. Education is compulsory until age 18 and free in public schools. The system is centrally managed by the Ministry of National Education and Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Primary school lasts 8 years and concludes with an examination. Secondary education includes basic vocational, technical, general lyceum, and vocational programs lasting 2-5 years. Higher education takes place at universities and institutes, with bachelor's, master's and doctorate programs available.
The Polish education system has several stages: pre-school for ages 3-6, compulsory education from ages 6-18 which includes primary school from ages 7-13 and lower secondary/gymnasium from ages 13-16, and post-compulsory education such as secondary/high school from ages 16-19 and higher education from ages 19-21. Within compulsory education, students are assessed through external exams at the ends of primary school at age 13 and lower secondary at age 16. Admission to further education depends on results from these exams and other criteria set by individual schools. The system includes provisions for special education and qualifications for teachers.
The education system in Poland is centrally managed by the Ministry of National Education and Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Compulsory education begins at age 5 and lasts until age 18, consisting of primary school from ages 6/7-13, and lower secondary (gimnazjum) from ages 13-16. Students then have the option to attend various types of upper secondary schools from ages 16-18/20 to obtain qualifications for employment or higher education. Assessment of students is done continuously by teachers and also through external tests and examinations at the ends of primary school, lower secondary, and post-compulsory education, with the matura examination allowing entrance to university.
- In Poland, pre-primary education is for children ages 3-6 and involves kindergartens or a "0 grade" year to prepare for primary school. Primary school is for ages 7-12.
- Lower secondary education involves gymnasium for ages 13-16, ending with an exam. Upper secondary options include 3-year liceum or 4-year technikum, both ending with a matura exam equivalent to A-levels.
- Post-secondary options include colleges, universities or polytechnics leading to licencjat or magister degrees, with opportunities for Ph.D. or professor titles for the most ambitious students.
The document summarizes Poland's education system. It begins with kindergarten for ages 3-5, then primary school from ages 6-13 which is divided into two steps. Next is junior high school for ages 13-16, followed by optional vocational, general secondary, or technical schools. Universities offer bachelor's and master's degrees. Education is compulsory from ages 6-18 and public schools are free in Poland.
- Children in Poland typically attend pre-primary education between ages 3-5, which is not compulsory. At age 6, education becomes compulsory with an obligatory "0" grade in kindergarten or pre-primary classes attached to primary schools.
- Public kindergartens are administered and financed by local governments. The education system then consists of primary school (ages 7-13), lower secondary/gymnasium (ages 13-16), and secondary/upper secondary school (ages 16-18 or 19/20).
- Schools follow a weekly schedule divided into classes, and students are assessed using a 6-point grading scale with additional "+" or "-" marks. National exams are conducted at various
The education system in Poland has several stages that are either compulsory or optional. Children typically attend primary school from ages 7-13, then lower secondary school from ages 13-16. Students can then choose to attend upper secondary school, such as a general secondary school, vocational school, or technical school, until age 19. Tertiary education is provided at universities and other institutions for students aged 19 and older. There are over 460 higher education institutions in Poland serving over 1.8 million students. The Polish education system is largely funded by the state budget and provides free public education, though some fees may apply at non-public schools and for additional services.
The educational system in Poland is dominated by public schools and includes external examinations at the end of primary and secondary school. Education is compulsory until age 18 and free in public schools. The system is centrally managed by the Ministry of National Education and Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Primary school lasts 8 years and concludes with an examination. Secondary education includes basic vocational, technical, general lyceum, and vocational programs lasting 2-5 years. Higher education takes place at universities and institutes, with bachelor's, master's and doctorate programs available.
The educational system in Poland was reformed in 1998/1999 and is now compulsory from ages 7 to 18. It consists of pre-school education, elementary school from ages 7-12, gymnasium from ages 13-15, and various options for secondary and post-secondary education. Education is publicly funded and overseen by the Ministry of National Education and local governments, with schools administered at the local level.
The document describes the Polish education system. It consists of pre-primary school (ages 3-6), primary school (ages 7-13), middle school (ages 13-16), high school (ages 16-19), vocational school (ages 16-19), technical college (ages 16-20), and university (ages 19+). Primary and middle schools are mandatory, while high school, vocational school, technical college, and university are optional. The education system prepares students with basic skills in primary school and expands into specific subjects and specializations in middle school, high school, and post-secondary education.
The Polish education system guarantees free compulsory education through age 18. It consists of pre-primary education in kindergarten from ages 3-6, primary school from ages 7-13, lower secondary school from ages 13-16, and various types of upper secondary schools, including general, technical, and vocational, until age 19. Education is divided into stages and follows a national curriculum specifying minimum teaching hours by subject. Students are assessed on a 6-point grading scale, and the school year runs from September to June with breaks for winter and Easter holidays.
The education system in Poland has several levels. Pre-primary education is voluntary for ages 3-4 and finishes at age 6. Primary education for ages 6-13 is compulsory and includes subjects like Polish, history, math, and sciences. Lower secondary school called gimnazjum is for ages 13-16, is compulsory, and has exams that influence admission to upper secondary schools. Upper secondary schools include general or technical schools and vocational schools, and their exams provide a Matura certificate allowing university entrance. Higher education involves bachelor's and master's degree programs at universities like Jagiellonian and Warsaw.
The education system in Poland includes nursery schools, primary schools, secondary schools, post-secondary schools, and vocational or technical schools. Education is compulsory from ages 7 to 18, with primary school and secondary school being mandatory. Primary school is six years and divided into two stages. Secondary school is for students ages 13-16 and focuses on general subjects. Most high schools conclude with a matura exam allowing students to pursue higher education.
The educational system in Poland underwent reforms in 1998/1999 that changed administration, financing, and teachers' rights and duties. Education is now compulsory from ages 7 to 18, though alternatives exist after 16 like apprenticeships. Pre-school education for ages 6 is also mandatory to stimulate development. Elementary school is for ages 7-12, with primary education divided into early learning and systematic learning cycles. Students then choose between general secondary schools, vocational schools, or post-secondary education to become qualified workers or continue to university. Public schools are free while non-public schools can charge fees.
Education in Poland is compulsory between ages 6-18. Public schools are free of charge. Children first attend kindergarten from ages 3-6, then primary school from ages 7-12 where they are not divided into subjects in the early years. From ages 13-15 students attend gymnasium where they study core subjects. Students can then attend vocational or academic high schools. Teachers are required to have a university degree and promote through four degrees over 12 years for higher pay and job security.
The education system in Poland provides for early intervention for disabled children from the time their disability is identified through the beginning of their schooling. It includes nurseries, primary school, lower secondary school, and various types of upper secondary schools. Students with special needs may attend special schools or be integrated into mainstream schools with additional support. The system strives to provide individualized education programs tailored to students' specific needs and abilities. For students with intellectual disabilities, it aims to prepare them for independent living and supported employment through vocational skills training incorporated into the curriculum from primary through post-secondary levels.
System edukacyjny w polsce stary power pointangelus85
Preschool education in Poland is available for children ages 3-6 through a well-established network of state preschools. While not compulsory, 97% of children attend preschool, which aims to promote development, independence, and confidence. Primary education consists of 6 years divided into two stages. Secondary education includes 3 years of lower secondary school (gymnasium) followed by various options for upper secondary education lasting until age 18-20, culminating in the maturity examination. Post-secondary schools provide 2-2.5 years of education in fields like teaching, arts, and medicine for those who have completed secondary school. Tertiary education is offered at universities and other institutions, conferring degrees like magister or in
Bulgaria the education system in my countrybeshirova
The educational system in Bulgaria comprises pre-school, basic education, secondary education, and higher education. Basic education consists of primary school (grades 1-4) and pre-secondary school (grades 5-8). Secondary education can be general or vocational, and is offered in secondary comprehensive schools, specialized schools, and vocational-technical schools. Higher education is provided at universities, colleges, and specialized higher institutions, and leads to a bachelor's, master's or doctoral degree.
This document provides an overview of Latvia's education system. It describes the structure and levels of education, including pre-school, basic education, secondary education, vocational education, higher education, and adult education. It also provides brief historical context about Latvia and notes that education is highly valued in Latvian society. The education system aims to provide students with both academic and practical skills through various programs at different education levels.
Compulsory education in Poland lasts 12 years, from ages 6 to 18. The educational system has three tiers: primary school, gymnasium, and secondary/higher education. Primary school lasts 6 years and ends with exams in science and arts. Gymnasium lasts 3 years and also ends with exams in science and arts. After completing primary and gymnasium education, students can choose to attend secondary schools providing vocational training or general education to prepare for university or further vocational education.
The document discusses Lithuania's education system. It has 12 years of comprehensive education across primary, basic, secondary, vocational, and higher education levels. Primary education covers grades 1-4 and focuses on subjects like language, math, science, and history. Basic education is grades 5-8/10 and adds subjects like foreign languages and physics. Secondary education is grades 11-12 and offers vocational training. Higher education includes bachelor's, master's and doctorate degrees. Assessment in secondary and higher education uses a 10-point scale.
The educational system in Bulgaria has three levels: pre-primary, primary/lower secondary, and upper secondary/higher education. Pre-primary includes nursery (ages 0-3) and kindergarten (ages 3-6). Primary/lower secondary has grades 1-4 (ages 7-10) and grades 5-8 (ages 11-14). Upper secondary is divided into two stages - grades 8-10 and 11-12. Students can attend general, specialized, or vocational schools. Higher education includes colleges and universities for bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees. The school year runs from mid-September to mid-June.
The educational system in Poland follows a three-tiered structure of primary, secondary, and higher education. Primary education lasts for 8 years from ages 7-15 and is compulsory. Students then choose either a basic vocational, technical secondary, general lyceum, or specialized lyceum school, each lasting 3-5 years. Higher education consists of bachelor's, master's and doctoral programs and includes universities and polytechnics. The Polish educational system is undergoing reforms to shorten compulsory education and track students earlier to vocational or general secondary programs.
The document summarizes the education system in Bulgaria. It is divided into four levels: pre-school education from ages 3-7, primary education from ages 7-14, secondary education from ages 14-19, and higher education. Primary education is completed after 8th grade, secondary education is completed after 12th grade. Higher education institutions include universities that offer degrees in fields like international tourism, law, medicine, and computer science. The academic year runs from October to May/June and is divided into semesters.
The Bulgarian education system consists of four levels: pre-school, basic, secondary, and higher education. Attendance is compulsory through basic education until age 16. The Ministry of Education and Science oversees education policy and the national curriculum. Schools include state, municipal, and private options, with primary and secondary education being free in state and municipal schools. Secondary education admission depends on exams in Bulgarian and math, with specialized options available after 7th grade. Higher education institutions include universities, colleges, and specialized schools.
The educational system in Poland is divided into three tiers: primary education lasting 6-13 years, gymnasium for ages 13-16, and secondary options. Students can attend basic vocational, technical, general lyceum, or specialized lyceum secondary schools. Post-secondary options like nursing or computer programs last 1-2.5 years. Higher education includes universities, polytechnics, and other institutions, with bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees. The Ministry of Education oversees policy while schools are administered and funded by local governments.
Lithuania's education system includes pre-school, primary and lower secondary school, upper secondary school, vocational education, and higher education. There are 22 universities and 28 colleges that provide higher education. Primary and lower secondary school is compulsory from ages 6-7 and lasts 10 years, followed by optional upper secondary school or vocational education. Vocational education includes 4 types of programs that can lead to certification or allow students to continue their education. Higher education is provided at universities and non-academic colleges, and typically involves 4 years of study to earn a Bachelor's degree.
The document summarizes the Romanian educational system. It consists of five main components: pre-school education for ages 3-7, compulsory education from ages 7-16 including primary, middle and lower secondary school, upper secondary/high school education which is non-compulsory, vocational education/training, and tertiary education. High school lasts 4 years and can be theoretical, technological, or aptitude-based. Higher education includes bachelor's and master's degrees provided by public and private universities. The Ministry of Education oversees educational policies while School Inspectorates administer resources and appoint school heads.
The Nazi regime established over 10,000 concentration and forced labor camps across occupied Europe between 1933-1945. In occupied Poland, concentration camps served as places for mass murder of Jews and Polish elites. Six dedicated extermination camps were built in Poland for industrial scale genocide - Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Auschwitz-Birkenau and Majdanek. These camps utilized gas chambers and gas vans to systematically murder millions of Jews transported there by rail. Concentration camps also subjected prisoners to horrific human experiments, starvation rations, beatings and disease. By 1945 over 11 million people had passed through the camp system, with over 6 million murdered in Polish territories alone, including
The educational system in Poland was reformed in 1998/1999 and is now compulsory from ages 7 to 18. It consists of pre-school education, elementary school from ages 7-12, gymnasium from ages 13-15, and various options for secondary and post-secondary education. Education is publicly funded and overseen by the Ministry of National Education and local governments, with schools administered at the local level.
The document describes the Polish education system. It consists of pre-primary school (ages 3-6), primary school (ages 7-13), middle school (ages 13-16), high school (ages 16-19), vocational school (ages 16-19), technical college (ages 16-20), and university (ages 19+). Primary and middle schools are mandatory, while high school, vocational school, technical college, and university are optional. The education system prepares students with basic skills in primary school and expands into specific subjects and specializations in middle school, high school, and post-secondary education.
The Polish education system guarantees free compulsory education through age 18. It consists of pre-primary education in kindergarten from ages 3-6, primary school from ages 7-13, lower secondary school from ages 13-16, and various types of upper secondary schools, including general, technical, and vocational, until age 19. Education is divided into stages and follows a national curriculum specifying minimum teaching hours by subject. Students are assessed on a 6-point grading scale, and the school year runs from September to June with breaks for winter and Easter holidays.
The education system in Poland has several levels. Pre-primary education is voluntary for ages 3-4 and finishes at age 6. Primary education for ages 6-13 is compulsory and includes subjects like Polish, history, math, and sciences. Lower secondary school called gimnazjum is for ages 13-16, is compulsory, and has exams that influence admission to upper secondary schools. Upper secondary schools include general or technical schools and vocational schools, and their exams provide a Matura certificate allowing university entrance. Higher education involves bachelor's and master's degree programs at universities like Jagiellonian and Warsaw.
The education system in Poland includes nursery schools, primary schools, secondary schools, post-secondary schools, and vocational or technical schools. Education is compulsory from ages 7 to 18, with primary school and secondary school being mandatory. Primary school is six years and divided into two stages. Secondary school is for students ages 13-16 and focuses on general subjects. Most high schools conclude with a matura exam allowing students to pursue higher education.
The educational system in Poland underwent reforms in 1998/1999 that changed administration, financing, and teachers' rights and duties. Education is now compulsory from ages 7 to 18, though alternatives exist after 16 like apprenticeships. Pre-school education for ages 6 is also mandatory to stimulate development. Elementary school is for ages 7-12, with primary education divided into early learning and systematic learning cycles. Students then choose between general secondary schools, vocational schools, or post-secondary education to become qualified workers or continue to university. Public schools are free while non-public schools can charge fees.
Education in Poland is compulsory between ages 6-18. Public schools are free of charge. Children first attend kindergarten from ages 3-6, then primary school from ages 7-12 where they are not divided into subjects in the early years. From ages 13-15 students attend gymnasium where they study core subjects. Students can then attend vocational or academic high schools. Teachers are required to have a university degree and promote through four degrees over 12 years for higher pay and job security.
The education system in Poland provides for early intervention for disabled children from the time their disability is identified through the beginning of their schooling. It includes nurseries, primary school, lower secondary school, and various types of upper secondary schools. Students with special needs may attend special schools or be integrated into mainstream schools with additional support. The system strives to provide individualized education programs tailored to students' specific needs and abilities. For students with intellectual disabilities, it aims to prepare them for independent living and supported employment through vocational skills training incorporated into the curriculum from primary through post-secondary levels.
System edukacyjny w polsce stary power pointangelus85
Preschool education in Poland is available for children ages 3-6 through a well-established network of state preschools. While not compulsory, 97% of children attend preschool, which aims to promote development, independence, and confidence. Primary education consists of 6 years divided into two stages. Secondary education includes 3 years of lower secondary school (gymnasium) followed by various options for upper secondary education lasting until age 18-20, culminating in the maturity examination. Post-secondary schools provide 2-2.5 years of education in fields like teaching, arts, and medicine for those who have completed secondary school. Tertiary education is offered at universities and other institutions, conferring degrees like magister or in
Bulgaria the education system in my countrybeshirova
The educational system in Bulgaria comprises pre-school, basic education, secondary education, and higher education. Basic education consists of primary school (grades 1-4) and pre-secondary school (grades 5-8). Secondary education can be general or vocational, and is offered in secondary comprehensive schools, specialized schools, and vocational-technical schools. Higher education is provided at universities, colleges, and specialized higher institutions, and leads to a bachelor's, master's or doctoral degree.
This document provides an overview of Latvia's education system. It describes the structure and levels of education, including pre-school, basic education, secondary education, vocational education, higher education, and adult education. It also provides brief historical context about Latvia and notes that education is highly valued in Latvian society. The education system aims to provide students with both academic and practical skills through various programs at different education levels.
Compulsory education in Poland lasts 12 years, from ages 6 to 18. The educational system has three tiers: primary school, gymnasium, and secondary/higher education. Primary school lasts 6 years and ends with exams in science and arts. Gymnasium lasts 3 years and also ends with exams in science and arts. After completing primary and gymnasium education, students can choose to attend secondary schools providing vocational training or general education to prepare for university or further vocational education.
The document discusses Lithuania's education system. It has 12 years of comprehensive education across primary, basic, secondary, vocational, and higher education levels. Primary education covers grades 1-4 and focuses on subjects like language, math, science, and history. Basic education is grades 5-8/10 and adds subjects like foreign languages and physics. Secondary education is grades 11-12 and offers vocational training. Higher education includes bachelor's, master's and doctorate degrees. Assessment in secondary and higher education uses a 10-point scale.
The educational system in Bulgaria has three levels: pre-primary, primary/lower secondary, and upper secondary/higher education. Pre-primary includes nursery (ages 0-3) and kindergarten (ages 3-6). Primary/lower secondary has grades 1-4 (ages 7-10) and grades 5-8 (ages 11-14). Upper secondary is divided into two stages - grades 8-10 and 11-12. Students can attend general, specialized, or vocational schools. Higher education includes colleges and universities for bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees. The school year runs from mid-September to mid-June.
The educational system in Poland follows a three-tiered structure of primary, secondary, and higher education. Primary education lasts for 8 years from ages 7-15 and is compulsory. Students then choose either a basic vocational, technical secondary, general lyceum, or specialized lyceum school, each lasting 3-5 years. Higher education consists of bachelor's, master's and doctoral programs and includes universities and polytechnics. The Polish educational system is undergoing reforms to shorten compulsory education and track students earlier to vocational or general secondary programs.
The document summarizes the education system in Bulgaria. It is divided into four levels: pre-school education from ages 3-7, primary education from ages 7-14, secondary education from ages 14-19, and higher education. Primary education is completed after 8th grade, secondary education is completed after 12th grade. Higher education institutions include universities that offer degrees in fields like international tourism, law, medicine, and computer science. The academic year runs from October to May/June and is divided into semesters.
The Bulgarian education system consists of four levels: pre-school, basic, secondary, and higher education. Attendance is compulsory through basic education until age 16. The Ministry of Education and Science oversees education policy and the national curriculum. Schools include state, municipal, and private options, with primary and secondary education being free in state and municipal schools. Secondary education admission depends on exams in Bulgarian and math, with specialized options available after 7th grade. Higher education institutions include universities, colleges, and specialized schools.
The educational system in Poland is divided into three tiers: primary education lasting 6-13 years, gymnasium for ages 13-16, and secondary options. Students can attend basic vocational, technical, general lyceum, or specialized lyceum secondary schools. Post-secondary options like nursing or computer programs last 1-2.5 years. Higher education includes universities, polytechnics, and other institutions, with bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees. The Ministry of Education oversees policy while schools are administered and funded by local governments.
Lithuania's education system includes pre-school, primary and lower secondary school, upper secondary school, vocational education, and higher education. There are 22 universities and 28 colleges that provide higher education. Primary and lower secondary school is compulsory from ages 6-7 and lasts 10 years, followed by optional upper secondary school or vocational education. Vocational education includes 4 types of programs that can lead to certification or allow students to continue their education. Higher education is provided at universities and non-academic colleges, and typically involves 4 years of study to earn a Bachelor's degree.
The document summarizes the Romanian educational system. It consists of five main components: pre-school education for ages 3-7, compulsory education from ages 7-16 including primary, middle and lower secondary school, upper secondary/high school education which is non-compulsory, vocational education/training, and tertiary education. High school lasts 4 years and can be theoretical, technological, or aptitude-based. Higher education includes bachelor's and master's degrees provided by public and private universities. The Ministry of Education oversees educational policies while School Inspectorates administer resources and appoint school heads.
The Nazi regime established over 10,000 concentration and forced labor camps across occupied Europe between 1933-1945. In occupied Poland, concentration camps served as places for mass murder of Jews and Polish elites. Six dedicated extermination camps were built in Poland for industrial scale genocide - Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Auschwitz-Birkenau and Majdanek. These camps utilized gas chambers and gas vans to systematically murder millions of Jews transported there by rail. Concentration camps also subjected prisoners to horrific human experiments, starvation rations, beatings and disease. By 1945 over 11 million people had passed through the camp system, with over 6 million murdered in Polish territories alone, including
This document discusses Russian-speaking organized crime groups in the European Union. It begins by noting the growth of transnational criminal organizations since the fall of the Soviet Union. These groups have expanded their activities and influence throughout Europe, dominating criminal worlds in many countries. The document then provides definitions of key terms from international agreements, describing organized criminal groups as structured associations of three or more people working together over time to commit serious crimes. It examines the development and characteristics of Russian-speaking organized crime in Europe, their illegal activities in various EU countries, and the impacts of these transnational criminal groups.
Jesteś poszkodowanym w wypadku, a może sprawcą? Nie masz opłaconego OC a spowodowałeś kolizję? Sprawdź jakie zadania na Ubezpieczeniowy Fundusz Gwarancyjny i przekonaj się co Ciebie czeka.
The document discusses the important role of education and training departments in finding ways to engage current and future generations. It notes that traditions from the Christian faith and Salvation Army must be preserved but also adapted to remain relevant. The education and training program in the Netherlands Territory is outlined, including the two-year William Booth College program for cadets and various courses provided to officers. The department is charged with spreading the gospel and finding keys to open the future for upcoming generations.
The Swedish school system has several stages: preschool for ages 1-5, preschool class for age 6, compulsory school for ages 7-16, and upper secondary school for ages 16-19. Preschool and preschool class are voluntary and focus on stimulating development and learning. Compulsory school is run by municipalities and provides a common curriculum. Upper secondary school offers both vocational and academic programs free of charge. Sweden aims for equality in education through policies like the voucher system and addressing challenges around newly arrived pupils, educational equity, teacher quality, and long-term school conditions.
The Netherlands is a country located on the coast of the North Sea that is twice the size of New Jersey. About half of the country is below sea level, requiring famous Dutch dikes for land use. The official language is Dutch, though Frisian is also spoken in the northern province of Friesland. The capital and largest city of the Netherlands is Amsterdam, and other major cities include Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht. Famous places to visit include the Amsterdam canals, Keukenhof Gardens, Delft, and Madurodam.
Reviews of National Policies for Education - Netherlands 2016EduSkills OECD
How can the Netherlands move its school system “from good to great”? This report draws on international experience to look at ways in which the strong Dutch school system might go further still on the path to excellence. Clearly the Dutch school system is one of the best in the OECD, as measured by PISA and PIAAC and is also equitable, with a very low proportion of poor performers. The report therefore proposes an incremental approach to reform, building on strengths while responding to some emerging challenges. The Netherlands should strengthen the quality of early childhood education and care, revisit policies related to early tracking with more objective testing and track decisions, and enhance the permeability of the system. It should develop the professionalism of teachers and school leaders through enhanced collective learning and working, while at the same time strengthening accountability and capacity in school boards. This report will be valuable not only for the Netherlands, but also to the many other education systems looking to raise their performance who are interested in the example of the Netherlands.
The education system in the Netherlands has several stages. Preschool is optional for children ages 3-4 and focuses on play-based learning. Elementary school is compulsory for ages 4-12 and students are grouped by age or knowledge. Secondary education has three paths - pre-vocational education focused on technology and careers; senior general secondary education; and pre-university education preparing students for higher education. Higher education includes universities of applied sciences and research universities offering bachelor's and master's degrees, as well as an Open University for adult learners. The Netherlands' education system emphasizes more choices for students, attention to individual abilities, practical work experience, and schooling through age 18.
The document summarizes Turkey's new 4+4+4 education system implemented in 2012. It extends compulsory education to 12 years and introduces vocational classes at age 14. Students can choose classes like the Quran, math, science and English. After 8th grade, a national exam determines placement in high school programs like general, Anatolian, vocational or religious schools. After high school, the OSS exam determines university placement. The education system aims to provide universal education and prepare students for higher education or the job market.
The educational system in the Netherlands consists of kindergarten (ages 2-3), primary education (ages 4-12), and secondary education. Secondary education has several paths including VMBO (4 years), HAVO (5 years), and VWO (6 years). Students can then pursue MBO (vocational education, 4 years), HBO (university of applied sciences, bachelor's degree, 4 years), or WO (research university, bachelor's degree is 3 years and master's/doctorate degrees are 2-3 years/1 year respectively). Primary education is partly paid for by the government and compulsory, while post-secondary options are partly paid for but not compulsory.
The Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam houses the largest collection of works by Vincent van Gogh, including paintings and drawings. It is the most visited museum in the Netherlands. The museum collects and exhibits the works of Vincent van Gogh, who was a post-Impressionist Dutch painter known for works like Starry Night.
Holland, also known as the Netherlands, is located in western Europe. Some key facts about Holland include its capital and largest city Amsterdam, government seat in The Hague, and that Rotterdam has Europe's largest port. The Dutch people are known for their directness and tolerance of different opinions. A quarter of the Netherlands lies below sea level and the country has a maritime climate with mild summers and cool winters.
The document discusses major curriculum initiatives of the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) in recent years. It introduces new subjects like Biotechnology, Fashion Studies, and Multimedia and Web Technology. It also discusses curriculum reforms like introducing Mathematics and Science laboratories, alternatives to homework, and continuous and comprehensive evaluation from classes 1 to 8 to reduce stress on students. The CBSE aims to make the curriculum more interdisciplinary and skill-based through these initiatives.
The document provides facts about various geographical superlatives in Poland. The longest river is the Vistula River at 1,047 km. The largest lake is Śniardwy, which is 113.8 square km in area. The highest point is Rysy peak at 2,499 m. Some other highlights mentioned include the oldest national park being Białowieski National Park, the oldest university being Jagiellonian University founded in 1364, and the tallest building now being the Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw at 231 m tall.
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Poland has undergone significant education reforms in recent decades. It has a national system of education with Polish as the primary language of instruction. Compulsory education consists of primary school and lower secondary school, lasting a total of 10 years. Upper secondary education offers both vocational and academic paths. Higher education is provided by universities and other institutions. The government ministries administer the education system and set core curricula, while schools have autonomy in areas like textbooks and teaching methods.
The education system in Romania is based on several key principles, including that education is a national priority and free of charge. It consists of pre-primary, compulsory, and high school education. Pre-primary education is for ages 3-7 and is mostly provided in public kindergartens. Compulsory education combines 8 years of primary school (ages 7-11) and lower secondary/gymnasium (ages 11-15). Both levels are free of charge. Compulsory education ends with a national exam. High school aims to further develop students' skills and personalities and ends with another national exam allowing entry to higher education.
The educational system in Poland was introduced in 1998/1999 and has undergone several reforms since. It is compulsory from ages 7 to 18 and includes pre-school starting at age 6, primary school from ages 7 to 12, secondary options like gymnasium from ages 13 to 15, and opportunities for post-secondary education or university. Primary education focuses on subjects like Polish, math, and sciences, while secondary education provides options like vocational training or a matura exam for university entrance. Higher education institutions include universities and specialized academies.
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Educational systems in several European countries were discussed. The key points included:
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- Countries have national curriculums and standardized testing. Subjects generally include languages, math, sciences, arts, and more.
- Upper secondary/vocational education lasts 2-3 years and may include specialized subjects. Students take exams to graduate.
- Higher education requires completion of secondary school. Universities offer bachelor's and graduate degrees.
System of pre vocational and vocational education in Slovakia - final versionMonika Smrekova
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Every citizen of Latvia, non-citizen of Latvia, citizen of the European Union, citizen of the European Economic Area or citizen of the Swiss Confederation, permanent resident of the European Community who has a valid residence permit in the Republic of Latvia, stateless person who has a valid travel document for a stateless person issued in the Republic of Latvia, another country, who is not a citizen of the European Union, the European Economic Area or the Swiss Confederation, a national (hereinafter - a third-country national) or a stateless person who has a valid residence permit in the Republic of Latvia, a refugee or a person who has obtained an alternative status, a person who has received temporary protection in the Republic of Latvia have equal the right to receive education in Latvia.
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- In Poland, pre-primary education is for children ages 3-6 and involves kindergartens or a "0 grade" year to prepare for primary school. Primary school is for ages 7-12.
- Lower secondary education involves gymnasium for ages 13-16, ending with an exam. Upper secondary options include 3-year liceum or 4-year technikum, both ending with a matura exam equivalent to A-levels.
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3. The main legal basis for education in Poland
is provided by the Constitution of the
Republic of Poland. According to its
provisions:
Every person has the right to education,
Education is compulsory until the age of 18,
Education in public schools is free of charge,
Parents are free to choose schools other than
public schools for their children,
Public authorities provide citizens with general
and equal access to education.
4. Legislation regulating the school system of
education in Poland
The School Education Act of 7 September 1991 (with further
amendments)
The Act of 8 January 1999 on the Implementation of
the Education System Reform (with further amendments)
The Act of 26 January 1982 Teachers’ Charter (with further
amendments)
The higher education system in Poland is based on the following
legislation (parliamentary acts):
The Act of 27 July 2005 ‘Law on Higher Education’ (with further
amendments)
The Act of 14 March 2003 on Academic Degrees and Title and on
Degrees and Title in Art
5. Admission criteria
All pupils attend public schools free of charge. The
only admission criterion is the age limit.
Children must attend compulsory full-time
education from the age of five (compulsory year
of pre-primary education) and six years of
primary school and three years of lower
secondary school.
6. Compulsory education
Pre-primary
education (one
year)
• 5 years (from 2011)
6-year primary
school
• Stage 1 ( early school education) - 6/7-10 years of age
• Stage 2 – (teaching based on separate subjects) - 10-
13 years of age
• general, obligatory test with no selection function
Gimnazjum (3-year
lower secondary
school)
• 13-16 years of age
• general, obligatory examination
8. Compulsory subjects
Stage 1 (grades 1-3,
primary school)
• early school
education including:
• mother tongue
education,
• social education,
• natural sciences
education,
• mathematical
education,
• Technology
education,
• foreign language
education,
• education in music
and arts,
• computer education,
• physical education
Stage 2 (grades 4-6,
primary school)
• Polish language
• History and civics
• Modern foreign
languages
• Mathematics
• Natural science
• Music/ Art
• Technology
• Computer classes
• Physical education
• lessons with class
tutor
Stage 3 (grades 1-3
of the gimnazjum)
• Polish language
• History
• Civic education
• 2 Modern foreign
languages
• Mathematics
• Physics
• Chemistry
• Biology
• Geography
• Art/Music
• Art Class
• Technology
• IT
• Education for safety
• Physical education
• lessons with class
tutor
9. Minimum number of teaching hours by subject in
a primary school
Stage 1 (grades 1-3)
Stage 2 (grades 4-6)
http://www.fss.org.pl/sites/fss.org.pl/files/the-system_2014_www.pdf
10. Minimum number of teaching hours by subject in a
lower - secondary school
http://www.fss.org.pl/sites/fss.org.pl/files/the-system_2014_www.pdf
11. Post-compulsory education -upper
secondary level
Liceum
ogólnokształcące
(general upper
secondary school)
• 16-19 years of age
• Final/matriculation examinations -
the matriculation certificate
Technikum
(technical upper
secondary school)
• 16-20 years of age
Final/matriculation examinations -
the matriculation certificate
Zasadnicza szkoła
zawodowa (basic
vocational school)
• 16-19 years of age
• The vocational qualification examination -
a diploma confirming vocational
qualifications
12. Post–compulsory schools - subjects
General upper-secondary
school (liceum
ogólnokształcące)
•Polish language
•2 foreign languages
•History
•Civic education
•Mathematics
•Physics
•Chemistry
•Biology
•Geography
•Culture studies
•Information technology
•Physical Education
•Introduction to
entrepreneurship
•Education for safety
•Lessons for class tutor
•Lessons for additional
subject teaching at
extended level
Technical upper-
secondary school
(technikum)
•Polish language
•2 Modern foreign
languages
•History
•Civic education
•Cultural studies
•Mathematics
•Physics
•Chemistry
•Biology
•Geography
•Introduction to
entrepreneurship
•Information technology
•Physical education
•lessons with class tutor
•Theoretical vocational
training
•Practical vocational
training
Basic vocational school
•Polish language
•History
•Civic education
•Modern foreign
language
•Mathematics
•Physics
•Chemistry
•Biology
•Geography
•IT
•Introduction to
entrepreneurship
•Education for safety
•Physical education
•Theoretical vocational
training
•Practical vocational
training
•lessons with class tutor
13. Minimum number of teaching hours by subject in
the whole learning period
General upper –secondary Technical upper-secondary
http://www.fss.org.pl/sites/fss.org.pl/files/the-system_2014_www.pdf
14. Basic vocational school – minimum number of
teaching hours by subject in the 3-year period
http://www.fss.org.pl/sites/fss.org.pl/files/the-system_2014_www.pdf
15. Rating scale
6 – excellent
5 – very good
4 – good
3 – satisfactory
2 – acceptable
1 - unsatisfactory
17. At the end of the 6-year
primary school (age 13)
– general, obligatory test with no selection
function; the entry for the test enables pupils to
start education in the middle school;
it provides pupils, parents as well as both schools,
i.e. the primary school and the middle school,
with information about the level of achievements
of the pupils.
18. At the end of the 3-year lower secondary school
(age 16)
general, obligatory examination; starting in 2012 this
exam is adjusted to the new core curriculum. The
results of the exam together with the final assessment
of the pupils’ performance determine the admission to
upper-secondary schools.
This examination consists of three parts:
1. Humanities (History, Civic education and the Polish
language),
2. Mathematics and Natural Sciences (including
Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Geography)
3. a Modern Foreign Language.
19. Matura ( Final/matriculation examination)
● Entitles pupils for admission to higher education.
It is made up of two parts: external written
(prepared and assessed by Regional Examination
Commissions) and internal oral (assessed by
school teachers).
●Starting from 2015 the matura examination will
be based on the requirements (outcomes)
described in the core curriculum rather than on
examination standards outlined in separate
legislation.
21. Qualifications
Teachers must have a higher education qualification.
The type of training required depends on the stage of
education.
1. Pre-primary and primary education level: the
teacher is required to graduate from minimum
first cycle studies with a degree of licencjat (equivalent
of BA).
2. Lower and upper secondary education level: a
degree of magister (equivalent of MA) is required.
22. Four categories in the teaching career
according to The Teachers’ Charter :
trainee teacher;
contract teacher;
appointed teacher;
chartered teacher.
Chartered teachers with an outstanding record may also
be awarded the title of honorary school education
professor.
24. Poland follows the Bologna
Process and most of its tertiary
level programmes are made of
two cycles: a three year
bachelor degree followed by a
two year master degree.
25. Tertiary education programmes
college programmes classified as tertiary education for
international comparisons, but not recognised as such in
the national legislation;
degree programmes provided by both public and non-
public university type and non-university higher
education institutions, including:
○ first-cycle (Bachelor’s degree) programmes;
○ second-cycle (Master’s degree) programmes;
○ long-cycle (Master’s degree) programmes.
third-cycle or doctoral programmes
27. What is truancy?
Truancy is a serious social and legal problem
which concerns today's schools. This is a problem
of students, their parents, teachers, pedagogical
supervision and society. It is also a pedagogical
problem which shows weaknesses of the school
system in the areas of both prevention and
reaction to school missing.
29. Conflict truancy- occurs as a result
of the defective system of relationships between
students and school. In this group a number of
reasons to escape from school can be
differentiated, for example: anxiety, sense of
helplessness, lack of interest in the subject,
idleness, antipathy toward the teacher, the feeling
of insecurity in the school.
30. Criminal truancy- students cut
classes in order to create conditions for
satisfying their needs and inclinations (usually
morally negative ones). They behave riskily and
even commit crimes, for example thefts in
supermarkets.
31. Collegial truancy- The reason for
missing school can be an opinion of a certain
group of peers. The students either don’t want to
oppose the opinion because they care about good
relationship with the group (even if it means
adopting negative attitudes) or they are afraid of
discrimination manifested by calling names or
other forms of contempt, including group
exclusion.
32. Means of dealing with truancy
Monitoring of attendance on a regular basis (monthly
reports made by tutors for the pedagogical
counsellor)
In case of poor attendance – counselling for students
provided by the tutor and the pedagogical counsellor
Informing parents, counselling for parents
Contracts between students, their parents, counsellor
and tutor
Diaries of attendance kept by students
Informing the Family Court, appointing of a guardian
34. There are two separate ministries in Poland: the
Ministry of National Education and the
Ministry of Science and Higher Education.
The Ministry of National Education is responsible
for nearly the whole system of education, with
the exception of higher education which is under
the supervision of the Minister of Science and
Higher Education.
At present, only a few schools, namely artistic –
only with respect to artistic subjects, as well as
correctional institutions are under the supervision
of the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of
Justice respectively.
35. Distribution of responsibilities
The reform of the State administration system
and the education reform assume that only
the national educational policy will be developed
and carried out centrally, while the administration
of education and the running of schools, pre-
school institutions and other educational
establishments are decentralised.
36. Central level:
Ministry of National education
Regional level: voivodeships
District level
Local level: communes
Institutional level: schools
37. • requirements and procedures for admission to schools,
and for transfers between schools;
• outline timetables;
• core curricula for pre-school education, general education
and general vocational education for specific occupations;
• rules for assessing and promoting pupils, and for
conducting tests and examinations;
• record-keeping methods concerning the teaching process
and educational activities, as well as the types of these
records;
• rules and conditions for innovation and experimental
activities in schools;
• organisational arrangements for the school year
• requirement standards for the examination confirming
vocational qualifications
• rules for the remuneration of examiners and teachers
Responsibilities
of the Minister
of Education
38. •implements the policy of the Minister of National
Education
•general administration of education in particular
voivodeships
•pedagogical supervision over public and non-
public schools, including central in-service
teacher training institutions located in particular
voivodeships
Regional level:
voivodeships
Educational
superintendent
•Responsible for running:
•special primary and special lower secondary
schools,
•post-compulsory (i.e. upper secondary and
post-secondary) schools,
•sports schools, and schools for sport champions,
•residential special schools, reclamation centres,
sociotherapy centres, counselling and guidance
centres, residential special upbringing centres,
remedial centres for children and youth with
profound mental retardation and multiple
disabilities
District level
•responsible for establishing and administering:
•public kindergartens and special kindergartens,
• primary schools
•lower secondary schools
Local level:
communes
40. School head
The head of a school or a kindergarten is
appointed by the school managing body, through
open competition, for a five-year term. Where
the school statutes provide for the positions of
deputy school head and other management
positions, management staff are appointed by
the school head after consultation with the school
council, the teachers’ council and the school
managing body, e.g. the commune or
the district.
41. •managing the school and representing it externally;
•exercising pedagogical supervision over the school
•taking care of pupils and creating conditions for their
harmonious psychological and physical development through
various health promoting activities
•implementing the resolutions of the school council or
the teachers’ council (adopted within their remit)
•being in charge of funding and responsible for its proper use
•being responsible for the proper organization and conduct of
tests and exams in the school
•since 2010 being responsible for psychological and
educational support
•writes organisational and program documents
•employment and dismissal of teachers and non-teaching
staff;
• in cooperation with the school running body – teacher
salaries (in general they are determined at the central level,
however there is a scope for variation at the institutional
level);
• discipline and reprimands;
• proposals concerning rewards and honours awarded at upper
levels.
Responsibilitie
s
of the
school
head
42. Teachers’ council
A teachers’ council should be established in every
school and another related educational institution
employing at least 3 teachers. This council is
a collegial body concerned with
the implementation of statutory tasks related to
education and care. The teachers’ council
includes the following members: teachers
employed in the school, staff employed in outside
institutions offering practical vocational training
to pupils of the school, and staff responsible for
education and care of pupils in boarding schools
who are employed as teachers and care takers.
The school head is the head of school’s teachers’
council.
43. • approving school action plans
• adopting resolutions on the results of pupils’
assessment and promotion
• adopting resolutions on teaching innovations
and experiments in the school
• adopting organizational arrangements for in-
service training of teachers in the school
• drafting of the school statutes or any
amendments to the statutes, and presents
them to the school council for approval
Decision
making
powers
of the
teachers
’ council
44. School council
The school council can operate in schools and
other related educational institutions.
The school council includes (in equal numbers)
elected teachers, parents and pupils.
It participates in solving school internal problems
and is involved in various school internal issues
(e.g. approval of school statutes, giving
opinions on the school financial plan and school
activity plan).
45. Parents’ council
Parents’ council represents all the pupils’ parents and
can operate in schools and other related educational
institutions. The parents’ council establishes its own
regulations for activities and it can cooperate on
the basis of jointly established procedures. Parents’
council can issue motions related to all school matters
to the school head and other school bodies, to
the school running body or the body responsible for
pedagogical supervision. It can also issue opinions on
the programme and time table for improvement of
efficiency in teaching or care at the school, and issue
opinions on the financial plan proposed by the school
head.
46. Pupils’ self-government
A system of pupils’ self-government operates in
schools and is established by all pupils in a given
school. It can submit motions to the school
council, teachers’ council and the school head, in
particular those related to the observance of
basic rights of pupils, such as the right to open
and justified assessment, the right to publish a
school newspaper and organise cultural,
educational, sports and entertainment events,
according to the pupils’ needs and the
organisational capacity of the school.
47. Funding – primary and secondary
education
The school education part of the general subvention
from the State budget is the main source of funding for
the school education sector in Poland. The amount of
the general subvention for all local government units is
defined annually in the Budgetary Act, and then
the Minister of National Education establishes
the algorithm for the distribution of these funds among
the relevant local government units. According to
the Act on Revenues of Local Government Units,
the authorities of these units decide on the use of funds
received as part of the general subvention. This means
that local government units decide on the amount of
the total expenditure on school education and on their
allocation, taking into consideration their own income.
48. As school managing bodies, the local governments are
responsible, in particular, for the preparation of income
and expenditure (financial) plans for all supervised
educational institutions. Local government units also
establish regulations for teacher remuneration and for
the provision of financial support for welfare-related
purposes, are responsible for educational investments
and define the rules for obtaining and use of private
funds by schools.
The funds defined in the financial plan, which is
presented to the school authorities for consultation, are
disbursed by the school head who is responsible for
their proper use.
49. Funding – tertiary education
Like public schools, public higher education institutions
(HEIs) receive funds from the State budget for tasks
related to the education of students enrolled on full-
time programmes, fulltime doctoral students and
research staff ; the maintenance of HEIs, including
renovation of premises; tasks related to financial
support for students and doctoral students; co-
financing and financing of investment projects, including
those supported by EU funds; and tasks related to
education and medical rehabilitation of disabled
students. These funds are allocated from the part of
the State budget managed by the Minister of Science
and Higher Education.