foc Unit 5 point -to- point link system conc.pptxhari341507
Point to point link in optical communication. this ppt gives a general introduction to various design consideration during design of optical communication systems.
foc Unit 5 point -to- point link system conc.pptxhari341507
Point to point link in optical communication. this ppt gives a general introduction to various design consideration during design of optical communication systems.
Fiber type and corresponding optical transceiversAngelina Li
Fiber optic patch cable as the basic element of a network, transmits signals through strands of glass or plastic fiber. Fiber optic cables are available in multimode and single-mode fibers terminated with LC, SC, ST, LC, FC, MTRJ, E2000 connectors in simplex and duplex. The typical multimode fiber used in telecom or datacom applications has a core size of 50 or 62.5 microns. Single-mode fiber shrinks the core size down to 9 microns so that the light can only travel in one ray.
you can be friend with me on orkut
"mangalforyou@gmail.com" : i belive in sharing the knowledge so please send project reports ,seminar and ppt. to me .
Comparison of PMD Compensation in WDM SystemsIOSR Journals
Abstract: The need for larger capacities in long haul optical digital transmission lead to greater channel density which can be achieved by wavelength division multiplexing and increasing the bit rate of each channel. As data rates increases, certain phenomena such as dispersion began to show up as obstacles. At higher bit rates beyond 2.5Gbps polarization mode dispersion (PMD) becomes a main factor in the degradation of the transmission characteristics. PMD occurs when slightly different planes of light inside a fiber travel at slightly different speeds and make it impossible to transmit data reliably at high speed in single mode fibers. PMD is caused due to optical birefringence in the fiber due to which the two modes within a single mode fiber travel with different group velocities and the random change of this birefringence along the fiber length results in random coupling between the modes. This effect of PMD results in broadening of transmitted pulses that limit the transmission capacity of the fiber. In high-speed optical communication systems working at data rates of 10Gbps and beyond, signal distortion caused by PMD is also a major limitation of the transmission distance. This paper intends to analyze the performance of PMD compensation by optical compensation technique and using DCF in a two channel WDM system. The analysis is done through eye diagrams from which the Q value and bit error rate can be determined by simulating with OptSim5.3, which includes the latest simulation algorithms to guarantee the highest possible accuracy and real world results. Keywords– Birefringence, Data rate, Deterministic Differential Group Delay (DDGD), Dispersion compensating fibers (DCFs) Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD Principal State of Polarization (PSP), Q value.
Comparison of PMD Compensation in WDM SystemsIOSR Journals
The need for larger capacities in long haul optical digital transmission lead to greater channel
density which can be achieved by wavelength division multiplexing and increasing the bit rate of each channel.
As data rates increases, certain phenomena such as dispersion began to show up as obstacles. At higher bit
rates beyond 2.5Gbps polarization mode dispersion (PMD) becomes a main factor in the degradation of the
transmission characteristics. PMD occurs when slightly different planes of light inside a fiber travel at slightly
different speeds and make it impossible to transmit data reliably at high speed in single mode fibers. PMD is
caused due to optical birefringence in the fiber due to which the two modes within a single mode fiber travel
with different group velocities and the random change of this birefringence along the fiber length results in
random coupling between the modes. This effect of PMD results in broadening of transmitted pulses that limit
the transmission capacity of the fiber. In high-speed optical communication systems working at data rates of
10Gbps and beyond, signal distortion caused by PMD is also a major limitation of the transmission distance.
This paper intends to analyze the performance of PMD compensation by optical compensation technique and
using DCF in a two channel WDM system. The analysis is done through eye diagrams from which the Q value
and bit error rate can be determined by simulating with OptSim5.3, which includes the latest simulation
algorithms to guarantee the highest possible accuracy and real world results
The Effect of PMD (Polarization Mode Dispersion) the Fibers of New and Old In...inventionjournals
This is a study conducted in a laboratory at the university as a simulation to see the effect of new fiber PMD for different distances. This is done to compare the performance of the digital system with optical fiber WDM. In this simulation are not included remission, chromatic dispersion and nonlinear effects. In this way all of the signal distortions caused only by different combinations of PDM. Polarization effects are very important in communications systems with optical fiber. Optical fiber that is used mainly during the simulation is a standard single mode fiber (SSMF).
Fiber type and corresponding optical transceiversAngelina Li
Fiber optic patch cable as the basic element of a network, transmits signals through strands of glass or plastic fiber. Fiber optic cables are available in multimode and single-mode fibers terminated with LC, SC, ST, LC, FC, MTRJ, E2000 connectors in simplex and duplex. The typical multimode fiber used in telecom or datacom applications has a core size of 50 or 62.5 microns. Single-mode fiber shrinks the core size down to 9 microns so that the light can only travel in one ray.
you can be friend with me on orkut
"mangalforyou@gmail.com" : i belive in sharing the knowledge so please send project reports ,seminar and ppt. to me .
Comparison of PMD Compensation in WDM SystemsIOSR Journals
Abstract: The need for larger capacities in long haul optical digital transmission lead to greater channel density which can be achieved by wavelength division multiplexing and increasing the bit rate of each channel. As data rates increases, certain phenomena such as dispersion began to show up as obstacles. At higher bit rates beyond 2.5Gbps polarization mode dispersion (PMD) becomes a main factor in the degradation of the transmission characteristics. PMD occurs when slightly different planes of light inside a fiber travel at slightly different speeds and make it impossible to transmit data reliably at high speed in single mode fibers. PMD is caused due to optical birefringence in the fiber due to which the two modes within a single mode fiber travel with different group velocities and the random change of this birefringence along the fiber length results in random coupling between the modes. This effect of PMD results in broadening of transmitted pulses that limit the transmission capacity of the fiber. In high-speed optical communication systems working at data rates of 10Gbps and beyond, signal distortion caused by PMD is also a major limitation of the transmission distance. This paper intends to analyze the performance of PMD compensation by optical compensation technique and using DCF in a two channel WDM system. The analysis is done through eye diagrams from which the Q value and bit error rate can be determined by simulating with OptSim5.3, which includes the latest simulation algorithms to guarantee the highest possible accuracy and real world results. Keywords– Birefringence, Data rate, Deterministic Differential Group Delay (DDGD), Dispersion compensating fibers (DCFs) Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD Principal State of Polarization (PSP), Q value.
Comparison of PMD Compensation in WDM SystemsIOSR Journals
The need for larger capacities in long haul optical digital transmission lead to greater channel
density which can be achieved by wavelength division multiplexing and increasing the bit rate of each channel.
As data rates increases, certain phenomena such as dispersion began to show up as obstacles. At higher bit
rates beyond 2.5Gbps polarization mode dispersion (PMD) becomes a main factor in the degradation of the
transmission characteristics. PMD occurs when slightly different planes of light inside a fiber travel at slightly
different speeds and make it impossible to transmit data reliably at high speed in single mode fibers. PMD is
caused due to optical birefringence in the fiber due to which the two modes within a single mode fiber travel
with different group velocities and the random change of this birefringence along the fiber length results in
random coupling between the modes. This effect of PMD results in broadening of transmitted pulses that limit
the transmission capacity of the fiber. In high-speed optical communication systems working at data rates of
10Gbps and beyond, signal distortion caused by PMD is also a major limitation of the transmission distance.
This paper intends to analyze the performance of PMD compensation by optical compensation technique and
using DCF in a two channel WDM system. The analysis is done through eye diagrams from which the Q value
and bit error rate can be determined by simulating with OptSim5.3, which includes the latest simulation
algorithms to guarantee the highest possible accuracy and real world results
The Effect of PMD (Polarization Mode Dispersion) the Fibers of New and Old In...inventionjournals
This is a study conducted in a laboratory at the university as a simulation to see the effect of new fiber PMD for different distances. This is done to compare the performance of the digital system with optical fiber WDM. In this simulation are not included remission, chromatic dispersion and nonlinear effects. In this way all of the signal distortions caused only by different combinations of PDM. Polarization effects are very important in communications systems with optical fiber. Optical fiber that is used mainly during the simulation is a standard single mode fiber (SSMF).
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
2. Components of Optical Communication
Systems
Optical Fiber:
The choice of optical fiber is a fundamental
consideration.
Single-mode fibers are preferred for long-distance
communication due to lower dispersion and attenuation.
Multi-mode fibers may be used for shorter distances but
have limitations in terms of data rate and distance.
3. Components of Optical Communication
Systems
Light Sources:
Laser diodes or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are used
as light sources.
Laser diodes provide a narrower spectrum, allowing for
higher data rates and longer distances.
Proper selection of the light source is critical for system
performance.
4. Components of Optical Communication
Systems
Photodetectors:
A photodetector at the receiver end converts optical
signals back into electrical signals.
High-speed and low-noise photodetectors are essential
for maintaining signal quality and integrity.
5. Components of Optical Communication
Systems
Connectors and Splices:
The quality of connectors and splices affects signal
loss. Proper alignment and cleanliness are essential to
minimize signal degradation.
6. Signal Modulation Techniques
Modulation Formats:
Different modulation formats, such as amplitude
modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or phase
modulation (PM), are used to encode information on the
optical signal.
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is widely used
for high-capacity transmission.
7. Signal Modulation Techniques
Modulation Speed:
The modulation speed, often measured in gigabits per
second (Gbps) or terabits per second (Tbps), affects the
data rate.
Higher speeds require advanced modulation techniques
and components.
8. Dispersion Managemen
Chromatic Dispersion:
Chromatic dispersion occurs when different
wavelengths of light travel at different speeds in the
fiber, causing signal distortion.
Dispersion compensation modules or dispersion-shifted
fibers are used to manage chromatic dispersion.
9. Dispersion Managemen
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD):
PMD can cause signal degradation due to polarization
variations in the fiber.
Specialized fibers and polarization controllers are
employed to mitigate PMD effects.
10. Network Architecture
Point-to-Point vs. Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
(WDM):
Optical networks can be point-to-point or use WDM to
transmit multiple wavelengths on a single fiber.
WDM increases network capacity significantly and is
commonly used in long-haul communication.
11. Network Architecture
Network Topology:
The choice of network topology (e.g., ring, mesh, or
star) affects network resilience and scalability.
Mesh topologies are often preferred for redundancy and
fault tolerance.
12. Network Architecture
Network Management and Monitoring:
Real-time monitoring and management tools are
essential for detecting and addressing network issues
promptly.
Optical performance monitoring and fault localization
systems are crucial for maintaining network reliability.