SYSTEL_Doc_2016

Abstract
SYSTEL training mainly handled a lot of concepts in the wireless
Communication world including The Basics of Telecommunication, Two Way,
Mobility Network, Operating systems Essentials and Broadband systems.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................I
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................II
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................III
1 TELECOMMUNICATION BASICS..........................................................................1
1.1 COMMUNICATION ELEMENTS ...........................................................................2
1.2 RADIO SPECTRUM BANDS................................................................................2
1.3 ANALOG MODULATION.....................................................................................4
1.4 DIGITAL MODULATION .....................................................................................5
1.5 MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES ......................................................................6
2 ANTENNA SYSTEMS BASICS..............................................................................10
2.1 ANTENNA PARAMETERS .................................................................................11
2.2 ANTENNA TYPES............................................................................................15
2.3 MIMO TECHNIQUES.......................................................................................20
2.4 ANTENNA SYSTEM COMPONENTS ...................................................................21
3 WIRELESS BROADBAND....................................................................................26
3.1 POINT TO POINT RADIOS ................................................................................28
3.2 POINT TO MULTIPOINT RADIOS .......................................................................29
4 TWO WAY ........................................................................................................30
4.1 WHY 2 WAY RADIO .........................................................................................31
4.2 MOTOTRBO................................................................................................33
4.9 TETRA STANDARD........................................................................................35
4.10 DIMETRA ..................................................................................................38
5 MOBILE SYSTEM OVERVIEW..............................................................................39
4.1 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION VISION AND CHALLENGES....................................40
4.2 CELLULAR MOBILE TELEPHONY ......................................................................41
4.9 MOBILE GENERATIONS...................................................................................42
5 OPERATING SYSTEMS ESSENTIALS ...................................................................43
4.1 INTRO TO OS TASKS AND COMPONENTS ................................................40
4.2 LINUX FILE SYSTEMS....................................................................................45
4.9 WINDOWS FILE SYSTEMS...............................................................................46
(SYSTEL, 2016,AUG. TRAINING DOCUMENTATION)

[1]
Basics of Telecommunication Systel Training Material
[2]
Smart Antenna Technology: http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/smart-antenna.
[3]
http://itlaw.wikia.com/wiki/Smart_antenna_technology.
[4]
http://www.radartutorial.eu/06.antennas/Duplexer.en.html
[5]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplexer
[6]
http://www.telecomhall.com/what-is-splitter-and-combiner.aspx
[7]
http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedias/circulators
[8]
http://fiberbit.com.tw/point-to-point-vs-point-to-multipoint-communication-schemes/
[9]
http://info.avalanwireless.com/blog/bid/362640/What-is-the-difference-in-point-to-point-and-point-to-multipoint-radios
[10]
STC-Systel Training Centre-: Introduction To Two-Way Communications
[11]
MOTOTRBO tm System Training –STC
[12]
goo.gl/Zz6O3Mcontent_copy [YOU HAVE TO log IN]
[13]
http://www2.ts.avnet.com/uk/images/storage_operating_systems.jpg
[14]
http://www.ufsexplorer.com/und_fs.php
[15]
http://www.differencebetween.info/difference-between-ntfs-and-fat-file-Systems
[16]
Http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2011/05/ext2-ext3-ext4
[17]
http://slideplayer.com/slide/3893186
[18]
http://www.etsi.org/technologies-clusters/technologies/tetra/
[19]
http://www.motorolasolutions.com/en_xu/products.html

List of abbreviations
PMR Private Mobile Radio
PAMR Public Access Mobile Radio
DQPSK Differential Quaternary Phase Shift Keying
DMO Direct Mode Operation
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
ETSI European Telecommunication Standard Institute
TS Time Slot
CCH Control Channel
OS Operating System
NTFS New Technology File System
FAT File Allocation Table
TETRA Terrestrial Trunked Radio
DIMETRA Digital Motorola Enhanced TETRA Radio
Vo-Coding Voice Coding
FEC Forward Error Correction

This page is intentionally left blank.

``
1 SYSTEL TRAINING SUMMER 2016 Astro ©
Communication System Basic Elements
RADIO SPECTRUM BANDS

``
VHF – UHF
VHF is used more for open area (Wider Coverage)
UHF is used more to cover cities because of
―Reflection Phenomena‖
UHF antenna is smaller than VHF antenna[1]
Microwave
Line Of Sight.
High capacity of channels and information.
Wide Bandwidth.[1]

``
Modulation Types
• Analog
• Digital
Analog Types – AM – FM – PM
Digital

``
Digital Types – ASK – FSK – PSK – QAM

``
 TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
 FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access
 CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access

``
A shift from FDM to OFDM toward high spectrum utilization
 FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing
 OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

``

``
-
Band Width generally
the range of
frequencies over
which the antenna
system’s SWR remains below a maximum value, typically 2.0

``
0
Diversity Is a
method for
improving the
reliability of a
message
signal by
utilizing two or
more communication channels with different characteristics.[1]

``
Broad Bandwidth — 10 MHz gives optimum
performance in either single or multi-frequency
systems.
(Weather Resistant — The feed is enclosed
within the dipole assembly for added protection
from ice and snow.
( Lightning Resistant —All elements are grounded.
( Stacked Arrays — Two antennas provide 12.5 dBd gain, four
antennas 15.5 dBd. A vertical spacing of 0.75 to 1.0 wavelengths
between antennas is recommended.
( Key Applications — The DB292 is ideal for systems in need of
broadband coverage, protection against severe environments, high
gain in a narrow sector or reduced interference on the backside of
the antenna.
( No Field Tuning —Antenna is adjusted at the factory for minimum VSWR.
( Rugged — DB292 is made of aluminum alloys and reinforced with
0.875― (22.26 mm) sockets at the boom. Brackets and hardware are
galvanized steel.

``
ELECTRICAL:
Frequency (MHz) : 450 – 482
Polarization : Vertical
Gain (dBd/dBi) : 10/12.1
Azimuth BW (Deg.): 360
Elevation BW (Deg.): 6
Beam Tilt (Deg.): 0
VSWR : <1.5:1
Max. Input Power (Watts) : 500
Impedance (Ohms) : 50
Lightning Protection : dc Ground

``
ELECTRICAL:
Frequency (MHz) : 420 - 512
Polarization : Vertical
Gain (dBd/dBi) : 13.1/15.2
Azimuth BW (Deg.): 65
Elevation BW (Deg.): 17
Beam Tilt (Deg.): 0
USLS* (dB) : 18
Front-To-Back Ratio* (dB) :
25
VSWR : <1.4:1
Max. Input Power (Watts) : 700
Impedance (Ohms) : 50
Lightning Protection : dc Ground Sector/Panel

``
DISH Antenna

``
 A smart antenna consists of several antenna elements,
whose signal is processed adaptively in order to exploit the
spatial domain of the mobile radio channel. The smart
antenna technology can significantly improve wireless
system performance and economics for a range of potential
users. It enables operators of PC's cellular and wireless local
loop networks to realize significant increase in signal quality,
network capacity and coverage. [2]
 Smart Antenna are obtained and designed by implementing
a core system based on Digital signal processing, feature
extraction and machine learning algorithm for classification
of users’ existence.[3]
Hint: Antennas are not smart but only dummy passive
elements. The core engine in the antenna system is the brain.

``
MIMO Techniques
(Multiple Input Multiple Output)
It offers significant increases in data throughput and link

``
Antenna System Components
Filters
Duplexer
Circulator
Combiner
Multicoupler

``
A duplexer is an electronic device that allows bi-directional (duplex)
communication over a single path.
Whenever a single antenna is used for both transmitting and receiving, as in a
radar system, an electronic switch must be used! Switching systems of this
type are called duplexers. [4]

``
The diplexer is a different device than a passive combiner or splitter. The
ports of a diplexer are frequency selective; the ports of a combiner are not.
There is also a power "loss" difference - a combiner takes all the power
delivered to the S port and equally divides it between the A and B ports.[5]

``
the combiner combines! Very simple ha!!
The RF Power Combiner then are used in applications where it is
necessary to transmit/send multiple signals over a single medium.
We will use the same example above, to see how this is done. A user (in
yellow in the figure) transmits his conversation, which arrives via antenna
(1) to the BTS (2). Another user (red) also broadcasts their conversation,
only via antenna (3) until the same BTS. On BTS then these signals are
present (summed or combined), and the BTS can then continue the
processing of each one of the calls.
See that the different signals of each one of the users (yellow and red)
were then summed (or combined) in a combiner, and both signal followed
by a single cable from antennas to the BTS [6].
HINT
The combiner doesn't make any kind of transformation or change
in the signal. Simply combines them into a single output.

``
A circulator is sometimes called a "duplexer", meaning that is duplexes
two signals into one channel (e.g. transmit and receive into an antenna).
This is not to be confused with the term "diplexer" which is refers to a filter
arrangement where two frequency bands are separated into two channels
from a single three-terminal device. A lot of people mix up these terms. You
can remember the correct definitions because "filter" and "diplexer" both
have an "i" in them, and "circulator" and "duplexer" both have a "u".
What are circulators good for? The make a great antenna interface for a
transmit/receive system. Energy can be made to flow from the transmitter
(port 1) to the antenna (port 2) during transmit, and from the antenna (port
2) to the receiver (port 3) during receive. Circulators have low electrical
losses and can be made to handle huge powers, well into kilowatts. They
usually operate over no more than an octave bandwidth, and are purely an
RF component (they don't work at DC).[7]

``

``
System Overview
Two implementations of Canopy

``
Point-to-Point (PTP) Radios
As the name suggests, Point-to-Point Radios are configured in pairs and
are used to communicate between two nodes or endpoints. Such
configuration is capable of delivering Ethernet data rates up to 100 Mbps
and is thus perfect for substation connectivity applications and high
capacity backhaul. The PTP Radios can be designed to communicate over
a range of 31 miles which makes them extremely valuable for achieving
connectivity in rural environments. The strengths of PTP Radios include
simplicity of installation, secure wireless connection, long range, and above
all cost effectiveness in transmission of data.[8],[9]

``
Point-to-Multi Point (PTM) Radios
There are a number of applications that require data to be transmitted
simultaneously from one point to many other points. PTMP Radios are
configured to meet this requirement. Such communication system requires
setting up of a base station that can support multiple subscriber units
(communication points). The data transmission rates can be up to 54Mbps
or even high with specifically designed configurations.. The system
comprises of an inbuilt spectrum analyzer, a GUI alignment mode display
and an audible antenna alignment indicator.[8],[9]

``

``
[10]

``
MOTOTRBO
Professional Digital Two-way Radio System is a digital communications
platform that combines the best of two-way radios with digital technology.

``
Step 1 - Analog to Digital Conversion
Analogous to how a written message is converted to a data stream by a fax
machine, Analog to Digital Conversion translates the user’s voice
(microphone input) to a digital bitstream. The digital bitstream contains a
LOT of bits - far too many to transmit over a radio channel.
So some form of compression is required.[11]

``
Step 2 - Vocoding & Forward Error Correction
2
Vocoding (Voice encoding) compresses speech by breaking it into its
most important parts and encoding
them with a small number of bits. Because it focuses on human speech, it
greatly reduces background noise.
Forward Error Correction (FEC) enables the receiving radio to correct bit
errors that occur due to RF channel impairments - enabling more
consistent audio performance throughout the coverage area.[11]
Step 3 - Framing
3
Framing organizes digital voice (or data) into digital packets: the voice or
data becomes payload (like a letter in an envelope) while the header
describes the type of call, source and destination address, etc. (like the
addressing information on the envelope). This enables one radio to provide
integrated voice and data.[11]
Step 4 - TDMA Transmission
Transmission encoding completes the encoding process (like adding the
machine-readable sorting information on the envelope) and finally ―mails
the letter.‖ TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) organizes a channel
into 2 time slots: a given radio’s transmitter is active only for short bursts,
which provides longer battery life. And by transmitting only on their
alternating time slots, two calls can share the same channel at the same
time, thereby doubling spectrum efficiency.[11]

``
TErrestrial Trunked RAdio (TETRA) is a digital trunked mobile radio standard
developed to meet the needs of traditional Professional Mobile Radio (PMR) user
organisations such as:
 Public Safety
 Transportation
 Utilities
 Government
 Military
 PAMR
 Commercial & Industry
 Oil & Gas
Trunking stands for Sharing. In Radio Communication Trunking System is a fixed number of Radio Frequencies are
used and shared by large numbers of mobile terminals/subscribers.
The TETRA standard has been specifically developed to meet the needs of a variety of
traditional PMR user organizations. This means it has a scaleable architecture allowing
economic network deployments ranging from single site local area coverage to multiple site
wide area national coverage.
Some unique PMR services of TETRA are:
1. Wide area fast call set-up "all informed net" group calls
2. Direct Mode Operation (DMO) allowing "back to back" communications between radio terminals
independent of the network
3. High level voice encryption to meet the security needs of public safety organizations
4. An Emergency Call facility that gets through even if the system is busy
5. Full duplex voice for PABX and PSTN telephony communications
Besides meeting the needs of traditional PMR user organizations, the TETRA standard has
also been developed to meet the needs of Public Access Mobile Radio (PAMR) operators.
To meet the ever changing user requirements and utilize the latest in technology
developments, TETRA continues to be evolved and enhanced with the development of new
standards. An example of this is TETRA Release 2, which includes the TETRA Enhanced Data
Service (TEDS) that provides wideband high speed data communication services.

``
Frequency Range:
 Frequency Range 380 - 400 MHz for public safety systems
 410 -430 MHz && 870 -876 MHz && 915 -921 MHz for Commercial Application
TETRA provide:
 Individual, group and Direct mode communication calls between radio Terminals
 Voice and Data services.
 Fast Call setup 300 msec
 Security featues and Encryption
TETRA Parameters:
 Channel Spacing is 25 KHz
 Modulation is π/4 DQPSK with rate up to 36 Kbps
 Voice coder Rate is ACELP 4.56 kbps
 Access Format is TDMA with 4 TS/Carrier
 Data rate up to 7.2 kbps per TS
 Max. Data rate equal to 28.8 Kbps

``
[17]
TETRA SUPPORT UP TO 3 REDUNDUNT CONTROL CHANNELS (CCH)

``
DIMETRA
DIMETRA is Digital Motorola Enhanced TETRA RADIO
It was developed by Motorola based on TETRA Standard
Dimetra IPis built around Motorola's IP (Internet Protocol) core technology while Tetra is an open
standard maintained by the European Telecommunications Standards0 Institute.
Dimetra is capable being deployed as an integrated radio communication network, covering entire
countries or even across continents and regions. The technology is similar in nature to the popular
GSM cellphone networks but operates in a more secure and resilient manner due to capabilities built
into the standard. Tetra networks and radios from various manufacturers are able to seamlessly
connect and inter operate with each other since the standard is open.
Motorola's entire range of TETRA products including Network Infrastructure, Mobile Radios and
Services carry the Dimetra brand. Dimetra is one of the leading TETRA implementations used in
over 200 independent installation in various parts of the world. [19]
Specs:
 Core Network Developed and Optimized for mission critical operations
 Supports subscriber units from Multi-Vendor
 DIMETRA Releases have been begun with release 5 till the most advanced one release 8.2
o Otherwise it was based on TETRA but each release has some Advanced Features!
 Simply Its Evolution

``

``
Wireless Communication Vision
 Mobility
 Efficiency
 Cost and Revenue
Wireless Communication Challenges
Noise
(e.g. White Noise , Thermal Noise or External Noise ) .
Interference
(e.g. Co-Channel , Adjacent channel or Intermodulation )
Fading
(e.g. Multi-path)
Doppler Shift.

``
Cellular Mobile Telephony

``
We have discussed Mobile Generations not in Details, But only the The Technical specs of GSM and
UMTS standards.

``

``
We Should be introduced to Operating system administration espcially the
RedHat Distro but because of the limited time and the lack of trinees experience
we instead are introduced to Operating system essentials including The
Linux/Unix File System.
What is an Operating System (OS)
is software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for
computer
programs. The programs
are often called application
s or application
programs.Operating
systems provide a software
platform on top of
which the programs, can
run. The application
programs must be written
to run on top of a particular
operating system.[13]
OS tasks
-Receiving user input from input hardware devices such as the keyboard or mouse
-Sending user output to output hardware devices such as the monitor or a printer
-Controlling the use of processing devices by applications
-Serving as a platform for applications
-Moderating hardware
-Providing security
-Managing the file system
OS components
Kernel
Utilities
Interface (command line and GUI)

``
What is File System>
Any computer file is stored on some kind of storage with a given capacity. Actually, each storage is a linear
space to read or both read and write digital information. Each byte of information on the storage has its own
offset from the storage start (address) and is referenced by this address. A storage can be presented as a
grid with a set of numbered cells(each cell – single byte). Any file saved to the storage takes a number of
these cells.
Linux file systems
Open-source Linux OS always aimed to implement, test and use different concepts of file systems. Among
huge amount of various file system types the most popular Linux file systems nowadays are:
 Ext2, Ext3, Ext4 - 'native' Linux file system. This file system falls under active developments and
improvements. Ext3 file system is just an extension to Ext2 that uses transactional file write
operations with journal. Ext4 is a further development of Ext3, extended with support of optimized
file allocation information (extents) and extended file attributes. This file system is frequently used
as 'root' file system for most Linux installations.
 ReiserFS - alternative Linux file system designed to store huge amount of small files. It has good
capability of files search and enables compact files allocation by storing file tails or small files along
with metadata in order not to use large file system blocks for this purpose.
 XFS - file system derived from SGI company that initially used it for their IRIX servers. Now XFS
specifications are implemented in Linux. XFS file system has great performance and is widely used
to store files.
 JFS - file system developed by IBM for their powerful computing systems. JFS one usually stands
for JFS, JFS2 is the second edition. Currently this file system is open-source and is implemented in
most modern Linux distributions.
The concept of 'hard links' used in this kind of OS makes most Linux file systems similar in that the file
name is not regarded as file attribute and rather defined as an alias for a file in certain directory. File object
can be linked from many locations, even many times from the same directory under different names. This is
one of the causes why recovery of file names after file deletion or file system damage can be difficult or
even-impossible.[14],[16]

``
Windows file systems
 Microsoft Windows OS use two major file
systems: FAT, inherited from old DOS with
its later extension FAT32, and widely-
used NTFS file systems. Recently
released ReFS file system was developed
byMicrosoft as a new generation file system for Windows 8 Servers.
FAT (File-Allocation-Table):
FAT file system is one of the most simple types of file systems. It consists of file system descriptor
sector (boot sector or superblock), file system block allocation table (referenced as File Allocation Table)
and plain storage space to store files and folders. Files on FAT are stored in directories. Each directory is
an array of 32-byte records, each defines file or file extended attributes (e.g. long file name). File
record references the first block of file. Any next block can be found through block allocation table by
using it as linked-list.
Block allocation table contains an array of block descriptors. Zero value indicates that the block is not
used and non-zero – reference to the next block of the file or special value for file end.[14]
 FAT 12: it was the first system introduced and had a storage capacity of 32 MB
 FAT16: it has a storage capacity of 2 GB
 FAT32: it is the third and latest file system and has a storage capacity of 8 GB[15]

``
NTFS (New-Technology-File-System):
NTFS was introduced in Windows NT and at present is
major file system for Windows. This is a default file
system for disk partitions and the only file system
that is supported for disk partitions over 32GB. The
file system is quite extensible and supports many file
properties, including access control, encryption etc.
Each file on NTFS is stored as file descriptor in Master
File-Table and-file-content.
Master file table contains all information about the
file: size, allocation, name etc. The first and the last
sectors of the file system contain file system
settings (boot record or superblock). This file system uses 48 and 64 bit values to reference files, thus-
supporting-quite-large-disk-storages.[14]

``

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