Symbiosis
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The document describes a mutualistic relationship between monkeys and deer in India. During the dry season, messy-eating monkeys eat fruit in trees and drop some on the ground below. The deer rely on this fallen fruit for food when grass is scarce. In return, the deer act as an alarm system for the monkeys by using their good eyesight, hearing, and sense of smell to detect predators and warn the monkeys. This relationship benefits both species through food sharing and protection.
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Community – all the organisms that live together in one place
Community ecology – study of interactions among all populations in a common environment.
Interspecific interactions – among individuals of the different species.
Intraspecific interactions – among individuals of the same species.
Species Interaction…
-A traditional approach to population interactions has been to consider the direct pair-wise interactions.
LEC-6-COMMUNITY-SPECIES-INTERACTION.pptx
Community Ecology is the study of interactions among all populations in a common environment.
Species Interaction is a traditional approach to population interactions has been to consider the direct pair wise interactions.
Two populations may or may not affect each other; if they do, the influence may be beneficial or adverse
Types of Population Relationships:
Interspecific interactions:
Competition and Coexistence
Predation
Mutualism
Commensalism
Intraspecific Interactions
Grasshoppers provide an animal example. Individual grasshoppers deprive their fellow conspecifics of food (exploitation competition).
It is probably a major factor involved in the evolution of plumage patterns in birds.
during intraspecific competition, animals will use whatever weapons are available to them and this makes it likely that the nature of the weapons determines the nature and location of patterns.
Species Interaction
Species interaction refers to the relationships between different organisms. There are several types of species interactions: competition (-,-), predation (+,-), parasitism (+,-), commensalism (+,0), mutualism (+,+), and amensalism (-,0). Coevolution can occur when two species evolve in response to one another through these interactions over time. Species interactions are important for maintaining natural balances within ecosystems as no species can survive without some degree of interaction with other species.
3 les 6 sci 4
This document discusses four types of negative interactions in an ecosystem: 1) Amensalism, where one organism is harmed by the other. 2) Parasitism, where one organism (the parasite) benefits while harming its host. 3) Predation, where a predator kills prey for food. 4) Competition, where members of the same species compete for limited resources like space, food, and nutrients. Examples are given for each type of interaction.
Symbiosis
This document defines and provides examples of symbiosis, which is a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms. There are three main types of symbiosis: mutualism, where both organisms benefit; commensalism, where one benefits and the other is unaffected; and parasitism, where one benefits and the other is harmed. Examples provided include relationships between acacia plants and ants, moray eels and cleaner fish, cattle and cattle egrets, and clown fish and sea anemones.
3 les 5 sci 4
This document discusses different types of interactions between organisms in an ecosystem. It defines interaction as a relationship between organisms that can affect their growth, survival, and reproduction. Interactions can be positive, like mutualism where both species benefit each other, or negative, such as competition where organisms of the same species compete for limited resources. Specific examples of positive interactions discussed are mutualism between plants and animals that help with pollination and seed dispersal. Negative interactions explained include parasitism, competition, and predation.
Positive species interaction
This document discusses different types of positive species interactions, including commensalism, proto-cooperation, and mutualism. Commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other, such as barnacles attaching to whales. Proto-cooperation benefits both species but is not obligatory, like oxpeckers eating parasites off impalas. Mutualism strongly benefits both participating species and they have evolved to depend on each other, such as lichen forming from algae and fungi symbiosis or cellulose-digesting bacteria in herbivore guts.
Chapter 21 and 22
The document discusses different types of species interactions including predation, mimicry, plant-herbivore interactions, parasitism, competition, mutualism, and commensalism. It also covers topics like producers and consumers, trophic levels, food chains, and food webs. Producers like plants generate their own food through photosynthesis while consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms. Food chains show single pathways of energy transfer and food webs illustrate the complex interconnections between multiple food chains in an ecosystem.
Unit 3 a ch 8 s2 how species interact with each other
This document discusses how species interact with each other through their niches and habitats. It defines a species' niche as its role in an ecosystem, including its physical home, survival needs, and interactions. A species' habitat is where it lives. Species can interact through competition for limited resources, predation where one species feeds on another, parasitism where one species lives in/on another and harms it, mutualism where both species benefit, and commensalism where one benefits and the other is unaffected. Overlapping niches and competitive exclusion can lead to niche restriction. Adaptations help species avoid predation or parasitism. Symbiosis describes close species associations, and coevolution occurs when species evolve together
Chapter 3rd ecological interacions
Mutualism describes an interaction that benefits both species. A well-known example exists in the mutualistic relationship between alga and fungus that form lichens. The photosynthesizing alga supplies the fungus with nutrients and gains protection in return. The relationship also allows lichen to colonize habitats inhospitable to either organism alone. In rare cases, mutualistic partners cheat. Some bees and birds receive food rewards without providing pollination services in exchange. These "nectar robbers" chew a hole at the base of the flower and miss contact with the reproductive structures.
Both species involved in the interaction are benefited. These interactions take place in three patterns:
Facultative mutualism – Species survive on their own under favorable conditions
Obligate mutualism – One species is dependent for survival on the other
Diffusive mutualism – One entity can live with multiple partners
These relationships have three purposes:
Defensive mutualism
Trophic mutualism
Dispersive mutualism
How organisms interact in communities
1) Organisms in an ecosystem are bound together in a web of interactions and coevolve over time to support each other.
2) Predators and prey coevolve through natural selection, with predators developing traits for hunting and prey developing defenses for escaping predators.
3) Symbiotic relationships can benefit both organisms, like aphids and ants, or benefit one organism without harming the other, like clown fish living among sea anemones.
How organisms interact in communities
1) Organisms in an ecosystem are bound together in a web of interactions and coevolve over time to support each other.
2) Predators and prey coevolve through natural selection, with predators developing traits for hunting and prey developing defenses to escape, ensuring both survive.
3) Symbiotic relationships between species can be mutualistic, benefiting both; commensalistic, benefiting one; or parasitic, harming the host.
Tiburcio, edmar
Symbiosis is classified into three types: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. Parasitism involves one organism benefiting at the expense of the other, like a tapeworm living in a human intestine. Commensalism occurs when one organism benefits without affecting the other, such as an orchid growing on a tree. Mutualism is a reciprocal relationship where both organisms benefit, exemplified by algae and water ferns living together. Symbiotic relationships impact ecosystems, and an overabundance of parasitism can cause problems.
Describe three different symbiotic relationships, with examples. Whi.pdf
Describe three different symbiotic relationships, with examples. Which relationship produces the
most coevolution? Explain.
Please type the answer. Type the answer in your own words please. no copying from the internet
has to be in own words
Solution
Three different types of symbiotic relatioships are :
1. Mutualism
2. Commensalism
3. Parasitism
1.Mutualism is the relationship between organisms where both are benefitted from each other.
Examples of mutualism:
a. Oxpecker on zebra eats pest. Oxpecker gets food and zebra gets rid of pest.
b. Shape of flower and structure of pollinator is also an example of mutulism as shape of the
flower is specific for the pollinator to allow pollination.
c. Bacteria in gut of human intestine benefit human by partially digesting the food difficult to
digest. Bacteria gets food through this and human is able to digest tougher to dogest food.
d. Mycorhhiza is association between fungus and gymnosperm root. Plant gets benefitted by
collection of nutrients from soil and fungus gets benefit by plant in form of food and shelter.
2. Commensalism: In commensalism association, one organism is benefitted whereas other is not
affected at all.
examples:
a. Cattle Egret and cattle: as cattle grazes and uproots plants, insects that escape are eaten by
egret. Egret gets the benefit wheras cattle is not affected.
b Sucker fish attaches itself to the shark and travels along. Shark doesnt get affected whereas the
sucker fish gets left over food of shark.
c.Epiphytes are plants that grow on larger trees. They just climb the trees for receiving sunlight
and do not cause any affect to the plant.
d. CLown fish lives in tentacles of Sea anemones. Sea anemone doesnt get affected whereas
clown fish gets the advantage of protection from predators.
3. Parasitism: In this relationship, the parasite harms the host to derive the benefit in terms of
food or shelter or both. In this type of relationship one species is harmed whereas other is
benefitted.
examples of parasitism:
a. Lice on Human body: Lice sucks blood can causes harm to human.
b. Cuscuta causes harm to higher plants by living on it and taking the benefit of food and shelter.
c. Ascaris lives in human intestine . It benefits from receiving food and shelter and causes harm
to human.
d. tapeworm in Human intestine as they get partially digested food and deprive human of
nutrients.
Out of these relationships, coevolution is most important for species showing mutualistic
behaviour as:
1. They both have large dependency on each other for their survival.
2. Any change in one species can lead to extinction of the other. Coevolution is the only strategy
for their survival..
Ecosystem.pptx
An ecosystem is a community where living things interact with and depend on each other and their environment. There are several types of biological relationships that exist between organisms in an ecosystem, including symbiosis, parasitism, mutualism, competition, predation, and commensalism. For example, ants live in plant stems for shelter and nourish the plant with droppings, while the plant benefits without being harmed.
Community interactions
The document discusses various types of interactions between species within ecosystems, including competition, predation, symbiosis, and coevolution. Competition occurs when different species or individuals attempt to use the same limited resources. Predator-prey relationships involve a predator that hunts for prey. Symbiosis describes close relationships between species, which may involve mutualism where both benefit, commensalism where one benefits and the other is unaffected, or parasitism where one benefits and the other is harmed. Through coevolution, species in close relationships can evolve adaptations over time that improve or reduce the impacts of these interactions.
Biological interactions
This document discusses various types of biological interactions between organisms including competition, mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, parasitism, and predation. Competition occurs when organisms attempt to use the same limited resources, and can be intraspecific or interspecific. Mutualism benefits both species involved. Commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other. Parasitism benefits one species at the expense of the other. Predation involves a predator consuming another organism, the prey. Examples of each type of interaction are provided.
Species interactions
Species interactions can take several forms, including positive associations like mutualism, commensalism, and predation, as well as negative associations like competition. Predation involves one species hunting another for food, while coevolution describes how some species evolve together over time in response to each other. Symbiotic relationships like mutualism benefit both species, commensalism benefits one, and parasitism benefits one at the expense of the other. Competition for limited resources can lead to competitive exclusion of one species or resource partitioning where species divide resources to coexist.
Interactions in a terrestrial ecosystem
Organisms interact in various ways that affect their survival. Ecologists classify interactions as competition, symbiosis, or predation. Competition occurs between members of the same species for limited resources. Symbiosis describes interactions between different species that can be mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic. Predation involves a predator killing a prey organism for food.
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Unit 3 a ch 8 s2 how species interact with each other
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Describe three different symbiotic relationships, with examples. Whi.pdf
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- 1. Mind Stretcher - Friday (In India, the chital, a small deer, has trouble finding enough grass to eat during the dry season. This deer relies on a certain type of messy-eating monkey that eats fruit in a tree. The deer have good eyesight, hearing, and sense of smell.) 1. How do you think the monkeys benefit the deer? 2. How do you think the deer benefit the monkeys? Monkeys drop fruit and the deer eat it.Monkeys drop fruit and the deer eat it. Deer act as an alarm system for the monkeys.Deer act as an alarm system for the monkeys. MutualismMutualism
- 2. What is symbiosis? What it means: A close, long-term association between individuals of two different species. Literal definition: the act of living together
- 3. What are the different kinds of symbiosis? Mutualism ParasitismCommensalis m both organisms benefit one organism benefits one organism benefits one organism is unaffected one organism is harmed
- 4. Mutualism: both benefit Example 1: Acacia plant and Ants Ants eat the sweet secretion from the plant. Ants swarm and attack any animal that tries to eat the plant
- 5. Mutualism: both benefit Example 2: Moray Eel with Cleaner Fish Moray Eel gets a clean mouth Cleaner Fish gets a meal
- 6. Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected Example 3: Cattle with cattle egrets Cattle stir up insects as they eat grass Egrets hang around and eat insects
- 7. Mutualism: both benefit Example 4: Clown fish with anemone Clown fish gets protection, nest site, and food. Anemone gets cleaning, protection, and a lure to attract fish
- 8. Mutualism: both benefit Example 5: Antelope with Oxbird Antelope gets rid of parasites Oxbird gets a meal
- 9. Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed Example 6: Taenia worm in human eye Worm infects human blood stream Human may go blind
- 10. Example 7 Fleas and Dogs The fleas use the dogs blood as food. The dog gets bites and sores from the fleas. Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed
- 11. Exit Ticket List the three types of symbiosis and give an example of each from the yellow sheet.