Rural sanitation

1. Improvement
in
Rural Sanitation

2. INTRODUCTION
• Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health
through prevention of human contact with the hazards of
wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of
Sewage & wastewater.
• Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological
or chemical agents of disease.
Continued…..

3. • Individual Health and hygiene is largely dependent on adequate availability
of drinking water and proper sanitation. There is, therefore, a direct
relationship between water, sanitation and health.
• Improper disposal of human excreta, improper environmental
sanitation and lack of personal and food hygiene have been major causes
of many diseases in developing countries Like INDIA.
• It was in this context that the Central Rural Sanitation Programme
(CRSP) was launched in 1986 primarily with the objective of improving the
quality of life of the rural people and also to provide privacy and dignity to
women.

4. CONCEPT OF SANITATION AND HYGIENE
• The concept of sanitation was earlier limited to disposal of human excreta by
open ditches, pit latrines, bucket system etc.
• The concept of sanitation was expanded to include personal hygiene, home
sanitation, safe water, garbage disposal, excreta disposal and waste water
disposal etc.
• Today it connotes a comprehensive concept, which includes liquid and solid
waste disposal, food hygiene, personal, domestic as well as environmental
hygiene.

5. WHY SANITATION AND HYGIENE?
• 25 lakhs diarrhoea deaths globally & 6 lakhs in India alone.
• 60,000 roundworm, 65,000 hookworm deaths.

6. WHY RURAL SANITATION ?
• The concept of sanitation broadly includes liquid and solid waste
disposal, personal and food related hygiene and domestic as well as
environmental hygiene.
• Most of the people still defecate in the open space, most of the villages
lack waste disposal and drainage systems and many in the villages are
ignorant about the consequences of poor sanitation and unhygienic
conditions. As a result, many people suffer and even die of diseases
caused by unhealthy practices of personal and environmental hygiene.

7. IMPACTS OF POOR SANITATION
• Sanitation and Health:
Open defecation plays a primary role in polluting water sources (both under and over ground) exposing communities
dependent on these sources to several health hazards. It is also responsible for spread of air and vectors borne disease.
• Sanitation and Women:
Practice of open defecation exposes women to risks of sexual assault. Women often wait for darkness to descend before
venturing out to relieve themselves. Holding in for long periods causes diseases and adversely impacts health.
• Sanitation and Education:
Girls are reluctant to attend school, and parents are disinclined to send them, if there are no safe, private toilets for them.
Many girls are forced to miss class during their menstrual cycle.
• Sanitation and Productivity:
The economic deprivation of the urban poor increases manifold when healthcare expenses and the cost of lost potential
due to sickness arising from inadequate sanitation is added.

8. VISION OF GOVT. OF INDIA
ALL INDIAN CITIES BECAME TOTALLY SANITISED,
HEALTHY & LIVEABLE AND ENSURE GOOD PUBLIC
HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL OUTCOMES FOR ALL
THEIR CITIZENS WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON
HYGENIC AND AFFORDABLE SANITATION FACILITIES
FOR POOR

10. MEASURES TO IMPROVE SANITATION IN
RURAL AREAS
• The Environmental Hygiene Committee, 1948
• Recommended that 90 percent of the country’s population should be
covered with water supply and sanitation facilities within a period of forty
years for which the national programme was to be initiated.
• Introduction of sanitation programme in the health sector, 1954
Continued…..

11. • National Water Supply and Sanitation Programme
• The Government launched the programme as part of the First Five Year Plan
(1951-56).
• The first five-year plan had a provision of Rs. 6 crores for rural water supply
and sanitation programmes.
• It was envisaged that 25 percent of rural population would be provided with
sanitation facilities by the end of the seventh five year plan period.
• Transfer of Rural Sanitation Programme to the Department of Rural
Development from the ministry of urban development, 1985
Continued…..

12. • Programme to construct one million sanitary latrines in houses of
SC/ST, 1986
• Programme was launched under Indira Awaas Yojana and to provide
2,50,000 additional latrines to health centres, schools, Panchayat Ghars
and Anganwadis under NREP (Nat. Rural Employment Prog.) and
RLEGP (Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Prog).
• Rural sanitation was included under the Minimum Needs Programme
(MNP) in 1987.

13. CENTRAL RURAL SANITATION
PROGRAMME (CRSP)
• A centrally sponsored Rural Sanitation Programme, launched in
1986. The CRSP is implemented in different states and union
territories for improving sanitation facilities through construction of
sanitary latrines for individual households.
• The programme provided 100% percent subsidy for construction
of latrines for SCs/STs and landless labourers and subsidy as per
the rates prevailing in the states for the general public.
Continued…..

14. CRSP- OBJECTIVES
• To improve the quality of life of the rural people and provide
privacy and dignity to women.
• To provide sanitary latrines to the SCs/STs, landless
labourers and people living below poverty line.
• To provide clean, healthy and environmentally acceptable
disposal of excreta with a view to create good sanitation and
consequent improved health standards.
Continued…..

15. REVISIONS IN CRSP
• The criteria and norms under CRSP were modified in February 1991 and the guidelines were revised again in
June 1993.
• The purpose of revision was to make the programme more holistic to give emphasis on Information, Education and
Communication activities, to involve voluntary organisations in a bigger way.
• The concept of “Sanitary Mart” was also introduced.
• The subsidy pattern has been changed limiting to 80% for persons below the poverty line for individual household
latrines. The unit cost of construction is to be limited to Rs. 2,500 of which 80% could be paid as subsidy to the
selected beneficiaries below the poverty line.
• Another salient feature is to develop at least one model village covering facilities like sanitary latrines, conversion
of dry latrines garbage pits, soakage pits, drainage, pavement of lanes, sanitary latrines in village institutions,
cleanliness in ponds, tanks, clean surrounding around hand pumps and other drinking water- sources.

16. TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN (TSC)
Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) was launched after
restructuring Central Rural Sanitation Programme and initiated
on 1st April 1999 under sector reform process and is operational
in 451 districts.
Continued…..

17. TSC- COMPONENTS
• Construction of household latrines.
• Construction of sanitary complex for women.
• Toilets for schools.
• Toilets for Balwadi/Anganwadi etc.
• Funds are being provided for Start-Up Activities, Information,
Education and Communication and Administrative Charges.
Continued…..

18. TSC- OBJECTIVES
• Bring about an improvement in the quality of life in rural areas
• Accelerate sanitation coverage
• Generate demand through awareness and health education
• Cover all schools and anganwadis in rural areas with sanitation facilities
and promote hygiene behaviour among students and teachers
• Encourage cost effective and appropriate technology development and
application
• Endeavour to reduce water and sanitation related diseases.
Continued…..

19. TSC- FEATURES
• Greater household involvement and participation.
• Technology options as per choice of beneficiary households.
• Stress on Information, Education and Communication (lEC) as part of the campaign.
• Emphasis on school sanitation, women sanitary complexes.
• Integrating with various rural development programmes.
• Involvement of NGOs and local groups.
• Promoting access to institutional finance and social marketing concept.

20. NIRMAL GRAM PURUSKAR
• 2003 – Nirmal Gram Puruskar, reward for 100% sanitation.
• In October 2003, elected local representatives of Gram Panchayats were involved to promote
collective community action through sanitation. Nirmal Gram Puraskar (NGP) was instituted for
this purpose.
• NGP awards were given to districts, blocks, and Gram Panchayats that have achieved 100 per
cent sanitation coverage of individual households, 100 per cent school sanitation coverage and
free from open defecation and clean environment.
• In this, an amount ranging from 50,000 to 5,00,000 is given.
• On 24 February, 2005, former President of India, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam gave away NGP awards
40 Gram Panchayats from six States for open defecation free status.
Continued…..

21. NBA- INCENTIVE

22. NIRMAL BHARAT ABHIYAN
• Total Sanitation Campaign closed in 2012 after striving for 13 years in achieving universal rural sanitation
coverage.
• 2012 – Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, community led and people centred approach; IEC; solid and liquid waste
management.
• This programme emphasized on a new approach of awareness by linking it with the current sponsored
schemes of GoI.
• NBA programme has been initiated with a clear cut strategy to make grassroots institutions as focal points
and integrate planning and implementation of sanitation.
• To create awareness, Brand Ambassadors are identified to undertake nation wide campaigns on water,
sanitation and hygiene issues
Continued…..

23. VISION OF NBA
• Bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas.
• Accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas to achieve the vision of Nirmal Bharat by 2022
with all gram Panchayats in the country attaining Nirmal status.
• Motivate communities and Panchayati Raj Institutions promoting sustainable sanitation facilities
through awareness creation and health education.
• To cover the remaining schools not covered under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) and
Anganwadi Centres in the rural areas with proper sanitation facilities and undertake proactive
promotion of hygiene education and sanitary habits among students.
• Develop community managed environmental sanitation systems focusing on solid & liquid
waste management for overall cleanliness in the rural areas

24. SWACHH BHARAT MISSION
• Swachh Bharat Abhiyan abbreviated as SBA or SBM, is a national campaign by
the Government of India, covering 4,041 statutory cities and towns, to clean the streets,
roads and infrastructure of the country.
• The campaign was officially launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi, by Prime
Minister Narendra Modi.
• It is India's biggest ever cleanliness drive and 3 million government employees and school
and college students of India participated in this event.
• SBM aims to eradicate open defecation by 2019, thus restructuring the Nirmal Bharat
Abhiyan, , by constructing 12 crores toilets in rural India, at a projected cost of 1.96 lakh
crore.
Continued…..

25. • The programme has also received funding and technical support from
the World Bank, corporations as part of corporate social responsibility
initiatives, and by state governments under the Sarva Shiksha
Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan schemes.
• An amount of 90 billion was allocated for the mission in 2016 Union budget
of India.
• Government and the World Bank signed a US$1.5 billion loan agreement
on 30 March 2016 for the Swachh Bharat Mission to support India's
universal sanitation initiative.
• "Swachch Bharat Swachch Vidhalaya" campaign was launched by Smriti
Irani, Minister of Human Resource Development.