1) Indonesia's railway system is at a crossroads, needing to decide whether to follow the legal path of reform outlined in Law No. 23/2007 or remain with the current vertically integrated structure. 2) There are proposals for a compromise between the regulator and operator, but no agreement yet. The regulator favors full compliance with the law while the incumbent operator wants to maintain the status quo. 3) Lessons learned include an agreement on revising the existing public service obligation-infrastructure management-track access scheme, but pending matters around revitalizing Jabodetabek Metropolitan Railway and strengthening the regulator's institution.