This paper focuses on infrastructure as one of Kenya's most critical issues, as it impacts social and economic progress. Infrastructure development is needed to attract private investment and spur economic growth, but Kenya's infrastructure investment levels are far below what is required. Some key infrastructure challenges Kenya faces include inadequate electricity, roads, ports, schools and hospitals. To address these issues, Kenya must increase infrastructure funding, pursue public-private partnerships, and develop practical policies that encourage cooperation across all sectors of society.
Dreaming is good but things get far much better when you wake up & start pursuing your dream. ORACLEBIMA INSURANCE wants a piece of the Vision 2030 pie. Join us on matters financial advisory services, insurance & risk management.
Gender budgeting in Austria - Monika Geppl & Eva Festl, AustriaOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Monika Geppl, Germany, at the 11th Annual Meeting of Central, Eastern and South-eastern Senior Budget Officials (CESEE SBO) held in Warsaw, Poland, on 21-22 May 2015.
Dreaming is good but things get far much better when you wake up & start pursuing your dream. ORACLEBIMA INSURANCE wants a piece of the Vision 2030 pie. Join us on matters financial advisory services, insurance & risk management.
Gender budgeting in Austria - Monika Geppl & Eva Festl, AustriaOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Monika Geppl, Germany, at the 11th Annual Meeting of Central, Eastern and South-eastern Senior Budget Officials (CESEE SBO) held in Warsaw, Poland, on 21-22 May 2015.
Assessment of Public Financial Management and State of Infrastructure in Tara...IJASRD Journal
This study examined public financial management and state of infrastructure in Taraba State of Nigeria. The study used survey design. Data were collected through administration of questionnaire to respondents across the state, interviews were also conducted. The questionnaire was designed on 5-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation were employed in the analyses of data. Also, chi-square was used in testing the research hypotheses. The study reveals that budget performance has positive and significant effect on state of infrastructure. In addition, it was revealed that the state of infrastructure in Taraba State does not reflect the budget. The findings have implications on government officials, relevant government agencies, and the general public. The study therefore recommends that government should take it as an obligation to implement significant proportion of budget to improve the state of infrastructure.
Good Governance For a Better Tomorrow: Year-End Philippine Economic Briefing ...Arangkada Philippines
A presentation by the Philippine Economic Team and the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Governor at the Year-End Philippine Economic Briefing on March 6, 2012
The Assessment of Kalare Eradication Policies in Nigeria: A Study of Anti Kal...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Government or public policies are policies that are made at different times and in most cases by different governmental organizations. This can be at the federal, state and at the local levels through which the governments advance and make meaningful economic and human developments. Gombe state government in Eastern Northern Nigeria in its response to the numerous complaints by its citizens over the political violence activities perpetrated by youth groups known as Kalare in the state has formulated two policies with the intention to eradicate these violence activities. These policies include Anti Kalare Squad and Talba Empowerment Scheme (TES) but unfortunately these policies achieved limited success especially in eradicating the violent activities perpetrated by the youth. Hence, this paper assessed the factors responsible for the limited success of the two policies. The findings of this paper revealed that the implementation of these policies was marred by political interference influenced by personal interest and political sentiments. The study recommends that a monitoring and evaluation and mediating committees should be set up which will function as mediator among the different Kalare groups to ensure proper implementation of the policies.
Local Government System After the Implementation of Law No.
22 of 1999
Indonesian Scientific Meeting 2003 in Central Japan
December 20, 2003, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Japan
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
Planning in the region starts with a vision about what we want to be. It is the aspiration of the Filipinos particularly those from SOCCSKSARGEN Region to have a long-term vision for the region and the country as a whole to become a prosperous, predominantly middle class society where no one is poor. The challenge is how every Filipino can afford to have a “matatag, maginhawa at panatag na buhay by 2040.”
Prof. vibhuti patel gender responsive budgets in india pragati, vol. 1, issue...VIBHUTI PATEL
Budget is an important tool in the hands of state for affirmative action for improvement of gender relations through reduction of gender gap in the development process. It can help to reduce economic inequalities as well as gender inequalities. Hence, the budgetary policies need to keep into consideration the gender dynamics operating in the economy and in the civil society. There is a need to highlight participatory approaches, bottom up budget, child budget, green budgeting, local and global implications of pro-poor and pro-women budgeting and inter-linkages between gender-sensitive budgeting and women’s empowerment. It is good economic sense to make national budgets gender-sensitive, as this will enable more effective targeting of government expenditure to women specific activities and reduce inequitable consequences of previous fiscal policies. The Gender Budget Initiative is a policy framework, methodology and set of tools to assist governments to integrate a gender perspective into the budget as the main national plan of public expenditure. It also aims to facilitate attention to gender analysis in review of macroeconomic performance, ministerial budget preparations, parliamentary debate and mainstream media coverage. Budget impacts women’s lives in several ways. It directly promotes women’s development through allocation of budgetary funds for women’s programmes or reduces opportunities for empowerment of women through budgetary cuts.
Keywords:
Why Should I Care About Public Policy Issues? (TxDLA 2014)Raymond Rose
Public policy issues determine the rules and regulations that impact all aspects of distance education. Failure to get involved in public policy discussion before decisions are rendered, guarantees that others who don't understand the issues will make those decisions.
Assessment of Public Financial Management and State of Infrastructure in Tara...IJASRD Journal
This study examined public financial management and state of infrastructure in Taraba State of Nigeria. The study used survey design. Data were collected through administration of questionnaire to respondents across the state, interviews were also conducted. The questionnaire was designed on 5-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation were employed in the analyses of data. Also, chi-square was used in testing the research hypotheses. The study reveals that budget performance has positive and significant effect on state of infrastructure. In addition, it was revealed that the state of infrastructure in Taraba State does not reflect the budget. The findings have implications on government officials, relevant government agencies, and the general public. The study therefore recommends that government should take it as an obligation to implement significant proportion of budget to improve the state of infrastructure.
Good Governance For a Better Tomorrow: Year-End Philippine Economic Briefing ...Arangkada Philippines
A presentation by the Philippine Economic Team and the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Governor at the Year-End Philippine Economic Briefing on March 6, 2012
The Assessment of Kalare Eradication Policies in Nigeria: A Study of Anti Kal...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Government or public policies are policies that are made at different times and in most cases by different governmental organizations. This can be at the federal, state and at the local levels through which the governments advance and make meaningful economic and human developments. Gombe state government in Eastern Northern Nigeria in its response to the numerous complaints by its citizens over the political violence activities perpetrated by youth groups known as Kalare in the state has formulated two policies with the intention to eradicate these violence activities. These policies include Anti Kalare Squad and Talba Empowerment Scheme (TES) but unfortunately these policies achieved limited success especially in eradicating the violent activities perpetrated by the youth. Hence, this paper assessed the factors responsible for the limited success of the two policies. The findings of this paper revealed that the implementation of these policies was marred by political interference influenced by personal interest and political sentiments. The study recommends that a monitoring and evaluation and mediating committees should be set up which will function as mediator among the different Kalare groups to ensure proper implementation of the policies.
Local Government System After the Implementation of Law No.
22 of 1999
Indonesian Scientific Meeting 2003 in Central Japan
December 20, 2003, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Japan
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
Planning in the region starts with a vision about what we want to be. It is the aspiration of the Filipinos particularly those from SOCCSKSARGEN Region to have a long-term vision for the region and the country as a whole to become a prosperous, predominantly middle class society where no one is poor. The challenge is how every Filipino can afford to have a “matatag, maginhawa at panatag na buhay by 2040.”
Prof. vibhuti patel gender responsive budgets in india pragati, vol. 1, issue...VIBHUTI PATEL
Budget is an important tool in the hands of state for affirmative action for improvement of gender relations through reduction of gender gap in the development process. It can help to reduce economic inequalities as well as gender inequalities. Hence, the budgetary policies need to keep into consideration the gender dynamics operating in the economy and in the civil society. There is a need to highlight participatory approaches, bottom up budget, child budget, green budgeting, local and global implications of pro-poor and pro-women budgeting and inter-linkages between gender-sensitive budgeting and women’s empowerment. It is good economic sense to make national budgets gender-sensitive, as this will enable more effective targeting of government expenditure to women specific activities and reduce inequitable consequences of previous fiscal policies. The Gender Budget Initiative is a policy framework, methodology and set of tools to assist governments to integrate a gender perspective into the budget as the main national plan of public expenditure. It also aims to facilitate attention to gender analysis in review of macroeconomic performance, ministerial budget preparations, parliamentary debate and mainstream media coverage. Budget impacts women’s lives in several ways. It directly promotes women’s development through allocation of budgetary funds for women’s programmes or reduces opportunities for empowerment of women through budgetary cuts.
Keywords:
Why Should I Care About Public Policy Issues? (TxDLA 2014)Raymond Rose
Public policy issues determine the rules and regulations that impact all aspects of distance education. Failure to get involved in public policy discussion before decisions are rendered, guarantees that others who don't understand the issues will make those decisions.
Dr. Paul Halverson - Evidence-Based Policy Development in Public HealthJohn Blue
Evidence-Based Policy Development in Public Health - Dr. Paul Halverson, Founding Dean and Professor, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, from the 2013 NIAA Symposium Bridging the Gap Between Animal Health and Human Health, November 12-14, 2013, Kansas City, MO, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2013-niaa-antibiotics-bridging-the-gap-animal-health-human-health
Introduction to ethical issues in public health, Public Health Institute (PHI...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
An introduction to ethical issues in public health practice and research I gave to master students in the Public Health Institute in Sudan -- My Home Country. This was on Jan. 5, 2012.
Public- Private Partnership (Ppp) As Catalyst for Sustainable Infrasstructura...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: This research presents a microeconomic outlook on the benefits of a strong infrastructure base to the Nigerian economy as evident in some states in Nigeria. The overall objective is to highlights the importance of infrastructure development to economic growth and the need for government to take more strategic approach to tackling its dearth in Nigeria. It provides an informed perceptive on economic impact on infrastructure development has on nation building. Special focus is given to the strategic position the Construction industry takes in bridging the gap between - a state of underdevelopment (economic-anorexia) and economic prosperity. A look at strategic procurement options through the use of Public Private Partnerships (PPP) as a viable alternative to Traditional procurement is also discussed.
Identify Current Deficiencies in Public Private Partnership Practices and Are...IJERA Editor
Public- Private Partnerships is becoming a popular investment model since late 1980s and 1990s in the world.
PPPs in the delivery of public services have become a phenomenon which is spreading around the globe and
generating great interest among governments, investors and other key project stakeholders. Public- Private
Partnerships avoid the often negative effects of either exclusive public ownership or outright privatization. This
is seen as a win-win situation for both public and private entities where they undertake large scale projects. This
balanced approach is especially welcomed in public services which touch on every human being‟s basic needs
& economic development of a country.
Basically in this research, it is attempted to address three main objectives, which are to identify the current
Public- Private Partnerships coverage on infrastructure projects in Sri Lanka, to identify current deficiencies in
Public- Private Partnerships practices and areas which resist Public- Private Partnerships being an attractive
investment model in infrastructure developments in Sri Lankan context and to propose an improved PublicPrivate
Partnerships framework/model that can be used effectively and address the identified problems in
infrastructure developments in Sri Lanka.
Based on a structured questionnaire, data collection has been done using a selected sample. Then, the data set
has been evaluated using Likert Scale and giving weights for that and the total percentage of score.
Lack of the knowledge and deficiencies of the PPP framework are main issues in PPP practice in Sri Lanka.
Thus, it is not much popular investment model to infrastructure development at the moment. Further the
government should change their role from developer and operator to facilitator to improve the PPP practice in
Sri Lanka
Levelof Awareness among Professionals in the Nigerian Construction Industry o...IJERA Editor
This is a survey that investigates the awarenessof professionals and other participants in the Nigerian construction industry in the use of public private partnership and its variant methods in procuring infrastructure in Nigeria.The paper assesses the variants of PPP in infrastructure development, identifies the issues and benefits associated with PPP and factors that affect the choice of the variants. The study employs structured questionnaire to gather pertinent data from the consulting firms of practicing professionals and other practitioners in the built environment in Nigeria such as; 1. Quantity Surveyors; 2. Architects; 3. Engineers; 4. Builders. 5. Land Surveyors; 6. Lawyers. Thereafter, stratified random and purposive sampling technique was used in the selection of respondents to the survey questionnaire. Result shows that Nigeria began to use PPP for project procurement in the mid to late 1990s and the trend is expected to continue into the future, with positive impact on the private and public sectors. The study also, finds that BOT a variant of PPP is the most commonly used with a mean weighted value of 6.78 or 68%; ranked first with 28.4% of respondents. Followed by SC with 23.9%; MC with 19.4%; CC with 13.9%; JVP with 10.5% and PFI with 4.5 respectively. This survey concludes that government should partner more with the private investors in the provision of infrastructure in the face of dwindling resources of government; it also recommends that; 1. PPP and its variants should be popularized through organized workshops and seminars; 2. Its advantages should be propagated to attract local and foreign investors; 3. PPP and its variants should be used to mitigate the challenges facing the traditional method of procurement of infrastructures
Public and Private Partnership in Infrastructure Development in Indiainventionjournals
ABSTRACT: It is well recognized that, with its present state of physical infrastructure, India will be hard-pressed to sustain 7 percent plus annual GDP growth and expected to 2 percent hike. Be it in power, roads, ports, airports, water, railways, urban facilities or even telecoms, the country’s infrastructure needs are enormous. Efforts have also been made, over the years, to strengthen the policy and regulatory framework underpinning some of the key infrastructure sectors. Throughout the past decade, private investment in infrastructure has remained at well below the targeted 2 percent of GDP. Significant investment in physical infrastructure will also lead to employment generation, increased production efficiency, reduction in cost of doing business and improved standard of living. Infrastructure investment is expected to surge to 12.1% of GDP by FY20 from 7.0% of GDP in FY11. Rising demand for infrastructure facilities, given the rapid growth in urbanisation, bulging of the middle class and an increasing working-age population, would engender substantial increase in infrastructure investments during the current decade. While physical infrastructure is expected to play a vital role in maintaining the strong growth momentum during the current decade, improvement in social infrastructure (especially health and sanitation and education) will help the country to move toward inclusive growth. Social infrastructure mainly encompasses the health and education system. In recent years, efforts have been made by the Government of India (GoI) to step-up investment in infrastructure, and particularly to catalyze greater private investment. Over the years, financing of infrastructure projects has been considered the responsibility of the government. However, given budgetary constraints and other priorities, although public investment continues to account for a larger share in infrastructure financing, it has decelerated since the past few years. Moreover, GoI is making efforts to encourage private investments in infrastructure projects. As a result, the share of the private sector in infrastructure financing gradually increased from a mere 25.1% in FY05 to 32.7% in FY10 (E) and is expected to increase further to 45.2% in FY20. In this context this paper mainly focuses to provide an analytical abstract of sector-wise infrastructure developments in the country and the status of private participation and the PPP (Public and Private Partnership) in public infrastructure and contribution to economic growth.
The topic of public-private partnerships has been received with great interest by governments, societies and research centers around the world. After it became clear that the process of economic and social development is based on mobilizing and gathering all the potentials of society, including the energies, resources and experiences of both the public and private sectors, to participate in the institutional organizations that deal with the establishment and operation of projects of various kinds after the institutional arrangements faced separate and independent sectoral challenges and difficulties. In achieving the goals of development levels is an ambitious goal. Therefore, developed countries seek to develop institutions, legislation and institutional systems to adopt participatory organizations in which all sectors of society contribute to directing, managing and operating projects and businesses, developing and developing them in order to serve their purposes on the basis of cooperative participation, good governance, transparent accountability and mutual benefit.
Disampaikan pada Diklat Reform Leader Academy Angkatan VI, Pusdiklat Teknis Fungsional LAN-RI
Jakarta, 28 April 2017
Dr. Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Deputi Inovasi Administrasi Negara LAN-RI
http://inovasi.lan.go.id
Financing of Physical Facilities in Public Secondary Schools an Investigation...paperpublications3
Abstract: The general objective of this study was to investigate the role played by CDF in funding public secondary schools’ physical projects within Lugari Constituency. Specific objectives of the study were: to determine the effect of CDF funding on physical projects; to establish the role of the school administrators on CDF funded projects; and to establish the challenges facing implementation of projects. Literature review focused on an overview of the CDF program. The study used a descriptive survey design. The study targeted 46 schools. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select 14 schools to participate in the study, representing a sample of 30.43 percent. Questionnaires were used for data collection. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques. The study established that CDF led to a marginal increase of facilities in schools. The study revealed that principals had attended workshops, which enabled them to be involved in project implementation. Interference from politicians was the main challenge in implementation of the CDF-funded projects. The study recommends that: all schools should be given an equal chance to CDF funds; CDF team should sensitize the community on CDF funding; further CDF funding should not be politicized.
Towards a Framework for the Governance of InfrastructureOECD Governance
This working paper sets out by presenting concepts and challenges for public infrastructure followed by suggested preconditions for good infrastructure governance. It presents an infrastructure decision tree that can guide countries in assessing and balancing their specific sectoral, country, and project needs in order to select a fitting infrastructure delivery modality. www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting
Urban infrastructure financing in nepalAmit Pokharel
The first real estate development paper to find the Cost analysis and revenue generation of United World Trade centre, Tripureshwor, based under land-lease agreement with Tribhuvan University.
Decentralization, Clientelism and Popular Participation: Is there a role for ...Soren Gigler
This case study investigates under which conditions ICTs can play a role in fostering the empowerment of rural communities to fully participate in the decision-making processes of local governments. The analysis using empirical evidence from rural communities in Bolivia focuses hereby on the following key questions: (i) to what extent can ICTs contribute to improving the efficiency and efficacy of local government? (ii) does ICTs have the potential to make local governments more transparent and responsive to the needs of rural communities and (iii) can ICTs support the core objectives of the Bolivian Law of Popular Participation to strengthen the role of local government in public-policy making and the implementation of development programs?
11 Inovasi Untuk Membangun WoG (Dr. Tri Widodo WU, SH, MA)Massaputro Delly TP
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Infrastructure a critical public policy issue that faces the kenyan nation today
1. INFRASTRUCTURE: A CRITICAL PUBLIC POLICY ISSUE THAT FACES THE
KENYAN NATION TODAY.
By Beatrice Adera Amollo, January, 2013
INTRODUCTION
A policy has been defined as “the translation of a government’s political priorities and principles into
programs, projects and actions to deliver desired changes within a given time frame” (Comptroller and
Audit General UK, 2001 cited in Kibua & Oyugi, 2007). Schuster (2008), states that public policy is
embodied in constitutions, legislative acts, and judicial decisions. In Kenya, public policies are part of
the Ministry of Planning and National Development and Vision 2030’s core functions since it gives
broad policy direction through coordination and writing of district development plans, national
development plans and sessional papers. Both the Institute of Policy Analysis and Research (IPAR),
an independent private organization and the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis
(KIPPRA) which is an autonomous public institute conduct policy analysis and research, and training;
and shares with or advises the government, its development partners, private sector, and civil society,
for the attainment of the national development goals.
THE CRITICAL ISSUES FOR KENYA
The critical issues or challenges with public policies in Kenya are not only the issues they address, but
also found at the formulation and implementation stages of the policies.
Some of Kenya’s major public and national concerns are highlighted in the Vision 2030, a
development programme comprising of three key pillars – economic, social and political – to be
tackled in the period 2008 to 2030. Vision 2030 may be considered to be a public policy that was
developed through an all-inclusive and participatory stakeholder consultative process. It bases its three
pillars on seven (7) major national developmental concerns. These are:-
1. Macro-economic stability 4. Land Reform
2. Infrastructure 5. Human Resources Development
3. Science, Technology and Innovation 6. Security
(STI) 7. Public sector reform
INFRASTRUCTURE
In this paper, the author focuses on infrastructure as one of the most critical issues facing Kenya since it impacts
on its social and economic progress. The need for infrastructure development to lure private investment and spur
1
2. economic growth has been noted in most of Kenya’s development policies. Infrastructure serves as a strategic
foundation for economic transformation in general and the application of technology to development in particular.
The term infrastructure has been defined in the Encyclopædia Britannica as “A collective term for the subordinate
parts of an undertaking; a substructure, foundation” (infrastructure, 2013a). It is “the basic physical and
organizational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society
or enterprise” (infrastructure, 2013b). Economic and social infrastructure plays a vital role in the development
process and it includes roads, electricity and water supply, sanitation systems, irrigation, schools, hospitals,
clinics, airports, and telecommunications (Hope, 2010). To achieve a credible level of industrialization, Kenya
requires substantial overhaul of its current infrastructure. There are gaps in all the above listed forms of
infrastructure and the needs are broad based.
Kenya’s poor infrastructure is a major impediment to the achievement of Vision 2030 and the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs). The current infrastructure investment levels are far below those required and
resulted in low investment levels in the country. For instance, the issue of electricity has adversely affected
growth in the industrial and entrepreneurial sectors. The frequent power outages in the country have become
frequent and go for so long. Formal and informal businesses, government offices, private residences and all others
who can afford it have had to invest in generators as a fundamental necessity of daily functioning (Hope, 2010).
Some prevailing challenges in Kenya’s power sub-sector include:- the continued operation of very expensive
emergency diesel power generation; the over-dependence on hydropower which severely constrains electric
power generation during droughts; limited availability of long-term financing to the power utilities; vandalism
and theft of transformers and power cables; the escalating cost of capital-intensive generation projects; and the
scattered and sparsely populated rural areas, among others (Hope, 2010). To address these challenges brought
about by the power crisis in Kenya, it must become an added priority of the government. There is need for careful
assessment and considerations for the use of a variety of power generation technologies which include renewable
energy. For a long term solution, all the stakeholders in the public and private sector must be involved in the
policy formulation and implementation.
In relation to the infrastructure challenge and in seeking long lasting solutions within an effective policy, there is
need to address issues concerning the protection and conservation of the environment for the benefit of future
generations and the wider international community and the need to cultivate a social attitude of respect and care
for public infrastructure facilities and services among all citizens (Hope, 2010). The latter, if achieved will ensure
preservation which will result in a major and permanent shift in individual and societal attitudes and behaviors.
The power issue cannot be tackled all at once; it takes time and cooperation from all citizens. There is need for a
clear and articulate policy based on “System approaches” as articulated by Ozga (2005) which will ensure
understanding and cooperation from the masses.
Other infrastructural considerations that the country should address include:-
2
3. The Port: According to Hope (2010), the Kenya Ports Authority (KPA), which has responsibility for the
management and administration of the port needs to invest in improvement in the facilities of the current
container terminal. The performance of the port of Mombasa has been an issue of public interest for a
long time. There are ongoing attempts at establishing another port in Lamu (Kenya Vision 2030, 2013).
Schools and hospitals: There are still a large number of Kenyans who cannot access or afford these basic
services.
Water supply: Some parts of the country, especially rural areas do not have access to clean or tap water
despite the government’s efforts over the last 10 or so years.
It is one thing to have the right policies and another to be able to afford their implementation. Kenya’s
infrastructure funding gap will need to be addressed. Without funding, the plans will stall. An example of the
government’s efforts is the issuance of infrastructure bonds by the government has proven to be very an attractive
method of fund raising for infrastructure development. Other sources of investment capital could be mobilized
and done to attract private investment and Private Public Partnerships (PPP), in particular private participation in
infrastructure (PPI).
FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
Kibua & Oyugi (2007) and others outline some of the challenges at the formulation and implementation stages
of policy making in Kenya. These include:-
Acceptability: Researchers from the two public and private institutions need to package their findings in a
language and format that can easily be understood by, and accessible and acceptable to policy-makers.
Policy reversals: Kibua & Oyugi (2007) observe that the government policies are often ambiguous and subject to
reversals.
Collaboration with peers: There is minimal collaboration among the research and policy institutes, despite the
fact that they may be financed by similar institutions.
Research and policy implications– theory versus practice: Ideally, research institutions are supposed to
generate intellectual capital, which becomes a critical input in the policy-making process. In theory, the issue of
what constitutes intellectual capital and the technological process of feeding it into the policy production process
remains basically unresolved.
Monitoring: The Ministry of State for Planning, National Development and Vision 2030, has not been able to set
targets for most of the indicators in the gender monitoring framework like for the other monitoring frameworks.
This belies a gap in monitoring in the implementation of policies. (Government of the Republic of Kenya, 2009).
3
4. CONCLUSION
Much attention and effort must be given by the Kenyan authorities to infrastructure development to allow the
public and private sectors to implement policies successfully and deliver goods and services for poverty reduction
and sustainable development. It is evident that the government is gradually moving away from the one-way street
of inadequate and poorly performing infrastructure towards the two-way street along which economic growth and
development encourages demand for infrastructure, and infrastructure generates economic growth and
development. Thus, the need for practical and affordable infrastructure policies that will not only be perceived as
top-down, but down-top and all encompassing.
4
5. REFERENCES
Government of the Republic of Kenya. (2009). National reporting framework of indicators: The Vision
2030 first medium-term plan. Nairobi, Kenya: Ministry of State for Planning, National
Development and Vision 2030.
Kibua, T.N. & Oyugi, L.N. (2007). Influencing development policies through research: The Kenyan
experience. In Ayuk, E. T. & Marouani, M. A. (Eds). (2007). Policy paradox in Africa:
Strengthening links between economic research and policymaking (pp. 239 - 261). Ottawa,
Canada: IDRC Books. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/lib/asi/Doc?id=10187155
Hope, Sr, K. R. (2010) Infrastructure constraints and development in Kenya : An analytical review.
Journal of Infrastructure Development, 2(2). 91–104. DOI: 10.1177/097493061100200201
infrastructure. (2013a). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/288009/infrastructure
infrastructure. (2013b). In Oxford University Press. Retrieved from
http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/infrastructure
Kenya Vision 2030. (2013). Development of Dongo Kundu FreePort. Available from
http://www.vision2030.go.ke/index.php/projects/details/Economic/183
Ozga, J (2005). Models of policy-making and policy learning. Paper for Seminar on Policy Learning in
14-19 Education. Joint seminar of Education and Youth Transitions Project and Nuffield Review
of 14-19 Education, 15 March 2005. University of Edinburgh: Centre for Educational Sociology.
Retrieved from http://www.ces.ed.ac.uk/PDF%20Files/EYT_SP05_JO.pdf
Schuster II, M. W. (2008). For the greater good: The use of public policy considerations in confirming
chapter 11 plans of reorganization. Houston Law Review. 46, 467.
5