1. The Tourism Industry
2. Classic Tourism Development Theories
3. Ideal Sustainable Tourism Development
4. Issues in Tourism Development
5. Some Possible Solutions
3. • Is sustainable tourism development
possible?
• How can sustainable tourism development
be achieved?
• Who are responsible (stakeholders) for
sustainable tourism development?
5. How can we be critical travelers
and look at tourism with the lens
of a development professional?
6. Objectives:
At the end of this session, we should be able
to:
• Analyze the relationship of the macro and
micro contexts of the tourism industry
• Determine key challenges to sustainable
tourism development
• Consider possible solutions to address the
challenges to sustainable tourism
development
7. Outline
I. The Tourism Industry
II. Classic Tourism Development Theories
III. Ideal Sustainable Tourism Development
IV. Issues in Tourism Development
V. Some Possible Solutions
VI. Conclusion
13. Long-term Outlook
• International tourist arrivals worldwide are
expected to increase by 3.3% a year between
2010 and 2030 to reach 1.8 billion by 2030,
according to UNWTO’s long term forecast Tourism
Towards 2030.
• Between 2010 and 2030, arrivals in emerging
destinations (+4.4% a year) are expected to
increase at twice the rate of those in advanced
economies (+2.2% a year).
• The market share of emerging economies
increased from 30% in 1980 to 45% in 2014, and
is expected to reach 57% by 2030, equivalent to
over 1 billion international tourist arrivals
Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization (2015)
17. Local Level?
“Local people’s perception on the impacts and
importance of ecotourism in Sabang, Palawan,
Philippines” by Jeffrey O. Jalani
18. Local Level: Sabang, Palawan
• Site: Puerto Princesa Subterranean River
National Park (PPSRNP)
• Objectives: To examine the…
– effects of ecotourism to the local community in
terms of livelihood generation and influx of
people
– views of the local community on the impact of
ecotourism and importance of natural
resource to the tourism industry
• Methodology: Survey and Key Informant
Interview
19. Results
• Tourism industry:
– source of income for most household
– seen as beneficial
– led to change of livelihood
– high influx of people because of work opportunity
• Environmental protection: seen as least
positive impact against work opportunity &
city development
• High level of awareness and involvement
among locals in the protection of the
environment
• Most respondents oblivious that the
environment is the key tourism resource.
20. Tourism Planning in the Philippines
• Process
– Government-led (ex: CamSur)
– Private sector led (ex: El Nido hotels)
• Stakeholders
– Government (Mayor, Tourism Officer,
MENRO)
– Private sector (Hotels, Tour Operators,
Transpo)
– Tourism councils
21. Government-Led
• Local government – local product
development, legislation (Tourism Code),
budget, investment generation
– Municipal or Provincial Tourism Officers
– Economic and Investment Officers
– Environment and Natural Resources Officers
– Tourism Council (public & private)
• Department of Tourism – marketing,
capacity building
26. Doxey’s Irritation Index
Level of Irritation Destination Responses to Tourism
Euphoria • Sense of excitement and anticipation
• Informal contact with tourists
Apathy • More formal contact with tourists
• Tourism seen as a source of income and
investment
Annoyance • Residents begin to show misgivings about
tourism industry due to increasing numbers,
external investment and infrastructure
Antagonism • Irritations: expressed verbally and physically
• Tourists: seen as cause of the problem
28. “Sustainable tourism development meets the
needs of present tourists and host regions while
protecting and enhancing tourism for the future. It
is envisioned as leading to management of all
resources in such a way that economic, social
and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while
maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological
processes, biological diversity and life support
systems.”
-WTO, 2001
30. • From 816,000 visitors in 2011 to more than
one million in 2012
• 67% increase in tourism earnings from 2011
($319 million) to 2012 ($534 million)
Source: http://travel.cnn.com/myanmar-records-one-million-
tourists-67-percent-increase-tourism-income-037441
Myanmar
Tourism earnings contributed to
the income of the country after
the political crisis.
31. Socio-cultural
Impact
• Increased pride in
indigenous cultural
practices and values
• Improved social
indicators brought
about by economic
impact
• Women
empowerment
33. I have heard a Setswana adage that ‘gadi
etelelwe ke manamagadi,’ [women cannot
lead], but here I am working as a woman. I
guide tourists and am the first woman to
work as a guide in my community in
Manyana. I feel very good about myself.
Source: Moswete & Lacey
35. Sydney
• New building
technologies and
techniques became
mainstream.
• Cleanup of Homebush
Bay, a site
contaminated by
industrial waste, for
use as a venue.
Source: Lacey
37. Bali Case Study
What are the economic, socio-
cultural, and environmental
impacts of ecotourism?
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBXLmUAtbVA
39. Economic Issues
• Leakage: the money that goes out of a
destination due to imported raw materials,
souvenirs, furniture, labor
– Did tourism really benefit the locals or did it
benefit suppliers or manufacturers from
another country
– Where did the ingredients come from?
– Where did the souvenirs come from?
– Where do employees live? Are they locals?
40. Economic Issues
• Lack of inclusive growth
– Who are the ones that gain from tourism?
– Do the locals really benefit from employment
or via the supply chain?
– Tension between luxury (or enclave tourism)
and community-based tourism
• Increase in prices
– Surge in prices of commodities and real
estate
41. Economic Issues
• Economic dependence on tourism
– Lack of economic diversification: risky
– Maldives: 83% of workforce depend on
tourism
– What are the possible impacts of economic
recession and natural disasters on tourism-
dependent economies?
43. Socio-cultural Issues
• Change or loss of indigenous identity and
values (cultural erosion)
– Factors: tourists’ behavior, commodification,
staged authenticity, adaptation to tourist
demands
– Altering livelihoods to accommodate tourism
(ex: farmers to tour guides; fisherman to
bangka tour guides)
44. Socio-cultural Issues
• Tension between locals and tourists on the
use of resources
– Should the distribution of energy or water
depend on the use of hotels and resorts?
• Prostitution and Human Trafficking
– Sex tourism: alarming in the Philippines
– Children's Legal Bureau: 60,000 - 100,000
children prostitutes in the Philippines
45. Socio-cultural Issues
• Displacement or forced migration for locals
– Factors: real estate development, rising real
estate prices, rising standards of living
– Migrants take away employment opportunities
from locals
48. Environmental
Issues
• Global warming and
climate change
– Carbon emissions
from air transport and
other modes of
transportation
– How much is your
travel carbon
footprint?
51. Economic
• Legislation that supports the creation of
tourism enterprises (e.g. Tourism Code,
LIIC)
• Support local industries to reduce leakage
• Diversify other sectors related to the
tourism industry
• Ex: LGSP-LED - promotes investment,
equips government, strengthens tourism
industry, and trains locals (workforce
development)
52. Socio-cultural
• Stakeholder Management - Consider local
opinion & knowledge; address conflict
between migrants & locals
• Educate tourists on their possible impact
• Instill cultural pride among locals,
empower locals
• Ex: Palaui (Blue Water); Bhutan
55. • Is sustainable tourism development
possible? How?
• Who is responsible for sustainable tourism
development in the Philippines?
56. Objectives:
At the end of this session, we should be able
to:
• Analyze the relationship of the macro and
micro contexts of the tourism industry
• Determine key challenges to sustainable
tourism development
• Consider possible solutions to address the
challenges to sustainable tourism
development
57. What is your proposed
sustainable tourism
development solution/strategy?
Editor's Notes
LGU: Aloguinsan
LGU: Aloguinsan
Locals’ perspective and attitude towards tourism.
Euphoria: Welcoming to tourists.
Antagonism: We hate tourists (ex: Venice).