1. BENEFITS AND IMPACTS OF
TOURISM
HPRINTOUR
FROM: PRINCIPLES OF TOURISM I (MANZANO, R. & SANTOS, B.;
2014) & PRINCIPLES AND SCOPES OF TOURISM (LIM, R.; 2012)
PRESENTED BY: MERVYN MAICO D. ALDANA, SHTM FACULTY
2. TOURISM INDUSTRY
• THE WORLD TOURISM COUNCIL ESTIMATES THAT TRAVEL AND TOURISM
PROVIDES EMPLOYMENT FOR MORE THAN 100 MILLION PEOPLE WORLD WIDE,
AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR OVER 7% OF WORLD WIDE CAPITAL INVESTMENT.
3. TOURISM INDUSTRY
• TOURISM IS OFTEN SEEN AS A SAVIOR INDUSTRY FOR MANY COUNTRIES.
• MORE OFTEN THAN NOT, TOURISM IS RECOGNIZED AS THE TOOL THAT CAN
ALLEVIATE THE ECONOMY OF A COUNTRY.
• THE EFFECTS OF TOURISM IN THE SOCIETY ARE OFTEN SEEN ONLY FROM THE
ECONOMIC POINT OF VIEW.
• WHEN THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF TOURISM ARE DISCUSSED, THE COMMON
RESPONSE WOULD MOST LIKELY BE INCLINED TO THE ENVIRONMENT OR SOCIAL
EFFECTS.
4. TOURISM INDUSTRY
• IT IS IMPORTANT FOR TOURISM PLAYERS AND STAKEHOLDERS TO UNDERSTAND
AND LEARN THE EFFECTS OF TOURISM IN ORDER TO AVOID UNNECESSARY
MEASURES THAT ARE DETRIMENTAL TO THE WHOLE COMMUNITY.
5. APPROACHES TO TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
• MASS TOURISM
- TOURIST ARRIVAL AS AN INDICATOR OF
SUCCESS.
- -TOURISM INCOME IS DEPENDENT ON
THREE VARIABLES:
- THE NUMBER OF VISITORS
-THE AMOUNT OF MONEY THEY
SPEND
-THE LENGTH OF STAY
6. APPROACHES TO TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
• PRODUCT LED VS. MARKET
LED APPROACH
- TWO SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS;
1. IF WE BUILD THEM THEY WILL
COME
2. WE MUST FIRST KNOW WHAT THE
MARKET WANTS AND THEN PROVIDE FOR
THEM.
7. APPROACHES TO TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
• PRO-POOR TOURISM
- ADVOCATES SAYS THAT AS MUCH
AS POSSIBLE INPUTS FOR TOURISM LIKE
RAW MATERIALS, SOUVENIR AND LABOR
MUST BE SOURCED OUT FROM THE LOCAL
COMMUNITY .
8. APPROACHES TO TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
• FAIR TRADE
IT’S ABOUT PAYING RIGHT PRICES AND
PROVIDING HIGH SOCIAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS TO
FARMERS AND WORKERS IN THE
DEVELOPING WORLD.
9. • COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM
A FORM OF TOURISM WHERE THE LOCAL
COMMUNITY HAS SUBSTANTIAL CONTROL
OVER, AND INVOLVEMENT IN IT’S
DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT AND A
MAJOR PROPORTION OF THE BENEFITS
REMAIN WITH THE COMMUNITY.
APPROACHES TO TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
11. ECONOMIC IMPACT
• MASS TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IS
MOTIVATED BY EXPECTATION OF
ECONOMIC REWARDS.
• LABOR INTENSIVE,
• GENERATE FOREIGN CURRENCY
RECEIPTS WITH LITTLE DISTURBANCE
• ALLOWS DIVERSIFICATION
• THE LEVEL OF INVESTMENT
REQUIRED IN INFRASTRUCTURE IS
LOW.
• SHOWCASING OF LOCAL CULTURE
13. POSITIVE ECONOMIC EFFECTS
• LIVELIHOOD – A SIZEABLE CHUNKS
OF TOURISM EXPENDITURES IN
DESTINATIONS GOES TO SHOPPING
FOR LOCAL SOUVENIR AND FOOD
ITEMS.
• FOREIGN EXCHANGE
14. • TAXES AND FEES- THE
GOVERNMENT MAKES MONEY FROM
VISA APPLICATION FEES, AIRPORT
LANDING FEES, TERMINAL FEES, SALES
TAXES, BUSINESS LICENSE FEES, USER
FEES FOR FACILITIES.
POSITIVE ECONOMIC EFFECTS
15. • JOBS- TOURISM GENERATES FROM
LOW TO HIGH SKILLED LEVEL JOBS IN
HOTELS, RESTAURANTS, AIRLINES
CRUISE LINES, AMUSEMENT PARKS,
CASINOS, RESORTS, SPAS, CLUBS,
CONVENTION CENTERS, TRAVEL
AGENCIES, ETC.
POSITIVE ECONOMIC EFFECTS
16. NEGATIVE ECONOMIC EFFECTS
• INFLATION/SEASONAL PRICE
INCREASE- TOURISTS CREATE A
SUDDEN SURGE IN DEMAND FOR GOODS
AND SERVICES.
17. • JOB DISPLACEMENT AND
ECONOMIC DISRUPTION-
TOURISM CAN LEAD TO A SHIFT
IN TRADITIONAL OCCUPATIONS .
• DEPENDENCE
NEGATIVE ECONOMIC EFFECTS
18. • VULNERABILITY TO OUTSIDE
FORCES- TOURISM IN MANY COUNTRIES
IS FOREIGN TOURIST-DEPENDENT, MAKING
THE INDUSTRY VULNERABLE TO THREATS,
EPIDEMICS OR ECONOMIC DOWNTURN
COULD DISCOURAGE TRAVELLING ABROAD.
NEGATIVE ECONOMIC EFFECTS
19. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
• WHEN PLANNED AND MANAGED
PROPERLY, TOURISM HELPS PRESERVE
NATURE THAT CONTRIBUTES TO HIGHER
QUALITY OF LIFE FOR VISITORS AND
RESIDENTS ALIKE.
20. POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
• PRESERVATION OF NATURE-
TOURISM HELPS PRESERVE NATURE BY
CREATING ALTERNATIVE SUSTAINABLE
SOURCE OF INCOME TO LOCAL
COMMUNITIES.
• CONSERVATION NOT ONLY THE
NATURAL RESOURCES BUT ALSO MAN-
MADE RESOURCES SUCH AS OLD
CHURCHES, HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND
SITES, WORKS OF ARTS AND CULTURAL
ARTIFACTS.
21. POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
• AWARENESS AND OBSERVANCE OF “GREEN
PRACTICES”
• PROTECTION OF FLORA AND FAUNA AND
THE COMMUNITIES
• CREATION OF GUIDELINES AND CODES
ON RESPONSIBLE TOURISM
22. • TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE
BENEFITS LOCAL
POPULATION- WHEN GOVERNMENT
AND BUSINESSES INVEST IN
TRANSPORTATION AND TOURISM
INFRASTRUCTURE LIKE TOILETS TRAILS,
AND DINING FACILITIES, THE LOCAL
POPULATION STANDS TO BENEFIT THE
MOST.
POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
23. • CROWDING-THE MERE PRESENCE OF
PEOPLE IS ENOUGH TO CAUSE UNWANTED
DISTURBANCE.
-HUMIDITY
-TRAFFIC JAMS
-SPACE COMPETITION
NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
24. • BIODIVERSITY LOSS- TOURISM
REQUIRES SPACE FOR AIRPORTS, HOTELS,
RESORTS, THEME PARKS. HUMAN
INTRUSIONS CAN BE HARMFUL TO
ANIMALS.
• EXPLOITATION AND EXHAUSTION OF
NATURAL RESOURCES (WILDLIFE, LAND
AND FLORA)
• OVER DEVELOPMENT OR UNRESTRAINED
GROWTH.
NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
25. • RESOURCE DEPLETION-GLOBAL
SUPPLY OF FRESHWATER HAS REACHED
CRITICAL LEVELS YET TOURISTS ARE
PAMPERED WITH POOLS, GOLF COURSES
AND BATH TUBS.
NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
26. • COASTAL DEGRADATION-
REMOVAL OF MANGROVES, BULLDOZE OF
CORAL REEFS, POORLY CONSTRUCTED
INFRASTRUCTURE.
NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
27. • POLLUTION- TRAVEL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
90% OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM THE
TOURISM SECTOR.
• WATER POLLUTION CAUSED BY TOURISM
COMES IN THE FORM OF FOOD WASTES AND
OIL SPILLS FROM PASSENGER SHIPS.
• UNTREATED SEWAGE
• SOLID WASTE
• NOISE, LIGHT AND VISUAL POLLUTION
NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
28. CULTURAL IMPACTS
• TOURIST ARE AGENTS FOR CULTURAL
DIFFUSION. ALL TOURISTS REGARDLESS
OF NATIONALITIES TEND TO EXHIBIT A
COMMON PATTERN OF BEHAVIOR WHICH
CAN BE DESCRIBED AS CAREFREE AND
URGENT.
29. • TOURISM PROMOTES
UNDERSTANDING- IN SPITE OF
VIRTUAL REALITY TECHNOLOGIES, THERE
IS STILL NO SUBSTITUTE FOR HUMAN
ENCOUNTER AND EXCHANGE.
• PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION OF
CULTURAL HERITAGE
POSITIVE CULTURAL EFFECTS
30. • TOURISM PROMOTES
COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT- SOME
TOURISTS BRING ABOUT A BETTER
WORLD. TOURISTS AND THE
INDUSTRY ARE GETTING INVOLVED
IN RAISING AWARENESS OF CHILD
LABOR, SEX TOURISM, ANIMAL
WELFARE, AND ENVIRONMENT
ISSUES.
POSITIVE CULTURAL EFFECTS
31. • COMMODIFICATION OF
CULTURE-THE OUTSIDERS CHOOSE
WHICH ASPECT OF THE LOCAL CULTURE TO
VALUE AND WHICH ONES TO DISCARD
NEGATIVE CULTURAL EFFECTS
32. • DISPLACEMENT OF LOCAL
PEOPLE- OUTSIDE INVESTORS BUY PRIME
PROPERTY AWAY FROM THE LOCALS. OTHERS
WHO CANNOT ADAPT TO THE NEW
SITUATION MAY OPT TO GO SOMEWHERE
ELSE.
NEGATIVE CULTURAL EFFECTS
33. • DRUGS AND PROSTITUTION-CHILD
PROSTITUTION IS PARTICULARLY SERIOUS
BECAUSE IT DESTROYS CHILDREN’S INNOCENCE
WHILE GRATIFYING THE DESIRE OF PERVERTS.
NEGATIVE CULTURAL EFFECTS
34. • NEGATIVE STEREOTYPES- TOURIST
PEOPLE MAY SOMETIMES FOLLOW THE LEAD
OF MEDIA IN SENSATIONALIZING THE
NEGATIVES SUCH AS MANILA’S CHAOTIC
TRAFFIC, POLLUTION, STREET CHILDREN
ETC.
NEGATIVE CULTURAL EFFECTS
