Uploaded by Damodar Gaire

1. UNIT 2
ECOTOURISM POLICY, ORGANISATIONS
AND THE ECOTOURIST
A. Prof. Damodar Gaire

2. Global trend of tourism
2
Source: UNWTO, 2018
•Highest growth in international tourist arrivals in seven years since 2010.
•Recovery of destinations suffering from security challenges in recent years.
•Economic upswing resulting in strong outbound demand from major source
markets.
Strong recovery in demand from the emerging source markets of Brazil and
the Russian Federation after few years of decline

3. UNWTO, updated Sept 2018

4. International tourist
arrivals,
change by region, 2017
(%)

5. •Total exports from international tourism therefore reach US$ 1.6 trillion, or
US$ 4 billion a day on average.

6. Important tourism destinations of world
• North America
– Abundant national parks and prime locations for a wide variety of eco-tourism
• Central America
– Tropical rainforests and sites of Mayan ruins
– Costa Rica and Belize
• South America
– Lush jungles and the Amazon River
– Ecuador and Brazil
• Galapagos Islands
– Home to hundreds of species of birds, mammals, reptiles, marine life, and
plants
– World Heritage site
6

7. Contd….
• Europe
– Ancient ruins, architecture, and cultures of Turkey and Greece
– Mainly understand as the sustainable tourism.
– Protected areas, mountains, wetlands and coastal areas.
– Receives more than 58% of international arrivals.
• Africa
– Exotic wildlife safari
– Most diverse wildlife sanctuaries . With National parks main attraction sites.
– Sahara desert
• Australia
– Great Barrier Reef
• Antarctica
– Glaciers
7

8. Contd…
• Asia
– Himalayas in Nepal and jungles of Thailand
– Annapurna conservation and mount Everest are the popular trekking of Nepal
– control ecotourism of Bhutan.
– environmental beauties of Vietnam
– Rain forest of Borneo and Sumatra
– Tibetan plateau of China
– camel treks, horse and yak riding, and wildlife viewing in Mongolia and northern
china.
– Chitwan NP of Nepal
– Lumbini , Pasupatinath of Nepal
– Agara, Kasmir and sikkim of India
8

9. Tourism status in Nepal
• 1950: Maurice Herzog
Accented Annapurna I
• •1953: Edmund
Hillary & Tenzing
Norgay Climbed the
Everest
• •Trekking begun from
early 1970s
9
Year
Number of international tourists
arriving in Nepal
% change from
previous year
2010 602,867 +18.2%
2011 736,215 +22.1%
2012 803,092 +9.1%
2013 797,616 -0.7%
2014 790,118 -0.9%
2015 538,970 -31%
2016 753,002 +40%
2017 940,218 +24.8%
Rank Country 2017 2016 2015
1 India 160,832 118,249 75,124
2 China 104,664 104,005 66,984
3 United States 79,146 53,645 42,687
4 United Kingdom 51,058 46,295 29,730
5 Sri Lanka 45,361 57,521 44,367
6 Thailand 39,154 26,722 32,338
7 South Korea 34,301 25,171 18,112
8 Australia 33,371 25,507 16,619
9 Myanmar 30,852 25,769 21,631
10 Germany 29,918 23,812 16,405

10. Practices and activities for ecotourism in different sites of Nepal
Mountaineering The Himalayas
Trekking Annapurna, Khumbu,Langtang& Manaslu
Hiking MMT,Royal Trek, Panchaseetc.
Nature Walk/Jungle Safari Nagarkot, Dhulikhel, Gokarna/ National Parks & Reserves
Mountain biking Shivapuri, Namobuddha, Lankureetc.
Rafting Koshi, Karnali& GandakiRivers
BungeeJumping Bhotekoshi(The Last Resort)
Gliding Sarangkot
Cannoning Syange
Mountain flight Himalayan region
Animal/Bird Watching Koshitappu, Bardiya
Homestay Sirubari ( Syangja), Ghalegaun (Lamjung) ACAP region
Elephant riding Chitwan
Culture program Tharu dance in chitwan, Tote in ACAP
Visit of religious places Kathmandu, Lumbini, janakpur, Gosaikund
10

11. Tourism in Nepal by Months
11
Sources: Tourism statics 2010

12. Involvement Of Organizations For Development
Of Ecotourism In Nepal
Governmental Organizations
• Ministry of Tourism , culture and Civil Aviation (MoTCA)
• National Planning Commission (NPC)
• Ministry of Local Development (MLD)
• Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation (MoFSC)
Non-Governmental Organizations
• Nepal Tourism Board (NTB)
• NTNC
• WWF
• Kathmandu Environmental Education Project (KEEP)
• Sagarmatha Pollution Control Committee (SPCC)
• Trekking Agents Association of Nepal (TAAN)
• Nepal Mountaineering Association (NMA)
• Hotel Association of Nepal (HAN)
• Nepal Association of Travel Agents (NATA)
• Nepal Association of Rafting Agents (NARA)
• Tourist Guide Association of Nepal (TURGAN)
• Sustainable Tourism Network (STN)
12
International agencies
 IUCN
 SNV Nepal
 The Mountain
Institute (TMI)
 Eco-Himal
 ICIMOD
 Asian
Development Bank
(ADB)
 UNDP
 DFID
 CARE Nepal
 USAID
 GTZ

13. Factors limiting ecotourism potential
 Political factors such as ethnic conflicts in the host country can
adversely hurt tourism revenues.
 Social factors include concerns about personal safety, health, and
general impression of the country.
 Environmental Factors include seasonality, natural disaster, and
pollution.
 Economic Factor such as global exchange rates may help one
region or country while hurting another.
 technological issues of communication and marketing affect
information
13

14. Discuss organization policy versus tourism policy global and
national

16. Tourism policy
• Ecotourism is the fastest growing sub-sector of the tourism
industry. So ecotourism needs to be guided by very
holistic policy for its effective practice to achieve real
sustainable ecotourism that can be a more beneficial to
local communities, safeguard to natural and cultural
environments, and advantageous to tourists and other
stakeholders.
• Goeldner and Ritchie (2003) defines that tourism policy is a
set of regulations, rules, guidelines, directions and
development/ promotion objectives and strategies that
provide a framework within which the collective and
individual decisions directly affecting long- term tourism
development and the daily activities within a destination

17. Cont..
• Major global policy initiatives taken by international
development agencies show that the importance of
ecotourism for sustainable development will continue to
expand in the post-2015 period.
• In the UN World Summit on Sustainable Development
Goals 2030 held in September 2015, world leaders agreed
that they will ‘devise and implement policies to pro-mote
sustainable tourism that creates jobs and pro-motes local
culture and products’ (United Nations 2015).
• Global policy documents on ecotourism for development
also acknowledge that ‘visitors have responsibility to the
sustainability of the destination and the global
environment through their travel choice, behaviour and
activities’ (UNEP-WTO 2002).

18. •A review of key global tourism policy documents (De Kadt 1979; UNEP-WTO 2002,
2005; CBD-UNEP 2011; UNEP 2013; UNDP-UNEP 2014) with a focus on the notion
of ‘ecotourism for development’ shows that ecotourism is attributed much
potential for the sustainable development of poor countries and com-munities.
•Global policy documents also recognise the contribu-tion of indigenous peoples,
in particular, to the achievement of global conservation targets such as targets on
the Conservation of Biological Diversity (CBD-UNEP 2011).
•The SDGs (2015–2030), which replaced MDGs, likewise encom-pass three
dimensions of sustainable development – economic, social, and environmental –
and recognise different forms of tourism, including ecotourism, as important
potential contributors to sustainable devel-opment (UNDG 2013; UNWTO 2014;
United Nations 2015).

19. Nepal Tourism Policy
• Overall strategic management of tourism in Nepal
is provided by the Nepal Tourism Board (a
partnership between Government and the private-
sector tourism industry of Nepal).
• NTB aligns its annual programs and activities to
match the priorities and new initiatives of the
government and the aspirations of private sector.
• Broadly speaking the current priorities of Nepalese
tourism are shaped by:
• Tourism Policy 2065
• Tourism Vision 2020
• National planning commission
All the policies of the government directly and
indirectly address the part of ecotourism.

20. Tourism policy 2065
Long term vision: To develop Nepal as an
attractive, pleasing, safe and unique destination in
the global tourism map through conservation and
promotion of natural, cultural, biological and
human-made heritages of Nepal shall be the long
term vision of tourism sector.
Goal:
To improve the living standards of the people
through tourism activities with a substantial
contribution towards national income by
sustainable use of the national heritages shall be
the goal of tourism sector.

21. Nepal tourism vision 2020
Vision
Tourism is having developed as an attractive, safe, exciting and unique destination
through conservation and promotion, leading to equitable distribution of tourism
benefits and greater harmony in society.
Goal
• increase international tourist arrival to Nepal to two million by 2020.
• Augment economic opportunities and increase employment in tourism sector to one
million.
Objectives
• To improve livelihoods of the people through integrated tourism.
• bringing tourism into the mainstream of Nepal’s socio-economic development.
• To expand and extend tourism products and services in new and potential areas of
Nepal by enhancing community capacity to participate in tourism activities.
• To attract new investment in creating new tourism facilities, products and services.

22. Ecotourism strategies based on above objectives:
• Development of tourism hub in each ecological region. i.e.
in hills of WDR is kaski , mountain is manang.
• Develop and promote new tourism site.
• Extend tourism activities in remote and rural areas of the
country.
• lunch awarness campaigns for the conservation of
intellectual creations by marginalized groups.
• Develop and promote tourism based on culture, heritages,
religion, nature and wildlife.

23. Limitation of vision 2020
• Still lack of infrastucture and tourism products.
• Lack of private sector for partnership.
• It’s very difficult to attract a million tourist without
appropriate planning.
• Nepal’s tourism sector is also criticized for the lack of
competent delivery system. Although some peace
and stability has been restored in the country, there
still exits political instability and the status quo
bureaucratic structure.
• Recently Nepal has launched the 1,700 km Great
Himalayan Trail (GHT). It is not the easiest nor most
direct route across Nepal, rather a route through the
Greater Himalaya.

24. • Tourism for Rural Poverty Alleviation Programme (TRPAP)
• was launched in September 2001 by the Government of Nepal and UNDP.
• focused on developing sustainable rural tourism, multiple stakeholders at all levels.
• The Pro-Poor Tourism Policy and the National Strategic Plan (2005-2009) have been
prepared.
National planning commission (Five year plan)
Eight five yr plan (1992-1997) aim at achieving sustainable economic growth,
alleviation of poverty and reduction in regional imbalances through trade and
tourism.
Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002) envisaged the policy and implementation
strategy for establishing Nepal as a ‘premium tourist destination of the world’
with introduction of ecotourism including the strategy of developing village
tourism, new trekking sites and other required tourism infrastructure (NPC,
2003). ). Furthermore the plan also gave stress to review of tourism policies,
related regulations.

25. The Three Year Interim Plan (2007/08–2009/10) has set
forth a long-term vision for the tourism sector: “By
preserving and conserving the existing natural
heritages, tangible and intangible intellectual and
cultural heritages, and by developing accessible and
safe air services, Nepal will be established as a major
tourist destination in the international level, so as to
enable the tourism sector to develop as an important
segment of the national economy, which could
contribute significantly in economic growth,
employment generation and poverty alleviation”..

26. Tourism master plan 1972
• Separate tourism into five
components, namely: Sight
Seeing Tourism, Trekking
Tourism, Recreational
Tourism, International
Pilgrimage and Nepal Brand
of Tourism.
• Emphasis was on
developing qualitative
tourism.
• Visit Nepal 2011, 2012 as
‘Visit Lumbini Year’ is also a
policy of NTB an for the
promotion of tourism.
The goal of the Tourism Act of
2052 is to develop tourism by
prioritizing the development of
an appropriate infrastructure
so as to promote new tourist
destinations.

27. All policy aims to expand the tourism circle but limited to central region.

28. Policy deficits
• Tourist are attracted only a special site and a particular centre where
elite trekking operator groups have full control over the positive effects.
• Inadequate investment in tourism sector and no promotion of
ecotourism new site.
• Unusual distribution of tourist income. Eg. Khumbu, Annapurna,
Chitwan National Park, where local and indigenous people are deprived
of the real income and opportunities of tourism.
• There remain many environmental and socio-cultural hazards of
tourism - for example deforestation, pollution, eroding cultural
values. Policies and strategies for tourism has been unable to
formulate a strategic policy that could integrate all factors of
ecotourism.
• The tourism policy has not planned effectively to utilize tourist
revenue for the development of tourist destinations.
• Still lack of infrastructure.
• New master plan for tourism sector specially for ecotourism is
necessary for the integrated development.

29. Tourism typology

31. Social advantge and disadvantaged of ecotourism

33. 33
Linking ecotourism and biodiversity
conservation
• Financing for biodiversity conservation
• Alternative livelihoods for local people
• Constituency and stewardship for biodiversity
• Providing an economic justification for protecting areas
• Creating an impetus for private conservation
• Generation of revenue
• learning from others
• Creation of employment and income
• Development of long-term sustainable economic activity
• Management of resource extraction
• Foster of research.

34. 34
Fig. a schematic flow of the logic behind community-based eco-tourism that
seek to enhance benefits to local community who in turn motivated to
conserve biodiversity that supports that enterprise.
Ecotourism enterprise in biodiversity
conservation

35. 35
Planning ecotourism development for
biodiversity conservation
• Stakeholder participation
• Government leadership
• Assessments
– Attractions inventory
– Site and infrastructure analysis
– Market demand
– Supply and competitiveness
– Available capacity
– Socioeconomic linkages to biodiversity conservation
– Tourism impacts

36. Environmental relationships