The document provides details about a group project to study and document a building services system. Students are assigned to one of several topics, including sustainable wastewater treatment, energy efficient ventilation systems, solar energy integration, water treatment, ventilation issues in heritage buildings, and more. Students must conduct research on the selected topic, prepare a 3500+ word report in A4 format following the specified structure, and do a 7-10 minute presentation. The assessment will evaluate understanding of the topic, quality of documentation, content richness, and communication skills.
The document provides an overview of the SMART Tunnel in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Some key points:
1) The SMART Tunnel was constructed to manage stormwater and reduce flooding in Kuala Lumpur following massive floods.
2) It is 9.7km long and runs from Kampung Berembang Lake to Taman Desa Lake, making it the longest stormwater tunnel in Southeast Asia.
3) The tunnel has three sections - a lower channel to receive stormwater and upper/middle decks for motor vehicles. During severe storms, water is diverted into the lower channel and traffic is evacuated from the motorway section.
4) The tunnel was
The SMART Tunnel is a 9.7 km stormwater tunnel and 4 km double-deck motorway tunnel in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia that aims to reduce flooding and traffic. It is the longest stormwater tunnel and multi-purpose tunnel in Southeast Asia. When major storms occur, flood waters are diverted into the stormwater tunnel while the motorway closes to traffic for up to 48 hours. The tunnel cost $514.6 million to construct using two tunnel boring machines and includes features like holding basins, ingress/egress ramps, and a control room.
SMART TUNNEL in KUALA LUMPUR MALAYSIA
Created and uploaded by SAQIB MAHAL student of civil engineering at UET Taxila.
Civil ENgineering
TUnnel engineering
Culture and History II: Menara Maybank ReportEuxuan Ong
Menara Maybank is located in a busy area of Kuala Lumpur with good accessibility by various modes of transportation. The building has 5 entry points, with the two main entries from Jalan Tun Perak leading to the lobby area. The building features a free floor plan with minimal internal partitions to allow for open circulation. Key access points include the main entrance, central core, and two main staircases located for optimal accessibility between floors. The design prioritizes ease of movement throughout the building.
Megaprojects are defined as extremely large-scale investment projects that usually cost over $1 billion. They attract significant public attention due to their substantial impacts and large budgets. Megaprojects involve massive tasks in development, planning, and management due to their large scale. Common megaprojects include hydroelectric dams, nuclear power plants, large transportation systems, and planned cities. Careful planning is needed to avoid cost overruns and ensure promised benefits are realized.
The key aspects of Islamic architecture in the National Mosque are:
- Mihrab - indicates the qibla wall facing Mecca for prayers
- Minaret - used to call people to prayer
- Domes and arched entrances - common features inspired by Middle Eastern mosques
- Open verandas - provide shade and ventilation suited for Malaysia's climate
- Calligraphy and floral designs - decorative elements emphasizing Sunni beliefs
Overall, the National Mosque incorporates classical Islamic elements like the mihrab, minaret and domes, while adapting to local needs through features like open verandas. Its design reflects Malaysia's predominantly Sunni Islamic traditions.
The document provides guidelines for building inspection reports in Malaysia. It outlines 12 types of inspection reports and details their purposes and scope. The guidelines discuss valuation reports, property purchase surveys, building surveys, specialist investigations, and other common types of inspection reports. It aims to define the different types of inspections to avoid misunderstandings between professionals and clients.
Menara Maybank is a 50-story skyscraper located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia that serves as the headquarters for Malayan Banking Berhad. When completed in 1987, it was the tallest building in Kuala Lumpur. The building is situated in a dense urban area with various transportation options and is well-connected to the surrounding commercial and civic buildings. Landscaping around the building incorporates trees, shrubs, and sculptures that blend it with the sloping topography and integrate it with the pedestrian areas below.
The document provides an overview of the SMART Tunnel in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Some key points:
1) The SMART Tunnel was constructed to manage stormwater and reduce flooding in Kuala Lumpur following massive floods.
2) It is 9.7km long and runs from Kampung Berembang Lake to Taman Desa Lake, making it the longest stormwater tunnel in Southeast Asia.
3) The tunnel has three sections - a lower channel to receive stormwater and upper/middle decks for motor vehicles. During severe storms, water is diverted into the lower channel and traffic is evacuated from the motorway section.
4) The tunnel was
The SMART Tunnel is a 9.7 km stormwater tunnel and 4 km double-deck motorway tunnel in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia that aims to reduce flooding and traffic. It is the longest stormwater tunnel and multi-purpose tunnel in Southeast Asia. When major storms occur, flood waters are diverted into the stormwater tunnel while the motorway closes to traffic for up to 48 hours. The tunnel cost $514.6 million to construct using two tunnel boring machines and includes features like holding basins, ingress/egress ramps, and a control room.
SMART TUNNEL in KUALA LUMPUR MALAYSIA
Created and uploaded by SAQIB MAHAL student of civil engineering at UET Taxila.
Civil ENgineering
TUnnel engineering
Culture and History II: Menara Maybank ReportEuxuan Ong
Menara Maybank is located in a busy area of Kuala Lumpur with good accessibility by various modes of transportation. The building has 5 entry points, with the two main entries from Jalan Tun Perak leading to the lobby area. The building features a free floor plan with minimal internal partitions to allow for open circulation. Key access points include the main entrance, central core, and two main staircases located for optimal accessibility between floors. The design prioritizes ease of movement throughout the building.
Megaprojects are defined as extremely large-scale investment projects that usually cost over $1 billion. They attract significant public attention due to their substantial impacts and large budgets. Megaprojects involve massive tasks in development, planning, and management due to their large scale. Common megaprojects include hydroelectric dams, nuclear power plants, large transportation systems, and planned cities. Careful planning is needed to avoid cost overruns and ensure promised benefits are realized.
The key aspects of Islamic architecture in the National Mosque are:
- Mihrab - indicates the qibla wall facing Mecca for prayers
- Minaret - used to call people to prayer
- Domes and arched entrances - common features inspired by Middle Eastern mosques
- Open verandas - provide shade and ventilation suited for Malaysia's climate
- Calligraphy and floral designs - decorative elements emphasizing Sunni beliefs
Overall, the National Mosque incorporates classical Islamic elements like the mihrab, minaret and domes, while adapting to local needs through features like open verandas. Its design reflects Malaysia's predominantly Sunni Islamic traditions.
The document provides guidelines for building inspection reports in Malaysia. It outlines 12 types of inspection reports and details their purposes and scope. The guidelines discuss valuation reports, property purchase surveys, building surveys, specialist investigations, and other common types of inspection reports. It aims to define the different types of inspections to avoid misunderstandings between professionals and clients.
Menara Maybank is a 50-story skyscraper located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia that serves as the headquarters for Malayan Banking Berhad. When completed in 1987, it was the tallest building in Kuala Lumpur. The building is situated in a dense urban area with various transportation options and is well-connected to the surrounding commercial and civic buildings. Landscaping around the building incorporates trees, shrubs, and sculptures that blend it with the sloping topography and integrate it with the pedestrian areas below.
National Mosque Malaysia Precedent Studies Tay Jit Ying
Masjid Negara Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
Table Content:
1. Introduction
2. Site Context
3. Architectural Layout and Plan
4. Architectural Style Analysis
5. Construction Process
6. Architectural Elements
The National Mosque in Kuala Lumpur was constructed in 1965 as a symbol of Malaysia's independence. The mosque can hold 15,000 people and features a distinctive 73-meter high minaret inspired by a retracted umbrella. It also has a mausoleum and landscaped gardens. The mosque's unique design combines modern architecture with Islamic elements, including a folded plate roof meant to evoke an open umbrella for Malaysia's tropical climate.
This document discusses industrialized building systems used in Malaysia, specifically tunnel formwork and aluminum formwork. It provides an overview of each system, including their construction processes. Tunnel formwork involves pouring concrete into steel formwork to form walls and slabs in one operation. Aluminum formwork uses aluminum panels as molds to cast concrete structures and provides benefits like high quality finishes, precision, and reduced construction time. The document also outlines the advantages of these systems such as cost savings, shorter timelines, and improved safety; as well as some disadvantages like high initial costs and transportation challenges.
Petronas tower - Malaysia (Theory of Structures)RADHIKASARDA8
Constructional facts about twin towers of Malaysia including , construction , design , materials , engineering , theory of structures , architecture , civil , skyscraper engineering.
HOW CONSERVATION WORKS TAKE PLACE IN MALAYSIAFakhrul Afifi
Conservation works is the most complex method in restoring the element and facade of the old building. Without conservation, the heritage building cannot long last until the expected age.
The document provides details about the building services systems at Summit Mall in Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. It examines the water supply system in particular, describing how water is supplied to the mall via the public mains and stored in underground suction tanks before being pumped to overhead storage tanks for gravity distribution. Key components of the water system discussed include the bulk meter, suction tanks, booster pumps, and storage tanks. Diagrams and photographs illustrate the layout and configuration of the water supply infrastructure at Summit Mall.
The Smart Tunnel (SMART) is a 9.7km long tunnel in Kuala Lumpur that consists of both a stormwater tunnel and motorway tunnel. The stormwater tunnel diverts flood water from the city to reduce flash floods, while the motorway tunnel helps reduce traffic jams. SMART has automated gates and ventilation systems to allow flood water to pass through when needed while keeping the motorway open during normal conditions. It also has emergency exits, medical and fire response vehicles, and CCTV monitoring for safety. The site visit helped students understand SMART's role in both stormwater management and traffic flow in Kuala Lumpur.
This document is a case study report on the Jaya Shopping Centre building in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. It provides details on the building's mechanical ventilation, air conditioning, fire protection, vertical transportation, and electrical systems over 12 pages. The report includes sections on the wall fans, exhaust fans, air conditioning components like chillers and cooling towers, fire detection systems, sprinklers, and more. Diagrams and photos supplement the technical descriptions of the various building systems.
The Kashmir Rail Project aims to provide an alternative transportation system for Jammu and Kashmir by constructing a 345km railway line linking the Kashmir Valley. Major challenges include difficult terrain, extreme weather, security issues, and construction in seismic zones. The project is divided into sections, with the most difficult being the 148km Katra-Quazigund leg requiring extensive tunneling and bridgework. Construction began in 1994 and various delays have pushed the estimated completion date to 2017. The project involves building over 750 bridges and 100km of tunnels, with the longest tunnel being 11km.
This document provides an overview of the fire protection system for an elderly center building. It describes both the active and passive fire protection systems. The active systems include smoke detectors, manual call points, a fire alarm system, hose reel system, dry riser system, fire hydrants, and fire extinguishers. The passive systems cover fire walls, fire exit doors, door closers, and emergency staircases. Details are provided on the components, operations, and requirements of each system to ensure the fire safety of the building according to relevant regulations.
This document discusses Industrialised Building System (IBS), which is a construction technique where building components are manufactured in a controlled environment and assembled with minimal work on site. It provides examples of early IBS use dating back to 1624 and its introduction in Malaysia in 1966. The benefits of IBS include reduced labor, waste and costs. However, only 15% of contractors use IBS due to lack of expertise and higher initial costs compared to traditional methods where labor is cheap. The document also categorizes different types of IBS and problems faced in its implementation.
This document provides a case study and documentation of the building services systems at Wisma Lembaga Jurukur Tanah in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It examines the fire protection system, air conditioning system, mechanical ventilation system, electricity supply system, and mechanical transportation system. For the fire protection system, the document analyzes the active fire protection components including the fire detection systems, fire alarm bells, horn loudspeakers, and fire control room. It provides details on the types of components used and their functions based on literature reviews and findings from the field study of Wisma Lembaga Jurukur Tanah.
Project Management Project 1 Report: Defining & Documenting A Project
Ft. Tamarind Square, Kuala Lumpur ,Malaysia (A project from Castmet Sdn. Bhd. and etc.)
The document discusses the fire protection systems of Centro Mall in Klang, Malaysia. It provides an overview of active and passive fire protection systems, which work together to control and extinguish fires. The active system includes components like smoke detectors, sprinklers, fire pumps and hydrants that automatically respond to fires. The passive system includes components like fire-rated walls and doors, emergency exits and signage that help contain fires and support evacuation. The case study analyzes how these systems in Centro Mall comply with relevant building codes and ensure fire safety for shoppers.
The document provides an analysis of the fire protection systems at the Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre (KLPAC). It discusses both the active and passive fire protection systems. The active systems include heat detectors, smoke detectors, alarms, sprinklers, and fire extinguishers. The passive systems include fire walls, rated doors, smoke curtains, emergency exits, and fire stairs. The analysis examines how these systems function, how they comply with regulations, and provides recommendations for improvement of the fire protection at the building.
This document provides information on the measured drawings project of Sarang Paloh Heritage Stay & Event Hall located in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. A group of 25 students measured, documented, and analyzed the building under the supervision of their tutors. The building, constructed in the 1900s, exhibits a unique eclectic architectural style depicting Chinese culture of the time. It has undergone renovations to preserve its condition and adapt to changing times. Today it operates as a boutique hotel and event hall while maintaining its heritage features.
The National Mosque of Malaysia was designed in a modern Islamic architectural style with influences from traditional Malay and Islamic architecture. It features a 73-meter high minaret inspired by a folded umbrella and an 18-pointed star concrete dome resembling an open umbrella, both alluding to traditional Malay motifs. The mosque was designed by a team of architects to represent Malaysia's unity and independence in a bold modern structure made entirely of reinforced concrete.
The document summarizes the water supply system of Summit Mall in Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. An indirect water distribution system is used, where water is supplied to the building from the main water connection and stored in suction tanks in the basement before being pumped up to storage tanks on the roof by electrical booster pumps. The stored water is then distributed throughout the building using gravity. The water supply system follows a typical gravity and pumped combination distribution approach.
Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka - Project II ReportMazin Rady
The document provides a report on the architectural layout, style, and history of Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It consists of three main blocks - Balai Budaya, Block A, and Block B - built between 1961 and 1968. Blocks A and B house administrative offices while Balai Budaya contains a gallery and performance hall. The building features a modernist style with an emphasis on geometry, symmetry, and maximizing natural light and ventilation given the tropical climate.
This document provides details on Menara PjH, the first commercial green building in Putrajaya, Malaysia. It includes information on the building's location, nearby amenities, design features, floor plans, sustainability measures, and contact information. Specifically, it is located in Precinct 2 of Putrajaya and has retail space, office space from levels 1-12, and aims to achieve a Gold rating under Malaysia's Green Building Index.
The document summarizes a case study of the SMART Tunnel in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The 9.7km stormwater and motorway tunnel project was a joint venture that cost RM1887 million. The tunnel diverts large volumes of flood water via holding ponds and a bypass tunnel to reduce flooding in the city center and traffic congestion. It has advanced features like automated flood gates, air quality monitoring, emergency vehicles, and operates in different modes depending on rainfall levels to control stormwater flow and manage traffic.
Sustainable storm water management Presentation SlidesArissa Loh
The document discusses various sustainable stormwater management systems. It begins by explaining how stormwater can cause flooding and pollution in developed areas without proper management. It then describes both green and gray infrastructure used to manage stormwater. Some green infrastructure systems discussed include green roofs, pervious surfaces, grassed swales, rain gardens, bioretention areas, wetlands, and underground storage tanks. Each system is explained and its advantages, disadvantages, and maintenance requirements are provided. The document concludes with a case study of the stormwater management systems implemented at the University of Minnesota Duluth campus.
National Mosque Malaysia Precedent Studies Tay Jit Ying
Masjid Negara Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
Table Content:
1. Introduction
2. Site Context
3. Architectural Layout and Plan
4. Architectural Style Analysis
5. Construction Process
6. Architectural Elements
The National Mosque in Kuala Lumpur was constructed in 1965 as a symbol of Malaysia's independence. The mosque can hold 15,000 people and features a distinctive 73-meter high minaret inspired by a retracted umbrella. It also has a mausoleum and landscaped gardens. The mosque's unique design combines modern architecture with Islamic elements, including a folded plate roof meant to evoke an open umbrella for Malaysia's tropical climate.
This document discusses industrialized building systems used in Malaysia, specifically tunnel formwork and aluminum formwork. It provides an overview of each system, including their construction processes. Tunnel formwork involves pouring concrete into steel formwork to form walls and slabs in one operation. Aluminum formwork uses aluminum panels as molds to cast concrete structures and provides benefits like high quality finishes, precision, and reduced construction time. The document also outlines the advantages of these systems such as cost savings, shorter timelines, and improved safety; as well as some disadvantages like high initial costs and transportation challenges.
Petronas tower - Malaysia (Theory of Structures)RADHIKASARDA8
Constructional facts about twin towers of Malaysia including , construction , design , materials , engineering , theory of structures , architecture , civil , skyscraper engineering.
HOW CONSERVATION WORKS TAKE PLACE IN MALAYSIAFakhrul Afifi
Conservation works is the most complex method in restoring the element and facade of the old building. Without conservation, the heritage building cannot long last until the expected age.
The document provides details about the building services systems at Summit Mall in Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. It examines the water supply system in particular, describing how water is supplied to the mall via the public mains and stored in underground suction tanks before being pumped to overhead storage tanks for gravity distribution. Key components of the water system discussed include the bulk meter, suction tanks, booster pumps, and storage tanks. Diagrams and photographs illustrate the layout and configuration of the water supply infrastructure at Summit Mall.
The Smart Tunnel (SMART) is a 9.7km long tunnel in Kuala Lumpur that consists of both a stormwater tunnel and motorway tunnel. The stormwater tunnel diverts flood water from the city to reduce flash floods, while the motorway tunnel helps reduce traffic jams. SMART has automated gates and ventilation systems to allow flood water to pass through when needed while keeping the motorway open during normal conditions. It also has emergency exits, medical and fire response vehicles, and CCTV monitoring for safety. The site visit helped students understand SMART's role in both stormwater management and traffic flow in Kuala Lumpur.
This document is a case study report on the Jaya Shopping Centre building in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. It provides details on the building's mechanical ventilation, air conditioning, fire protection, vertical transportation, and electrical systems over 12 pages. The report includes sections on the wall fans, exhaust fans, air conditioning components like chillers and cooling towers, fire detection systems, sprinklers, and more. Diagrams and photos supplement the technical descriptions of the various building systems.
The Kashmir Rail Project aims to provide an alternative transportation system for Jammu and Kashmir by constructing a 345km railway line linking the Kashmir Valley. Major challenges include difficult terrain, extreme weather, security issues, and construction in seismic zones. The project is divided into sections, with the most difficult being the 148km Katra-Quazigund leg requiring extensive tunneling and bridgework. Construction began in 1994 and various delays have pushed the estimated completion date to 2017. The project involves building over 750 bridges and 100km of tunnels, with the longest tunnel being 11km.
This document provides an overview of the fire protection system for an elderly center building. It describes both the active and passive fire protection systems. The active systems include smoke detectors, manual call points, a fire alarm system, hose reel system, dry riser system, fire hydrants, and fire extinguishers. The passive systems cover fire walls, fire exit doors, door closers, and emergency staircases. Details are provided on the components, operations, and requirements of each system to ensure the fire safety of the building according to relevant regulations.
This document discusses Industrialised Building System (IBS), which is a construction technique where building components are manufactured in a controlled environment and assembled with minimal work on site. It provides examples of early IBS use dating back to 1624 and its introduction in Malaysia in 1966. The benefits of IBS include reduced labor, waste and costs. However, only 15% of contractors use IBS due to lack of expertise and higher initial costs compared to traditional methods where labor is cheap. The document also categorizes different types of IBS and problems faced in its implementation.
This document provides a case study and documentation of the building services systems at Wisma Lembaga Jurukur Tanah in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It examines the fire protection system, air conditioning system, mechanical ventilation system, electricity supply system, and mechanical transportation system. For the fire protection system, the document analyzes the active fire protection components including the fire detection systems, fire alarm bells, horn loudspeakers, and fire control room. It provides details on the types of components used and their functions based on literature reviews and findings from the field study of Wisma Lembaga Jurukur Tanah.
Project Management Project 1 Report: Defining & Documenting A Project
Ft. Tamarind Square, Kuala Lumpur ,Malaysia (A project from Castmet Sdn. Bhd. and etc.)
The document discusses the fire protection systems of Centro Mall in Klang, Malaysia. It provides an overview of active and passive fire protection systems, which work together to control and extinguish fires. The active system includes components like smoke detectors, sprinklers, fire pumps and hydrants that automatically respond to fires. The passive system includes components like fire-rated walls and doors, emergency exits and signage that help contain fires and support evacuation. The case study analyzes how these systems in Centro Mall comply with relevant building codes and ensure fire safety for shoppers.
The document provides an analysis of the fire protection systems at the Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre (KLPAC). It discusses both the active and passive fire protection systems. The active systems include heat detectors, smoke detectors, alarms, sprinklers, and fire extinguishers. The passive systems include fire walls, rated doors, smoke curtains, emergency exits, and fire stairs. The analysis examines how these systems function, how they comply with regulations, and provides recommendations for improvement of the fire protection at the building.
This document provides information on the measured drawings project of Sarang Paloh Heritage Stay & Event Hall located in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. A group of 25 students measured, documented, and analyzed the building under the supervision of their tutors. The building, constructed in the 1900s, exhibits a unique eclectic architectural style depicting Chinese culture of the time. It has undergone renovations to preserve its condition and adapt to changing times. Today it operates as a boutique hotel and event hall while maintaining its heritage features.
The National Mosque of Malaysia was designed in a modern Islamic architectural style with influences from traditional Malay and Islamic architecture. It features a 73-meter high minaret inspired by a folded umbrella and an 18-pointed star concrete dome resembling an open umbrella, both alluding to traditional Malay motifs. The mosque was designed by a team of architects to represent Malaysia's unity and independence in a bold modern structure made entirely of reinforced concrete.
The document summarizes the water supply system of Summit Mall in Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. An indirect water distribution system is used, where water is supplied to the building from the main water connection and stored in suction tanks in the basement before being pumped up to storage tanks on the roof by electrical booster pumps. The stored water is then distributed throughout the building using gravity. The water supply system follows a typical gravity and pumped combination distribution approach.
Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka - Project II ReportMazin Rady
The document provides a report on the architectural layout, style, and history of Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It consists of three main blocks - Balai Budaya, Block A, and Block B - built between 1961 and 1968. Blocks A and B house administrative offices while Balai Budaya contains a gallery and performance hall. The building features a modernist style with an emphasis on geometry, symmetry, and maximizing natural light and ventilation given the tropical climate.
This document provides details on Menara PjH, the first commercial green building in Putrajaya, Malaysia. It includes information on the building's location, nearby amenities, design features, floor plans, sustainability measures, and contact information. Specifically, it is located in Precinct 2 of Putrajaya and has retail space, office space from levels 1-12, and aims to achieve a Gold rating under Malaysia's Green Building Index.
The document summarizes a case study of the SMART Tunnel in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The 9.7km stormwater and motorway tunnel project was a joint venture that cost RM1887 million. The tunnel diverts large volumes of flood water via holding ponds and a bypass tunnel to reduce flooding in the city center and traffic congestion. It has advanced features like automated flood gates, air quality monitoring, emergency vehicles, and operates in different modes depending on rainfall levels to control stormwater flow and manage traffic.
Sustainable storm water management Presentation SlidesArissa Loh
The document discusses various sustainable stormwater management systems. It begins by explaining how stormwater can cause flooding and pollution in developed areas without proper management. It then describes both green and gray infrastructure used to manage stormwater. Some green infrastructure systems discussed include green roofs, pervious surfaces, grassed swales, rain gardens, bioretention areas, wetlands, and underground storage tanks. Each system is explained and its advantages, disadvantages, and maintenance requirements are provided. The document concludes with a case study of the stormwater management systems implemented at the University of Minnesota Duluth campus.
This document discusses solid waste management and municipal solid waste. It defines solid waste and municipal solid waste. It notes that in 2010, Americans generated 250 million tons of trash and recycled 85 million tons, achieving a 34.1% recycling rate. The EPA regulates solid waste, which includes garbage, refuse, sludge, and discarded materials. Municipal solid waste is managed through landfilling or incineration. Landfilling in properly designed sanitary landfills can prevent pollution but landfills require space and produce methane gas. [/SUMMARY]
The Green Infrastructure Center helps communities implement green infrastructure solutions to manage stormwater and conserve natural areas. They provide guidance and case studies on using approaches like low impact development, green roofs, rain gardens, and trees to absorb and filter stormwater runoff. Overdevelopment has increased impervious surfaces and the amount of runoff, while reducing natural infrastructure like forests that previously absorbed water. The document discusses the benefits of green infrastructure in reducing flooding and pollution from stormwater while beautifying areas. It provides best practices for retrofitting existing development and incorporating green approaches into new projects.
Flash floods are a sudden, destructive surge of water caused by heavy rainfall that can occur with little to no warning. They are the leading cause of weather-related deaths in the US, killing over 140 people annually. Slow-moving thunderstorms or storms repeatedly moving over the same area are common causes of flash floods, which can turn city streets into rivers within seconds. Flash floods damage property, endanger lives, erode soils, delay traffic, and cause financial losses. Proper drainage maintenance and flood control infrastructure like dams and levees can help mitigate flood risks.
The document is a stormwater management plan for Pleasant Grove, AL that was submitted after an F4 tornado in 2011 destroyed much of the city's infrastructure. It analyzes the pre- and post-tornado conditions using the WinSLAMM modeling program. The plan proposes cleaning debris, adding vegetation, and installing bioswales and additional catch basins to repair the damaged system and handle stormwater more effectively while improving water quality. Cost estimates are provided for low- and high-cost repair options.
The document compares the benefits and constraints of Building Information Modeling (BIM), CAD measurement, and manual measurement across various stages of a construction project including:
1) The preparation/briefing stage where BIM allows for greater client involvement but has high costs, CAD provides accurate measurements but also has high costs, and manual measurement is cheapest.
2) The design stage where BIM improves client understanding through virtual models but requires industry buy-in, CAD speeds irregular measurements but 2D sketches still require manual work, and manual measurement has accuracy issues.
3) The pre-construction stage where BIM saves time and improves accuracy but has training/software costs, CAD ensures accuracy and data management but only
This document discusses sub-contracting work and the differences between a nominated sub-contractor and domestic sub-contractor. A nominated sub-contractor is selected by the client or consultants and has negotiated terms and prices with the client. A domestic sub-contractor is selected by the main contractor without client input on terms or prices. The document provides examples of different types of specialized works that may be given to each type of sub-contractor and discusses advantages and disadvantages of using a nominated sub-contractor.
The document summarizes the 2009 California Water Conference held by the Society of American Military Engineers. It discusses the Mid-Pacific Region of the Bureau of Reclamation, including regional boundaries, area offices, projects, and commissioner priorities such as California water and the Colorado River. Highlights for 2010 included operation projects, conservation programs, restoration initiatives like the Bay-Delta Conservation Plan, and dam safety projects like at Folsom Dam. Contact information was provided.
http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/GRASS_AddOns#r.hazard.flood
r.hazard.flood is an implementation of a fast procedure to detect flood prone areas. The exposure to flooding may be delineated by adopting a topographic index (TIm) computed from a DEM. The portion of a basin exposed to flood inundation is generally characterized by a TIm higher than a given threshold, tau. The threshold is automatically determinated from the cellsize. The proposed procedure may help in the delineation of flood prone areas especially in basins with marked topography. The use of the modified topographic index should not be considered as an alternative to standard hydrological-hydraulic simulations for flood mapping, but it may represent a useful and rapid tool for a preliminary delineation of flooding areas in ungauged basins and in areas where expensive and time consuming hydrological-hydraulic simulations are not affordable or economically convenient.
This document provides information on sustainable stormwater management. It begins with an introduction on stormwater and the need for management. Examples of stormwater management techniques are then presented, including rain gardens, bioretention areas, vegetated swales, green roofs, and porous pavement. The installation processes for rain gardens and bioretention areas are described in multiple steps. Advantages and disadvantages of stormwater management are listed. The document concludes with references and appendices.
Gray vs. Green: The Role of Watershed-scale Green Infrastructure Systems for ...Mcrpc Staff
This document discusses the role of green infrastructure systems for managing wastewater at a watershed scale. It begins by outlining the historical patterns of water movement through uplands and lowlands, and how contemporary development has reversed these patterns. It then describes various green infrastructure strategies that can replicate natural hydrology, including green roofs, porous pavements, bio-retention systems, rainwater harvesting, wastewater recycling, and native landscaping. The document provides examples of these strategies and concludes by discussing a new paradigm in wastewater treatment using lagoons and floating mats of bacteria to polish wastewater in a low-cost, low-energy manner.
Smart metering technologies allow for gathering high resolution water demand data in the residential sector, opening up new opportunities for the development of models describing water consumers’ behaviors. Yet, gathering such accurate water demand data at the end-use level is limited by metering intrusiveness, costs, and privacy issues. In this paper, we contribute a stochastic simulation model for synthetically generating high-resolution time series of water use at the end-use level. Each water end-use fixture in our model is characterized by its signature (i.e., its typical single-use pattern), as well as frequency distributions of its number of uses per day, single use duration, time of use during the day, and contribution to the total household water demand. The model relies on statistical data from a real-world metering campaign across 9 cities in the US. Showcasing our model outputs, we demonstrate the potential usability of this model for characterizing the water end-use demands of different communities, as well as for analyzing the major components of peak demand and performing scenario analysis.
การวิเคราะห์โครงการแหล่งน้ำขนาดเล็กโดยวิธี integrated mental model and projec...Piriya Uraiwong
This document appears to be a presentation on integrating mental models and project lifecycles. It includes sections on failure analysis, stakeholder mental model analysis, and integrating mental models with a project lifecycle perspective. Tables and diagrams are included analyzing factors like finances, public participation, poverty, policy, corruption, and their relationships. The document proposes two scenarios: the current scheme involving issues like budget uncertainty, and a potential beneficiary contribution scheme involving collaboration and life cycle management.
Group 5 sustainable stormwater management(building services1)kohwenqi
This document provides information on sustainable stormwater management. It begins with an introduction on stormwater and the need for management. Examples of stormwater management techniques are then presented, including rain gardens, bioretention areas, vegetated swales, green roofs, and porous pavement. The installation processes for rain gardens and bioretention areas are described in multiple steps. Advantages and disadvantages of stormwater management are listed. The document concludes with references and appendices.
Flash floods are a recurring problem in Kuala Lumpur. In 1971, a major flash flood killed 32 people and affected 180,000 in the city. Flash floods are often caused by unplanned development that damages drainage systems and reduces river capacity. This leads to blocked drains and increased runoff that submerges areas. Flash floods destroy infrastructure and crops, disrupting lives and the economy. To address this, Kuala Lumpur is implementing sustainable drainage systems, education programs, and projects like the SMART tunnel to improve water management and prevent future flooding.
The document discusses implementing an integrated storm water management program for the city of Killeen. It outlines elements of the program including drainage maintenance, capital improvements, and storm water management plans. It also discusses issues driving the need for improved drainage infrastructure maintenance like citizen concerns, water quality and quantity control issues from urbanization. Potential solutions discussed include code revisions, public education, debris removal, inspections, and design/maintenance standards.
Green building Approach for BSEC Building at Sher e Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bang...Salman Kamal
This presentation contains the procedure or idea about "how to design a green building". This specific building is designed for Bangladesh Securities and exchange commission (BSEC) in Dhaka. The client was looking for he possibilities of green features in the building.
IRJET- Storm Water Management and Road TunnelIRJET Journal
The SMART (Storm Water Management and Road Tunnel) project in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia was constructed to address both flooding issues in the city center and traffic congestion. The unique feature of SMART is its 9.7km dual-purpose tunnel that functions both as a storm water diversion channel and three-lane roadway. During heavy rains, the tunnel diverts flood waters from the city center to storage reservoirs. At other times, the upper two decks are used for vehicle traffic while the lower deck remains empty. The tunnel was constructed between 2001-2007 using two large tunnel boring machines and involved lining the tunnel with pre-cast concrete segments. SMART has successfully addressed Kuala Lumpur's
IRJET - Repair and Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete BridgeIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on repairing and rehabilitating a deteriorated reinforced concrete bridge. The paper discusses how bridges often require repair to restore structural integrity and protect reinforcement from weathering. It then details the specific repair project of a three-span bridge in India. The repairs included removing and replacing damaged concrete, strengthening structural elements, replacing bearings, and treating expansion joints. Monitoring equipment was used to evaluate the bridge's behavior before and after rehabilitation. The results showed the techniques successfully strengthened the bridge's load capacity and extended its usable lifespan.
This document is a project report submitted by Rohit Kumar Nagar for the JMRC Phase 1B project. It provides an acknowledgment and then discusses some key features of the Jaipur Metro project, including increased access, better transport facilities, and increased employment opportunities. It then describes the construction methodology used, including top-down and bottom-up approaches. Key aspects of constructing the various metro station components are summarized, such as diaphragm walls, roof slabs, concourse slabs, and base slabs. Finishing works are also outlined.
IRJET- Analysis of Flood Resistant Rehab ShelterIRJET Journal
This document discusses the analysis of a flood resistant rehabilitation shelter design. It begins with an abstract that outlines an initiative to quickly rehouse people who have lost homes during floods. It then provides background on floods in India, the need for sustainable and flood-resistant development. The document describes the methodology, including specifications for a residential building design that can be constructed rapidly. It details the site investigation and plan for the building. Finally, it explains the structural analysis of the building design using STAAD Pro software.
Analyzing the role of Segmental lining in the tunnels with Tunnel Boring Mach...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the use of segmental lining in tunnels excavated using a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) for the Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydroelectric project in India. Segmental lining involves installing precast concrete segments to line the tunnel, which is faster than traditional cast-in-place concrete lining. The document describes the geology of the tunnel site, provides details on the TBM excavation and segmental lining installation process, and analyzes the specific segment design used for the project, including dimensions, joint types, installation sequence, and repair procedures. It concludes that segmental lining can improve efficiency and reduce costs compared to concrete lining for large-diameter tunnels like the project's headrace tunnel
The document provides an overview of the Atal Tunnel project in India. It discusses the key details of the project including its location in the Himalayas, length of 9.02km, cost of 3200 crore, and connectivity between Lahaul Spiti valley and other tourist areas. It also summarizes the major construction challenges like the Seri Nala fault zone, high overburden pressures, and extreme weather conditions. Safety features of the tunnel including telephone connections every 150m and fire hydrants every 60m are highlighted.
The document provides an overview of the Atal Tunnel project in India. It discusses the key details of the project including its location in the Himalayas, length of 9.02km, cost of 3200 crore, and ability to handle 3000 cars and 1500 trucks per day. It also summarizes the major construction challenges like dealing with the Seri Nala fault zone, ensuring alignment precision, and addressing extreme weather conditions. Safety features of the tunnel are highlighted such as telephone connections every 150 meters and fire hydrants every 60 meters.
IRJET- Effective Surface Drainage for Kurla JunctionIRJET Journal
This document discusses the drainage system at Kurla Junction on the Central Railway line in Mumbai, India. It finds that the existing longitudinal drains that run parallel to the tracks are substantially clogged with stagnant water due to improper bed slopes. This causes the drains to operate at only 36-44% of their full capacity. The document recommends redesigning the longitudinal drain system to more effectively drain storm water, which has been increasing with higher rainfall. It suggests using additional cross drains and modifying drain depths and slopes to direct water to a nearby nala drain. Proper drainage is critical for railway operations and track stability, as excess water can weaken tracks through mud pumping and reduced soil shear strength.
This document describes the design and fabrication of an automatic sewage cleaner. It includes sections on introduction, literature review, methodology, objectives, components, design of modules, working, expected outcomes, and references. The system uses a chain, sprockets, wheels, drain collector tool, electric motor, and battery to automatically lift floating waste from drains and sewers and transport it to a storage bin for removal. The overall goal is to develop a low-cost, automatic system to help address increasing sewage problems from industries.
The basic principle behind any hydraulic system is Pascal's Law. "Pressure applied anywhere to the body of fluid causes a force to be transmitted equally in all directions, with the force acting at right angles to any surface in contact with the fluid."
Sayan Mahdlang is a Thai national with over 30 years of experience in project management roles. He holds a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering and an MBA. His work experience includes managing electrical, instrumentation and control projects in various industries. Currently, he is a senior project manager at DP Cleantech, overseeing an EPC biomass power project.
Trenchless Technology is the the science science of installing, repairing and renewing underground pipes, ducts and cables using techniques which minimize or eliminate the need for excavation.
It is basically basically making a tunnel below the surface and installing service lines like water or gas pipes, pipes, electric or tele communication cables etc.,with out any disruption to the public .
Three Dimensional Non-Linear Seismic Analysis of a Cable Stayed Bridge using ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the dynamic behavior of a cable-stayed bridge using finite element analysis in ANSYS. A 3D model of a cable-stayed bridge was created using beam, shell, and link elements to model the deck, tower, and cables. Modal analysis was performed to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes. Time history analysis was also conducted using ground motion data to understand the bridge's response under earthquake loads. The results showed the bridge has complex vibration modes due to coupling effects and is more flexible in the vertical direction than transverse or longitudinal directions.
This document analyzes the pattern of discharge at the SMART (Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel) in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The SMART Tunnel was constructed in 2006 to divert flood waters from heavy rainfall and storms. The analysis found that the discharge pattern at the SMART Tunnel was not fully dependent on rainfall patterns, as some major flood events did not match theoretical models. This was due to factors like uncontrolled development near rivers, obstructions in river systems, and rivers with inadequate cross-sections. While 8 of 14 major floods matched rainfall patterns, 6 did not due to these additional physical factors affecting flood discharges. The document recommends further research to address these issues and improve the SMART Tunnel's ability to manage stormwater
The document discusses a value management study conducted for Package V3 of the Sungai Buloh–Kajang MRT line project in Malaysia. Package V3 involves the construction of 3 elevated stations, 2 multi-storey carparks, and viaduct guideway. The original design placed these underground at an estimated cost of RM6 billion. Through value management, the design was changed to elevated structures, cutting costs to RM3 billion. Alternatives were analyzed using the SMART methodology and technical data. Cost was a primary driver in selecting options like flat roofs, precast concrete, and epoxy flooring. The preliminary cost plan for civil works was RM1.5 billion of the RM3 billion
Construction and Architecture Magazine 13 sept oct 2011Remona Divekar
The document discusses the construction of a new 574m railway bridge over the Barakar river in India to replace an old bridge. Key aspects summarized:
1) Pile foundations were constructed using both drilling rigs and conventional boring rigs, with drilling rigs taking less time.
2) Hollow piers up to 27m high were constructed quickly and efficiently using a slip-form system.
3) Steel girders weighing up to 136 tonnes were fabricated on site and erected piece by piece using free cantilever erection methods, requiring careful planning and safety precautions.
4) The bridge was later upgraded to accommodate heavier loading standards, requiring redesign and new fabrication.
The document summarizes different techniques for urban road maintenance management and repair. It was found that maintenance management systems are typically developed based on case studies but can be applied to similar environments. The various repair techniques covered, such as overlays, patching, bridging and grading, address a wide range of issues and can be directly implemented after identifying the cause of damage. GIS-based tools can help with maintenance prioritization of urban roads, while ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete can provide high strength and longer pavement lifespan for immediate road repairs.
Study of Dome Structure Using Finite Element-Based Software E-Tab for Dynamic...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the analysis of a steel dome structure using the finite element-based software E-TABS. It first provides background on dome structures and their advantages. It then outlines the 10 step methodology used: 1) defining the topic, 2) explaining what a dome is, 3) specifying the dome type as hemispherical, 4) designing the dome in E-TABS by importing a semicircle from AutoCAD, 5) applying loads and 6) analyzing the dome. The analysis found that E-TABS can effectively analyze dome structures. The conclusion states that domes allow for varied floor plans without interior supports and that E-TABS is specialized for structural analysis.
Hydraulic Model Studies for Evaluating the Performance of Energy Dissipater’s...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a case study of hydraulic model studies conducted to evaluate the performance of an energy dissipater in the form of a curved stilling basin to protect the right bank of a river near a dam. A physical model was constructed at a scale of 1:70 to study the hydraulic parameters of the spillway design such as discharge capacity, water surface profiles, pressure distributions, and to finalize the design of the curved stilling basin energy dissipater. A literature review discussed previous studies on energy dissipation from spillways. The methodology of the study including collecting prototype data, model construction, installation of instrumentation, and conducting tests is described.
This document provides information about Eco Builders Sdn Bhd, a construction company specializing in industrialized building systems. It discusses the company's background, vision, mission, goals, organizational structure, and job responsibilities. It also outlines Eco Builders' plans to recruit 3 management trainees for Assistant Quantity Surveyor, Accountant, and Site Supervisor positions. The recruitment process involves group activities, individual interviews, and assessing candidates' skills through role plays and interview questions. The document defines the responsibilities and requirements for each trainee position. It aims to find candidates with the necessary qualifications, experience, language skills, and abilities to fulfill the job roles and help Eco Builders achieve its goals.
The document provides an acknowledgement and thanks to various individuals who helped with completing a case study assignment on building services in the PKNS Complex. It thanks the group members, group leader, the person in charge of PKNS Complex who approved the visit, and the lecturer who provided guidance. It then provides an abstract stating that the case study examined the fire protection, mechanical, vertical transportation, and electrical systems in the complex and looked at existing systems, problems, and recommendations for improvement.
This document provides a strategy report for a proposed luxury resort called Le Luxe Resort that would be located on Pulau Lalang island in Malaysia. The summary is:
[1] Le Luxe Resort would be Malaysia's first partial underwater resort powered by green energy such as solar and hydroelectric turbines. It would have rooms both on land and underwater connected by walkways.
[2] The target market would be middle-high and high-income individuals in Malaysia, focusing advertising on the more affluent western coast. Room rates would range from RM800-RM6,000 per night.
[3] In addition to rooms, the resort would offer water activities, a coral replant
The Blue Mosque is a 17th century mosque located in Istanbul, Turkey. It was commissioned by Sultan Ahmed I and took just 7 years to build, opening in 1617. The mosque was designed to have 6 minarets, as many as the holiest site in Mecca, to demonstrate the Sultan's power. It has over 20,000 blue and white ceramic tiles and 200 stained glass windows that admit natural light. The exterior features 4 tall, slender minarets at each corner and a large forecourt surrounded by vaulted arcades.
This document is a site surveying report for a traversing fieldwork exercise. It includes an introduction to traversing, objectives of the exercise, descriptions of surveying equipment used like theodolites and ranging rods. Data collected in the field including angular measurements, bearings, latitudes and departures are presented. The results show angular errors requiring adjustment of field angles. Station coordinates are tabulated and graphed. The conclusion is that adjustments were needed to correct angular errors and produce accurate coordinate data from the traversing exercise.
This 14-page report details a site surveying fieldwork involving levelling. The report includes an introduction to levelling, objectives, descriptions of apparatus used including an auto-level, tripod, and staff. Leveling results show reduced levels and line of collimation readings for 10 turning points with adjustments made for a 0.014 misclosure error. The conclusions discuss applying theories taught and producing an acceptable report within the error tolerance.
Construction technology 2 assignment briefShane Ah
This document provides guidance for a group assignment to produce a 20-minute video on a construction process as part of a Construction Technology 2 course. Students will work in groups of 5 members to film and edit footage of a construction process. The video should include an introduction to hook viewers, identify the group members and site location. It must demonstrate subject knowledge throughout and have clear, correct information with no errors. The video will be evaluated based on camera work, transitions, editing, and how well it explains the construction process. The final video is due on July 2nd before 2:30pm.
The document discusses the construction of Madge Mansions, a luxury condominium development consisting of 3 blocks of 10 stories with 52 units total. It describes the pile foundation, suspended slab flooring, and flat roof used for the building. The foundation uses piles to transfer the heavy building loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. Suspended slabs are used for the floors to support loads between levels. A flat roof design is employed.
This document discusses a presentation on concrete materials and properties. It describes a compacting factor test to determine concrete workability. It also summarizes three factors that affect concrete workability and strength: aggregate-cement ratio, relative humidity during curing, and degree of compaction. Finally, it provides details on three types of concrete admixtures - shrinkage reducers, super plasticizers, and corrosion inhibitors - and their functions and advantages.
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
New Visa Rules for Tourists and Students in Thailand | Amit Kakkar Easy VisaAmit Kakkar
Discover essential details about Thailand's recent visa policy changes, tailored for tourists and students. Amit Kakkar Easy Visa provides a comprehensive overview of new requirements, application processes, and tips to ensure a smooth transition for all travelers.
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Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
The Universal Account Number (UAN) by EPFO centralizes multiple PF accounts, simplifying management for Indian employees. It streamlines PF transfers, withdrawals, and KYC updates, providing transparency and reducing employer dependency. Despite challenges like digital literacy and internet access, UAN is vital for financial empowerment and efficient provident fund management in today's digital age.
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
Unlock Your Potential with NCVT MIS.pptxcosmo-soil
The NCVT MIS Certificate, issued by the National Council for Vocational Training (NCVT), is a crucial credential for skill development in India. Recognized nationwide, it verifies vocational training across diverse trades, enhancing employment prospects, standardizing training quality, and promoting self-employment. This certification is integral to India's growing labor force, fostering skill development and economic growth.
STREETONOMICS: Exploring the Uncharted Territories of Informal Markets throug...sameer shah
Delve into the world of STREETONOMICS, where a team of 7 enthusiasts embarks on a journey to understand unorganized markets. By engaging with a coffee street vendor and crafting questionnaires, this project uncovers valuable insights into consumer behavior and market dynamics in informal settings."
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Fabular Frames and the Four Ratio ProblemMajid Iqbal
Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
Stunning art in the small multiples format brings out the spatiotemporal nature of societal transitions, against backdrop issues such as energy, housing, waste, farmland and forest. In each frame we see hopeful and frightful interplays between spending and saving. Problems emerge when one of the two parts of the existential anaglyph rapidly shrinks like Arctic ice, as factors cross thresholds. Ecological wealth and intergenerational equity areFour at stake. Not enough spending could mean economic stress, social unrest and political conflict. Not enough saving and there will be climate breakdown and ‘bankruptcy’. So where does speculative design start and the gambling and betting end? Behind each fabular frame is a four ratio problem. Each ratio reflects the level of sacrifice and self-restraint a society is willing to accept, against promises of prosperity and freedom. Some values seem to stabilise a frame while others cause collapse. Get the ratios right and we can have it all. Get them wrong and things get more desperate.
1. SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE · BUILDING · DESIGN
Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia
Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Honours)
BUILDING SERVICES I [QSB 1714/BLD 60403]
GROUP PROJECT (30%)
Project Brief
This project is a study on building services system with the selected topics such as
ventilation system,
telecommunication, storm water system, cold water supply and hot water supply.
In a group of 6 students, you are required to prepare one of the topics within the
existing topic below:
1. Sustainable Wastewater Treatment
2. Energy Efficient Ventilation System
3. Building Integration of Solar Energy
4. Water Treatment for Domestic Water Supplies
5. Ventilation Problem in Heritage Building
6. Energy Efficient in Heritage Building
7. Telecommunication Service for High Rise Building
8. Sustainable Storm-water Management
9. Indoor Environmental Quality in Healthcare/Office
10. The installation of Hot Water Supply for Hotel/Corporate Building
You are required to carry out survey on the selected topic, and prepare a
documentation report. You are required to explain the application, system,
installation process, benefits, problems, case study and anything relevant to support
the documentation. You are also encouraged highlighting the
recommendations for future improvement.
• A4 bound report complete with visual and photographs inclusive of detailing and
documentation of your project.
• Word processed, font size 11, Arial, 1.5 spacing, justify and not less than 3500
words
• Visual/photographs used in the submission must be clear and well communicated.
• Assumptions can be made through references from books/drawings are allowed.
DO NOT
PLAGIARISE. Application must be according to selected topic context.
• Softcopy is required to be attached with the hardcopy.
FORMAT of A4 report/Documentation
1. Cover page – Name and student ID number should be written clearly (TU logo)
2. Table of content
3. Introduction of selected topic
4. Installation process (if applicable)
5. Management system (if applicable
2. 6. The advantages and Disadvantages
7. Case study: Finding and Explanation
8. Possible problems to the system (if applicable)
9. Recommendations for future improvement
10. Learning from the group work project
11. References (alphabetical order)
12. Bibliography (alphabetical order)
13. Appendices
The assessment for this project will be based on your:-
• Demonstrated understanding of the project brief
• Quality and clarity of the documented drawings/photographs and detailing of the
system
• Materiality and richness of contents
• Clear visual and written communication of your understanding of the project
• Appropriate use of drawings/photographs standard e.g. symbols/profiling, label and
specifications
Standard university peer assessment for marks shall be distributed as follows:
Visual image, annotated sketches or drawings (20marks)
Documentation of building services system of selected building, explain the
installation process and
identify possible problems to the system (if applicable) including recommendations
for future
improvement
• Clear and suitable visual image used in report
• Clarity and annotation in sketches
Analysis, Explanation & Case Study (50 marks)
• Understanding the application, system, installation, process, benefits and
problems.
• Ability to identify problem defects and analyze problem.
• Propose appropriate solutions.
• Provide the appropriate case study (at least one)
• Ability to analyse the application of system to the real building project.
Communication (10 marks)
• English structure, punctuation, spelling, grammar
Presentation
• 7-10 minutes presentation.
• To develop students understanding of course materials and the current application
in construction industry.
• Developing higher-order intellectual skills – evaluating skills and critical thinking
skills
• Encourage knowledge sharing about subject taught
• Understand and explain relevant information related to the selected case study.
• Identify the application, system, installation, process, benefits, problems and
anything relevant
to support the documentation.
Report submission date: 12pm, 22nd June 2015
Presentation: Tutorial in week 13
3.
4. Table of content
Introduction to SMART Tunnel 1
Installation process of SMART Tunnel 7
Management system 10
The advantages and disadvantages of Smart Tunnel 18
Case study 24
Possible problems 33
Recommendation for future improvement 38
Learning from the group work project 42
References & Bibliography 43
5. 1 | P a g e
`SMART TUNNEL
INTRODUCTION
Storm water is water that form up with the process of condensation of air water
vapour that fall under gravity. Hence, storm water management is to control, supervise
and conduct the flow of storm water. At the point when storm water is assimilated into the
ground, it is sifted and eventually recharges aquifers or streams into streams and rivers.
In created zones, notwithstanding, impenetrable surfaces, for example, asphalt and
rooftops keep precipitation from actually drenching into the ground.
In this assignment we are focusing on sustainable storm water management in
Malaysia and we look into the Smart Tunnel as one of the mega infrastructure to manage
storm water. According to the World Weather Online (2015), the rainfall in Malaysia can
go up to 600mm and it is possible to have 20 raining days when it comes to raining
seasons. Hence, it is likely to happen flash floods any cities in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur is
a bustling city that the city is completely cover up by office and big shopping mall. Although
Kuala Lumpur is not a megacity as compared with western countries due to the relatively
smallsize of the city and population, the city is expanding and developing in which it covers
the whole of Klang Valley with an area of 284,300 hectares, including towns such as
Petaling Jaya, Shah Alam, Klang, Subang Jaya, Bangi and Selayang.
After the massive flash flood that washed away the city of Kuala Lumpur, causing
loss of billions ringgit, Malaysia government came out this Smart Tunnel idea in order to
protect the city in any events that flash floods may occur again. The idea of this SMART
tunnel mainly is to control the flow of storm water to prevent flood and at the same time, it
is also to solve the heavy traffic congestion in the city of Kuala Lumpur. The project started
in 2003 and completed in 2007. The tunnel is known as "Stormwater Management and
Road Tunnel" or "SMART Tunnel". It is one of the biggest underground tunneling project
in the country. This tunnel is about 9.7 km (6.0 miles) is the longest storm water tunnel in
South East Asia and second longest in Asia.
The main objective of this tunnel is to reduce the problem of flash floods in Kuala
Lumpur and also to reduce traffic congestion along Jalan Sungai Besi and Loke Yew
flyover at Pudu during peak hours. There are three part for this tunnel, the lower channel
6. 2 | P a g e
which receive storm water. While the middle and the upper deck which is use for motorway
tunnel. It is the longest multi-purpose tunnel in the world.
It begins at Kampung Berembang Lake near the Klang River at Ampang and ends
at Taman Desa Lake near Kerayong River at Salak South. The project is led by the
government, including Malaysian Highway Authority (LLM) and the Department of
Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia (Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran = JPS) and also a
company joint venture pact between Gamuda Berhad and Malaysian Mining Corporation
Berhad (MMC).
7. 3 | P a g e
Installation process
Kuala Lumpur city is sitting on Karstic limestone geology with high ground water table.
The special features of karstic limestone include cliffs, pinnacles, cavities, collapsed
cavities and sinkholes. Overlying these Karstic limestone is loose alluvium from
previous tin mining activities (Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART
Tunnel, n.d).
Due to the natural of soil condition, special care is taken not to disturb the soil formation
that will cause structural imbalance to existing structure surrounding the tunnel. The
main care was using tunnel boring machine as part of the construction process because
it is the most cost-effective and least damaging method. The 13.2 diameter Slurry Shield
TBM were chosen and it consists of 4 core parts (Kumar ,2005).
First is the Rotary Cutter Head. This part is equipped with tungsten pick bits to excavate
the soil and consists of disc cutters to excavate rock. The second part is the Bulkhead,
where it provides stability during the tunnel excavation by forming a pressured bentonite
slurry shield. Thirdly, it is the hydraulic rams. This part is used to drive the machine
forward and keep the tunnel in its correct position. Lastly, it is the tunnel lining erector.
This is used to install the pre-cast concrete lining of the tunnel (MMC-Gamuda, n.d).
In the design of the tunnel lining, Smart tunnel uses pre-cast tunnel lining segments. The
lining installation is done together with the drilling work. After the TBM machine
progresses with the drilling work, the installation of the tunnel lining work are done using
the same rails used by the TBM machine. This make the tunnel lining to be brought into
the tunnel easier and the installation works progresses as the drilling continues. A single
ring-shaped steel reinforced lining segment is used as the mould to support the joining of
the segments (Kumar ,2005).
The pre-cast concrete linings for the tunnel are transported to the erector by boogies on
rails. These linings are then placed in the correct position in the tunnel with the help of
vacuum pads attached to hydraulics arms. The arms are extended to keep the linings in
place while the linings are bolted together (MMC-Gamuda, n.d).
As the TBM continue to drill the tunnel the side jacks will stabilize the operation. The
shield of the TBM machine provides 15cm gap between the tunnel lining and ground soil
that will be injected with special cement grout. The cement grout reinforced the tunnel
8. 4 | P a g e
while the tunnel lining work progresses. The cement grout also seals off the leakage of
water into the tunnel construction work. If the water seep through the tunnel works it will
cause major cave in as the water pressure from ground water flow will push through into
the leakage fissures and break through into the tunnel construction (Kumar ,2005).
The tunnel lining is installed in place after the surrounding soil is enhanced with the
spray of the cement material. Ring joints and parallel joints are used to support the
tunnel lining work progresses. The tunnel lining are sealed with neoprene band during
the manufacturing and installation of the linings. The sealing of tunnel lining takes place
by placing two segments and pressing the seal profiles together. The estimated force
applied to the ring joints by the tunnelling jacks of the shield is around 5600 tonnes
(Kumar ,2005).
(Website : Facesupport.org.)
9. 5 | P a g e
(Website : Trade note.net)
(Website : Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) Method)
10. 6 | P a g e
Management System
Water Channel System
Under the normal condition where there is no storm or low rainfall, no flood water will be
diverted into the system and the motorway is operating as usual. However, the SMART
system will be activated and when there is a moderate storm (Santhiman, 2006).
When the second mode is activated, flood water is diverted into the bypass tunnel in the
lower channel of the motorway tunnel and up to certain stage, the motorway section is
still open to traffic. The upper and lower decks are opened to traffic but the inverted level
is filled with water (Santhiman, 2006). Excess flood water will be diverted to SMART
holding pond and only the lower drain of tunnel will be used to convey flood flow to the
Desa attenuation pond (Gamuda, 2012).
However, when there is severe storm or heavy inundation, third mode will be activated.
This mode will be activated when major storm event occurs. Traffic will be evacuated
from the road tunnel. Sufficient time will be bought to the last vehicle to exit the
motorway safely before the automated water-tight gates are opened to allow flood water
to pass through. If heavy rain storm stops early or due to some specific circumstances,
then the traffic tunnel will not be flooded. The motorway will be reopened to traffic within
48 hours after the closure (Gamuda, 2012).
(Website : Tunnel Visions)
11. 7 | P a g e
Maintenance of SMART tunnel
The maintenance works are basically the planned maintenance. Usually the routine of
cleaning and maintenance works will be done at the same period every month. This
routine will start at 11am and ended at 6.00am the next day. The cleaning covers the
tunnel lightings, tunnel wall, cross passage drain, drain sumps and pumping station
while the yearly maintenance covers the traffic signs and floor toll lane equipment
(Murad, 2010, p.25-26).
On the other hand, the maintenance which takes over on the curative maintenance or
non-routine maintenance is performed after flooding events. The maintenance works is
focused mainly on cleaning the tunnel. Some of the damages are caused by the water
pressure. The cleaning process includes tunnel wall, road deck, tunnel lightings, traffic
signs, cross passage, drain sumps, sign boards, pumping station and the tunnel ceiling’s
surface .At this time, the tunnel will be closed at least two days for the cleaning and
repair process which was caused by pressure of water and there will be a need for one
more day for inspection before the motorway is open for the public (Murad, 2010, p.25-
26).
(Webite : The dark room)
12. 8 | P a g e
CCTV
CCTV system in the tunnel provides continuous visual monitoring and general
surveillance of designated areas in the tunnel. It also ensures the security against theft
and vandalism. Besides, it also provides visual confirmation of facilities breakdown,
traffic incident such as speed drop, stopped vehicles and vehicles that travel in inverse
direction, accident and fire in the tunnel. The alarm will also be triggered to alert the
maintenance and operation personnel of the vital visual events. It also monitor any
person who is entering and leaving the cross passage and ventilation shaft. It also can
be used for visual recording in the tunnel (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).
(Website : Jabatan Pengairan Dan Sairan)
Integrated Automatic Incident Detection (AID)
The AID detects the following incidents such as stopped vehicle, low speed or queuing
traffic, motorcars that go with wrong direction and tunnel's camera failure and relay these
to TMCS (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).
Based on the incident and status, the operators at the TMCS will be helped by CCTV to
take any necessary actions, such as controlling the Traffic Control Signs (TCS) and
13. 9 | P a g e
Variable Message Signs (VMS) to close a lane or give early warning of queues forming
ahead (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).
(Website : ETH Security)
Integrated Ventilation Monitoring and Control
The air quality in the tunnel is monitored and controlled by the TMCS. This system is a
vital feature for safe, effective and secure operation of tunnel emergencies such as fire.
The tunnel ventilation system controls the amount of Jet fans in operation in the tunnel to
supply fresh air, expel s exhaust fumes and any fire smoke to maintain a safe and clean
air quality in the tunnel. This system observes the level of polluted air. The measurement
levels of these initiates the appropriate ventilation schemes and provides indication and
alarms to the operators (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).
14. 10 | P a g e
(Website : Pinoy Exchange.com)
Integrated Fire Detection System
The detection of the fire within the tunnel is done by the fiber optic linear heat detection
system. The linear heat detection is interfaced with SCADA to allow the operator to see
the temperature reading along the tunnel. To enhance the fire detection system in the
tunnel, the system also fully utilizes both CCTV system and AID system to indicate when
traffic is going to slow or stop due to the fire incident. The AID system also capable of
doing pre-detection based on smoke detection. This alerts the operator in the control
room who can monitor what is happening on video cameras and take proper action
according to the situation (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).
(Website : Anacon)
15. 11 | P a g e
Integrated Access Control System
The monitoring of tunnel related security includes access to certain equipment and
buildings. In the breach of security, a result alarm will be raised in the SCADA and a
command can be issued to the CCTV system to direct the most relevant camera to start
recording (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).
(Website : The Malaysian Times)
Integrated Audio Communication Systems
The Emergency phone, PABX and VoIP Public Address system are controlled via a
single integrated control system which links all the three facilities together for ease of
use and an efficient, more effective response. The integrated system also allow faster in
tracking and logging of emergency call, interface with other system such as SCADA and
CCTV. The tunnel is equipped with cables for easier radio communication that could
immediately contact the Malaysian Fire Department, Police and Ambulance and tunnel
operator for their aid when emergency happens (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).
16. 12 | P a g e
(Website : Commend)
Traffic Monitoring and Control System
The condition of traffic within the tunnels is monitored and controlled by the Traffic
Monitoring and Control System. The TMCS observes the current traffic through the
outstation PLC and the CCTV system. Based on the incident and status from the AIDS,
the TCS & VMS can be directly controlled by the operator or SCADA system. The Traffic
control system also provides a series of pre-defined traffic plans which selectable by
operators during emergency situation such as fire alarm or accident in the tunnel. A
highly visible LED display also provides effective traffic directions. It is important that the
tunnel has the mechanisms to counter every emergency that might happen in the tunnel.
This can be done by an info system that automatically collects traffic data (PSI Incontrol
Sdn Bhd, n.d).
18. 14 | P a g e
Advantage and Disadvantage
Advantages of Smart Tunnel
1) The motorway tunnel that reduce traffic congestion
The motorway tunnel serve as another route for motorists from the southern
gateaway to enter and exiting of the city centre. This will reduce the traffic
congestion in the southern gateway which leading to city centre. This will reduce
the travel distance in the tunnel for example the one in Jalan Istana interchange-
Kampung Pandan which take just four minute compare to the existing road that
use longer period of time.
2) Automated flood control gate
• The water tight gates are installed on either ends of the motorway tunnel (within
the storm water section). Similarly single flood control steel gates are also
installed at both ends of the motorway tunnel. These gates are operated using a
hydraulic system.
• 3 automated flood gates at both end of motorway
• 2 automated road gates at both end junction boxes
19. 15 | P a g e
3) Alam Flora Road Sweeper
Alam Flora Road Sweeper is a vehicle which is responsible to clean up the road in
SMART tunnel. SMART has legally binded a contract with Alam Flora to developed road
sweepers especially for SMART Tunnel. Every day, the cleaning will be done at night to
reduce the disruption of the road user in the SMART tunnel. The Road Sweeper has a
hopper capacity of +/- 5.0cu.m. It has a water tank and would be able to carry around
1000 litres per session.
The sweeper has a suction capability via the vacuum type “true flow” air system using a
fan blower output of +/- 450m3 per minute. Besides that, it fitted with a dual sweep
brooms on both sides of the vehicle, the speed can be changed and the pressure of the
brooms can be controlled. The dimension of the main broom is 1500mm in length and
400mm in diameter while the gutter broom measures around 500mm in diameter.
4. Other Emergency Equipment’s
The person in charge also increase the safety measure to avoid any accident happen
around the tunnel. In the tunnel there are fire fighting equipment, telephone and
surveillance at 1 km interval. Every 90m there will be a hydrant and fire extinguisher
place along slow lane of both tunnel road decks. Hose Reel, Fire Extinguishers, Break
glass and Emergency Telephone located within each cross passages, ventilation shafts
and escape shafts.
20. 16 | P a g e
5. Radio Re-Broadcasting Services
Radio re-broadcasting is an audio (sound) broadcasting service, used to broadcast
through the air as radio waves (a form of electromagnetic radiation) from a transmitter to
an antenna and finally to a receiving device. Stations can link in radio networks to
broadcast common programming, either in syndication or simulcast or both. Audio
broadcasting also can be done via cable FM, local wire networks, satellite and the
Internet. With the radio re-broadcasting services now accessible in Smart Tunnel, user
should be able to receive the radio channel, hand phone and other maintenance
communication reception without any interference.
6. Ventilation/Escape Shafts
Ventilation/ getaway shafts at 1km interims. These capable air ventilators will continually
maintain the air quality inside of the motorway. To secure the ventilation framework amid
the flooding, the framework comprises of a progression of shafts every containing a
fumes and outside air injector. This configuration empowers the fans to be introduced
outside the SMART passage to make a longitudinal stream in the passage between the
poles that allows the air in the passage to be ceaselessly recharged and the extraction
of the fumes exhaust. The component likewise takes into consideration smoke control in
the case of a flame.
7. Cross Passage
Cross Passage between decks at 250m intervals: the passage is also use as one of the
emergency exits during an emergency.
21. 17 | P a g e
8. Air Quality Monitoring Equipment (AQME)
In the tunnel there are 38 sets of AQME monitoring carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen
monoxide (NO) and particulate. They are place in the upper and lower decks. The
ventilation framework will be worked naturally taking into account the air quality checking
framework yields. The ventilation will accommodate the supply and concentrate of air for
both the upper and Lower Street decks and comprises of 4 nos. of ventilation shafts and
each consists of 8 arrangement of fans.
9. SCADA Monitoring & Surveillance
State-of-the-art SCADA monitoring and surveillance of SMART at its 24-hour SMART
Highway. In the Smart Tunnel there are more than 212 units of Closed Circuit Television
and BARCO Wall is able to show 70 CCTVs screen at one time in the SCADA
Monitoring & Surveillance room. The technology that high enough to use laser beam and
automatic detection to identify any kind of strange occasions.
10. First Responder Vehicle (FRV)
• Custom-Built Fire Engines for SMART Highway
• The Fire Responder Vehicles are specially designed for accessibility into SMART
Highway and equipped to perform any necessary fire and rescue emergencies in the
dual purpose tunnel. Manufactured in accordance with international standards of MS
ISO 9001 for quality assurance and under the special requirements of the National Fire
Protection Agency, the vehicles aim to assist the current SMART Highway’s Emergency
Response Patrol team’s rescue operations.
• The FRVs were customized to meet the sophisticated designs of the SMART
Tunnel such as height limitations, tunnel manoeuvrability, special equipment housing,
and is powered by an engine that produces minimal carbon emission in order to ensure
safety in the tunnel is maintained throughout an emergency operation.
• The purpose for the custom build for this fire engine is to get into the destination
in a shorter time since the fire engine has been park at different and specific locations
22. 18 | P a g e
smart tunnel in each deck to gain access to upper and lower deck respectively.(Taman
Desa and Jalan Hang Tuah Fire and Rescue Departments respectively).
• The powerful 2.5 litre DOHC 4 x 4 vehicles with customization are the first of its
kind, Malaysian fire engines that will be used solely for SMART Highway operations.
11. Medical Response Vehicle (MRV)
• Custom-Built Ambulance specialise for SMART Highway
• MRV is a custom made vehicle which is capable in giving the first responder
services or further emergency treatment. The advantage of the MRV is it can transport
the medical team or the Emergency Medical Specialist to the scene area. The MRV can
be used on the wet, skidded and limited eye vision and also at the off road situation. For
urban situation or metropolitan condition, MRV is capable to use the road curbs in
reaching the incident area.
• MRV is a heavy-duty load carrying chassis and it can be used for on and off road
situation for example in the SMART Tunnel, flood condition or off road. It is fully
equipped with medical respondent equipment based on what needed. MRV can carry 6
persons at one time including the medical equipment.
• Come with a powerful engine to cater during the difficulties situation. Inside the
MRV it have provided with the various patience seating configuration based on treatment
needs, MRV are also able to carry the listed medical equipment such as:
o Emergency Medical and Trauma Bag
o Emergency Drugs
o Emergency Airways Management
o Immobilization Set
o Automated External Defibrillator
o Triage Card
o Other equipment’s carried along to safe guard the incident area include
emergency cone and etc.
23. 19 | P a g e
DISADVANTAGES OF SMART TUNNEL
1. Not all smart tunnels solve all problems
• We must not throw litter and clog the tunnel. Smart does not necessarily try to
solve all the flood problems in the city.
• If an integrated approach is not taken on the handling of the urban drainage, then
floods will continue to hit the city. The smart tunnel is to mitigate floods in the city.
2. Smart tunnel alone cannot curb floods
• Provide a storm water management system to mitigate flooding problems, it is
one of the two components needed to solve flash floods.
• The other component includes the construction of some 200 dams and flood
retention ponds.
• The Smart tunnels and the ponds are supposed to complement each other and
only then would the problem be solved.
3. Desalination
• Desalination is the process of removing mud and other debris from a flooded
area.
• During a major rain event, the SMART Tunnel will be filled with flood waters
along with mud and debris picked up from the run off.
• After the rain has passed and the water has been channelled to the reservoir,
mud and debris that weren’t carried away will be left in the tunnel.
• The process of cleaning up the mess will take a considerable amount of time and
many will believe that the desalination process was not tested and planned thoroughly.
4. Increased Road Capacity
• Induced congestion is when capacity is added to a freeway and essentially
invites more people to drive.
• When more people begin to drive the freeway will once again become
overloaded and congested
5. Delayed opening of tunnel
• Delay in opening the tunnels will cause floods to occur.
6. No response
• Numerous attempts to contact SMART has been futile.
24. 20 | P a g e
Case Study
Objective
This aims in studying stormwater management (SMART) in Kuala Lumpur. The detailed
objectives of this study include:
1) To provide a comprehension of the cause of flooding happens in Malaysia.
2) To study the relevant stormwater and flood risk management in Kuala Lumpur.
3) To evaluate the effectiveness of the Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel
(SMART).
Overview
Malaysia has an equatorial climate with constant high temperatures and high relative
humidity. The climate is influenced by the northeast and southwest monsoons. The
northeast monsoon prevails between November and February, brings heavy rainfall
predominantly to the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia and to Sabah and Sarawak. Rain
bearing winds also comes with the southwest monsoon from April to September, though
rainfalls during this period are generally less than during the northeast monsoon. The
storm occasionally brings intense rainfalls, severely overloads the drainage systems,
results in localized ‘flash’ floods.
Back in few decades, Kuala Lumpur, the Federal capital, suffered the wrath of the flood
due to the urbanization of Kuala Lumpur that has encroached on the Klang and Gombak
rivers, which merge in the center of the city. Diagrams on the following page illustrate the
loss suffered from natural disaster from 1990 to 2014. It shows that storm and flood
dictate the frequency of natural disasters, mortality and economic downfall.
Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART), a project under the Federal
Government initiated to alleviate the flooding problem in the city centre of Kuala Lumpur.
The project is implemented through a joint venture pact between MMC Berhad and
Gamuda Berhad with the Department of Irrigation And Drainage Malaysia and the
Malaysian Highway Authority as the executing government agencies (SMART,2006).
26. 22 | P a g e
Diagrams above shows frequency of natural disasters happen in Malaysia, the mortality
caused by the natural disasters and how much they affect economic issues. ( RED EM-
DAT, 2015 ).
Causes of Flooding
According to the previous diagrams, of all disasters in Malaysia, floods are most frequent
and bring the greatest damage annually. As far back as 1886, Kelantan experienced
disastrous floods and gale-force winds. Then, the flood of 1926 affected most part of
Malaysia, resulting in extensive damages to property, road systems and agricultural land
and crops. In 1967, severe floods surged across Perak, Terengganu and Kelantan river
basins, claiming 55 lives. In 1971, a catastrophic flood swirled across many parts of the
country. Pahang was severely affected, suffering great economic losses in the form of
property and crops, as well as a death toll of 24. At the meantime, Kuala Lumpur, the
Federal capital, suffered the flash flood as well. Flood occurrences seem to be getting
more frequent in recent years, especially in city like Kuala Lumpur where rapid
urbanization is taking place.
There are a few of main causes of flooding in Malaysia. The primary reasons are due to
the increased runoff rates and loss of flood storage as the consequence of development
extending into and taking over flood plains and drainage corridors. Furthermore,
inadequate drainage systems and failure of localized drainage improvement works also
results in flood problems. Apparently, localized continuous heavy rainfall and inadequate
river capacity are also the causes of flooding in Kuala Lumpur. ( Chia Chong Wing,
n.d. ).
27. 23 | P a g e
Stormwater and Flood Risk Management in Kuala Lumpur
Indeed, any region faced with high annual
rainfalls, increased populations, and expanding
cities will be called upon to place increasingly
great focus on flood control.
In 1982 the government conducted a National
Water Resources Study on structural and non-
structural measures for flood mitigation and
management. Subsequently, a number of flood
mitigation projects were completed, such as
canalization of rivers, raising river embankments and multi-purpose dams. ( Asian
Disaster Reduction Center , n.d. )
According to Tan Keng Chok ( 2014 ), the Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL) civil
engineering and drainage department director, land clearing for development had
caused the surface run-off coefficient to
increase, causing drains in the city to overflow.
It was told that the current drainage system
was designed a long time ago and its existing
capacity cannot cope with the high density of
rainfall. Hence, drain upgrading projects have
been undertaken to alleviate the flooding
issue. For example, two drainage projects at
Jalan Chan Sow Lin and Kampung Dato’ Keramat as well as the drainage tunnel from
Jalan Duta which would carry rainwater through Jalan Bangsar to Sungai Klang were
constructed.
28. 24 | P a g e
Next management method is the construction of flood detention or retention ponds.
Ponds such as disused mining
pools can be used for flood storage.
The objective is to divert the flood
water through such ponds and thus
regulate the outflow so that the
flood peaks are attenuated. This
strategy has been used in the case
of Batu/ Jinjang Pond Project in
Kuala Lumpur where excess flood
water is diverted from Sg. Gombak to Batu Pond for temporary storage and from Sg.
Keroh to Jinjang Pond. Water in the pond will be released slowly back to the river after
the flood flow has subsided. ( Chia Chong Wing, n.d. ).
Flood control strategies usually cover a whole city or region. In practical terms, the
solutions typically involve multiple pumping stations at several locations to ensure
sufficient flood management when required. Pumping stations have been systematically
required at irrigation canal intakes. The existence of the floating pump, which is an
unique equipment, with unmatched capabilities & applications. The pump is a complete
and integrated operative unit, designed for continuous operation, capable of handling
very large flows. It can be installed and placed in operation in a short period of time,
without the need to make civil constructions, required for other type of pumps of similar
or even inferior flow rates. It is suitable for flooding control or emergency operations
where its structural design and construction materials are designed for long term,
continuous operation. Hence, it is one of the sustainable stormwater and flood risk
managements. (Wintima Corporation Sdn Bhd, n.d. )
Undoubtedly, there is also the need for maintenance of main drains, rivers, ponds and
pump houses. This is to ensure the consistency and efficiency of the operations so they
can function at their best.
29. 25 | P a g e
Barrier to Stormwater Management System
Based on a survey done for 1st
International Conference on Managing Rivers in the 21st
Century ( 2004 ), concerns over education, lack of information regarding stormwater
management, funding and enforcement are three main barriers to manage stormwater in
local Malaysia communities.
Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART)
- Flood incidences before operation of SMART
- Overall performance of SMA
Graph above shows the result for survey question : What barriers may exist for
stormwater management in your community? (1st
International Conference on Managing
Rivers in the 21st
Century , 2004 ).
The lack of education or information regarding stormwater management concerns were
indicated by 39% of respondents. To increase the awareness, the Government must
actively provide a variety of information by means of local council public relation
activities. The motivation and awareness of people is essential for wider acceptance of
stormwater management concept to ensure the successful of Urban Stormwater Manual
for Malaysia ( MSMA ) in Malaysia.
Next, 35% of respondents cited funding as a barrier for the implementation of
stormwater management in their community. In order to encourage people to install
stormwater facilities in their community is to provide them subsidy. The Government
should appropriates the construction cost of infiltration facilities in its budget to provide
subsidy for local authorities to actively encourage the construction of such facilities. This
subsidy can motivate the people and accelerate the acceptance of stormwater
management concept in Malaysia.
Many respondents felt that a lack of information or clarity about who was responsible for
adoption and maintenance of MSMA facilities had been the main deterrent to their use.
Land take was also found to be a significant deterrent. This indicates that whilst designer
30. 26 | P a g e
or developer could identify potential improvements to guidance but the most deterrent is
the worry of adoption and maintenance of the facilities. Another deterrent is the
procedure of obtaining approval from relevant authorities.
Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART)
The Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel (SMART) is an innovative project of the
Government of Malaysia which consists of a flood bypass system in combination with
regulated release. The main function is to mitigate over-bank flow nearby Tun Perak
Bridge located at Kuala Lumpur city center by diverting flood flows from entering the city
centre at the Klang/Ampang confluence through a bypass system before finally release it
downstream of the city. ( Zainab, Nor & Larry , 2013 )
Flood incidences before operation of SMART
The city of Kuala Lumpur (KL) is located at the confluence of the Klang and the Gombak
rivers in the Klang River Basin. Founded in the late 19th century, KL has now become
Malaysia’s largest and most important city. Being the nation’s capital city, KL has
undergone rapid development. Most of the area has been built-up into township,
residential and industrial parks.
As a result of the rapid pace of development and its impact on the ground, the existing
capacities of rivers in the basin are no longer able to cope with the flood flows from their
developing catchments. Flood magnitudes keep on mounting year by year leaving far
behind the capability of the city’s river and drainage system to cope with it. KL has
experienced seventeen (17) numbers of major flood incidences and the earliest recorded
incident is in 1926. The largest in recent history was the flood in 1971, which was
widespread and affected not only KL but a few other states in the country. Flash flood is
caused by thunderstorm which are localized rainfall of very high intensity (>60mm/hr)
and short duration (2-5hours). Table below shows the flooding incidences in KL city
before SMART starts operation in July 2007. As can be seen from the table, the
incidences of flood are becoming more and more frequent towards the end of the 20th
century and early 21st century.
31. 27 | P a g e
Table above shows the Kuala Lumpur flood events in the year before the operation of
SMART in Jult 2007.
Overall performance of SMART
Ever since the SMART system was put into operation on July 2007 until 2012, the
system has successfully dealt with a total of 203 storm events, which comprises of 121
numbers of Mode II events, 77 incidences of Mode III, and 5 incidences of Mode IV
events. ( Refer to Possible Problems of SMART system for detailed modes operations. )
All these modes require excess flood water to be diverted into the holding pond at Kg.
Berembang. Refer to Figure 3 for the SMART operational Modes from 2007 to 2012.
Scientific Paper The Journal of Water Resources Management : Vol 1 Number 2 2013
25 Year 2008 recorded the most numbers of Mode II and Mode III events, while year
2012 recorded the most numbers of Mode IV events. Mode IV is the most severe mode
since the whole tunnel will be used to divert excessive flood waters from entering Kuala
Lumpur City Center. Mode IV events occurred once in 2008 and 2011 and three times in
2012. This makes year 2012 a very challenging year for SMART Control Centre.
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Conclusion : Why Kuala Lumpur special case?
From the case study, it appears that since 1950s there has been a rise in the number of
reported flood disaster events and since 1980s this increase has been more significant.
City like Kuala Lumpur is particularly vulnerable to flooding because of few reasons :
1. Direct impacts on the citizens. The scale of population at risk. A large and growing
proportion of the population concentrates in Kuala Lumpur.
2. Direct impacts to physical infrastructure; buildings, urban services ( e.g. roads, railway
lines, embankments, public water supply and sanitation ) and specific industries.
3. Indirect impacts to economic sectors : change in productive capacity as a result of the
change in resource productivity or market demand.
The adoption of SMART system approach is one of the sustainable effective stormwater
mangements as can be seen from the overall performance of SMART discussed
beforehand. The implementation of SMART should not be seen as a one-off activity but
as a part of process that will semi-continuously produce feedbacks and updates to the
plan of management interventions in order to facilitate continuous adaption as
necessary. New information and data, technological developments, and new or modified
drivers of change may all lead to the need to revise and update the plan.
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Possible problems to the SMART Tunnel in Malaysia
1. Limitation
In Malaysia, SMART tunnel can only mitigate flooding in the city center due to
overbank flow of Klang River between Tun Perak Bridge and Dang Wangi Bridge, one
option is to increase the capacity of the stretch of Klang River concerned, and the other
option is to reduce the flood flow passing through it. However, it is not 100% prevent big
flood. It just reduced the percentage of big floods and damages by flood. It used to face
only big flood in Kuala Lumpur before the SMART tunnel was build. (Feekle, 2011)
It is realized that the discharges from the tributaries of Klang River downstream of the
diversion point, condition and capacity of the receiving rivers, Kerayong River and Klang
River downstream of the Kerayong/Klang confluence, have influence to the flooding at city
center. SMART tunnel alone is not able to fully offset these influences. A huge project
costs a lot of money and might not be economical viable. SMART tunnel is not the only
solution to the flood problem, but people would say this is a project worth billions built to
relieve the situation in a big way. The SMART tunnel is designed to handle only 45 per
cent of floodwaters coming from the rivers. When people look at the tunnel and the high
cost,they think it would cover all, but in fact, it only takes care of 45 per cent. (New Sunday
Times, 2007)
Another case in Malaysia, which was the day Jalan Tun Razak, Jalan Semarak and
Kampung Baru were flooded just like how it was in 2006, when the worst flood ever hit the
city center. It also seems that the river that burst its bank was Sungai Bunus. It flows
through the Kampung Baru - Jalan Tun Razak - Jalan Semarak area and this waterway
was not covered under the SMART Tunnel scope. So, there is now a need to come up
with a flood mitigation project to resolve this "new problem". (The Star Online, 2011)
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2. Ineffectiveness
Another aspect to the problem emerged is SMART tunnel management's slowness in
reacting to downpours leading to flash floods in the suburbs of Kuala Lumpur has angered
residents. Residents in the vicinity of Ampang Jaya and Pandan who have been inundated
by flash floods in recent months have accused the management of the SMART Tunnel of
inefficiency. The continuous downpour had affected housing estates in the whole of
Ampang area and in Kampung Pandan Dalam, Bandar Baru Ampang, Lembah Jaya,
Taman Nirwana, Taman Putra Sulaiman, Taman Dagang and Bukit Belacan. (Pragalath,
2012)
SMART company delay in opening the tunnels is what caused the floods. On that day,
there was six inches of water on the ground and it was raining from evening until 9.30 p.m.
at night. This was not the firsttime that SMART had neglected its duties. SMART company
should be prepared to guard the city (around the clock) but they are not. (Thomas, 2012)
3. Less Use
People are saying that government refuses to operate the tunnel now because the
government wants to collect toll through SMART traffic operations. If we had this tunnel,
how often would it be used? The tunnel would be used once, or three times yearly.
Spending RM1.3 billion for something which would not be used the whole year needed re-
evaluation. (New Sunday Times, 2007)
4. Road Traffic
In addition, SMART tunnel requires times to clean up thus it will be closed to public and
re-open back after 48 hours of major storm.This will causethe traffic congestion problems
remains unsolved during the major stormwater discharge by the tunnel. According to
Ariffin, motorists complained of constant traffic jams in the Sungai Besi area ever since
the tunnel was closed at 6pm last Saturday following a heavy storm. The two pictures
below reveal the effectiveness of the tunnel in reducing traffic congestion. (2008)
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(Website, The Star)
Figure 1(a) : The picture was taken during the morning rush hour
(Website, The Star)
Figure 1(b) : The picture was taken soon after the tunnel was reopended to traffic
5. High Maintenance Fees
Another problem with SMART tunnel is the high maintenance fee. A RM2.8 billion
SMART tunnel comes with a hefty maintenance fees which costing RM20 million per year.
(Big boy big toy, 2011) Such sum of money comes from our pocket as taxpayers. Once
these roads are ready to be used, we have got to pay money to use it notwithstanding that
we have already contributed to its constructions financially through our tax money.
According to Works Minister Datuk Seri Samy Vellu, SMART Tunnel toll rate will be set
at RM2 and will be effective from 11:59pm, June 14 2007. (Paul, 2007) If the tariff number
is low, it is hard to believe it can earn back the investment and keep good maintenance.
As we all know that the toll rate would be increased from RM 2 until RM4 or RM5 in the
future.
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6. Accident
Road accidents occurredin the SMART tunnel. An average of five accidents occur
in the tunnel monthly and mostare causedby drunk drivers travelling at night on weekends.
Unthinking fiends are speeding in the motorway tunnel. What is worse, there is little the
authorities can do about it. As it also doubles up as a floodwater tunnel, there are no speed
trap cameras in the tunnel and police cannot put up roadblocks. A casual observation at
the Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART) showed that most cars are
clearly disregarding the 60kph speed limit, with someobviously going at morethan 100kph.
SMART public relations manager Mohd Noor Mohd Ali said enforcing the speed limit
remained a difficult task. He said the design of the tunnel made it tough for traffic
enforcement efforts to be carried out as the road shoulders were too narrow to ensure the
safety of traffic policemen. (Shaun and Austin, 2011)
7. Bumpy Road
Many of the road users complained about the bumpy road in the SMART Tunnel.
The bumpy road may be a minor nuisance to all the drivers that would cause minor
damage to cars and even result in a car accident. However, that is always a reason behind
everything that has happened. According to Mohd Noor Mohd Ali, the tunnel is designed
with features to reduce speed, like the special rough road surface and yellow transverse
bars painted across the road. (Shaun and Austion, 2011)
8. Safety Check
A typical tunnel or SMART tunnel has to go through the safety check due to it confined
structural nature when accident happens. For example, Burnley Tunnel Tragedy in
Melbourne which occurred on the 23rd March, 2007 is a good example. Due to the smart
safety system which are TROX fire and smoke dampers installed in the smoke extract
system installed in the tunnel, all passengers were able to evacuate in 15 minutes to avoid
the suffocation.
SMART is one of the first type of tunnel that has dual functionalities on storm
management and traffic, thus it should be allocated for this tunnel for trials and simulate
the storm situation. It is because if a car gets trapped inside the tunnel when the gate is
closing, the whole system will be considered as failure and departments and authorities
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concerned have to be bashed by the public and the losses are astronomical. (Johnsonooi,
2007)
9. Blind Corner
Ultimately, the exit of tunnel is concealed behind the blind corner hence this problem
would possibly cause the drivers to stop suddenly in the middle of the road because they
have no idea which road to exit. This caused the other cars behind to honk profusely as it
is a blind corner. Hence, more notifications or sign ages are required to inform the drivers
before they reach the exit. (Marmitecarb, 2007)
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Recommendation for future improvement
As the SMART tunnel is a multipurpose mega structurebuilt to prevent flash floods
that may occur and to solve the congestion in Kuala Lumpur city, extending or renovate
the SMART tunnel may affect the existing buildings and structures. On the other hand, it
is high cost to improve or restructure SMART tunnel. Hence, alternatives should be taken
to improve storm water management in Kuala Lumpur city and Low Impact Development
(LID) is highly recommended.
LID development or improvement in which it brings less or no harm to the
environment which in this case it basically means development to storm water
management which is green and environmental friendly (Maxey, 2009, p.8). One of
methods is infiltration practices. It is a practice that constructs structures or landscapes to
infiltrate runoff water. It reduces the volume of discharged storm water and infrastructure
required to conduct, cure or manage runoffs (United States Environmental Protection
Agency, 2007).
Infiltration trenches is one of the examples of infiltration practice. The trenches
serve as a basin to trap runoff storm water, temporary storage before infiltrate into the soil
(Nieber, Erickson, Weiss, Gulliver & Hozalski, 2012). Besides controlling the flow rate of
discharged storm water, it also provides aesthetic landscape and may can be used for
recreational purposes (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2007). Moreover,
the deposited runoff storm water can either be infiltrated into the surrounding soil or
discharged through underdrain (Pekarek, Shelton, Feehan & Holm, 2011).
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Infiltration trenches (Website, Temple – Villanova Sustainable Stormwater
Initiative)
Porous pavement is also known as permeable pavement is another structure that
implements infiltration to discharge storm water from surface. It functions the similar way
as the infiltration trenches whereas the trapped water can either be infiltrate into the soil
or be discharged through underdrain. According to the research of University of Maryland
Extension (2013), permeable pavement is more efficient in terms of removing
contaminants in runoff storm water. By using permeable concrete for paving, water is able
to seep into the ground, passing through layers of aggregates and sand before reaching
the underground basins hence the water are consider naturally filtered before infiltrating
into surrounding soil or discharged through under pipes. Moreover, it can be built as open
space car parks and pedestrian pavements while it serves as storm water runoffs.
Porous pavement (Website, Metropolitan Area Planning Council)
Besides infiltration practices, there are also another low impact development (LID)
alternative. Runoff storage practices is one of the common practice used as it does not
take up much space. One of the examples of such practices is the green roof or eco roof.
Instead of using only concrete or glass for roof finishes, the roof is planted with plants and
the plants serve as storm water management purposes. The plants are able to trap rain
water for storage to be reused and at the same time it waters the plants (United States
Environmental Protection Agency, 2007). According to the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (2009), 8 cm deep of media beneath the plant is able to reduce 38-54%
and 38-45% of rainwater runoffs annually. A 6.5cm deep of media can stop 40% of
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rainwater being discharged at the storm rate of 50mm. From these statistics shown, it
proves that green roof may serve the purpose of reducing the volume of discharged storm
water and hence controls the flowing rate of storm water.
Green roof (Website, Bronx Council for Environmental Quality)
Similar to permeable pavement, runoff storage practices can also be implemented
in carparks, streets and pedestrian paths by installing storage tanks below them (Novotny,
Ahern & Brown, 2010). However, the differences are that permeable pavements undergo
infiltration whereas runoff storage is a direct discharge from the surface to be stored
temporarily in underground storage tanks in order to control the flow of storm water
drainage. Hence, permeable pavement provides aesthetics landscaping and infiltrated
storm water is cleaner as compared to runoff storage storm water.
As Kuala Lumpur city is an urban city with many tall buildings, green roof is a
suitable application to most of the buildings such as hotels, shopping malls etc. The
application of green roof should be implemented because the buildings in the city are close
to one another. Hence, the efficiency of drainage holes by the road curbs might not be
able to sustain the runoffs of storm water during a heavy rain which might lead to flood.
Therefore, the green roof may act as a detention to control the flowing rate of runoff storm
water.
Permeable pavement should be built as pedestrian walkways and open space car
parks for the runoff of storm water on the surface. Besides giving aesthetic view of the city,
it also reduces the drainage holes by the curbs needed. At the same time, runoff storage
underground tanks should be installed in order to split runoff storm water into different
compartments where some will be used to infiltrate into the soil and some will be stored
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temporary in the storage tanks to control the discharge rate and later discharged through
under pipes.
In conclusion, SMART Tunnel is not the only way that can solve flooding issue in
Kuala Lumpur city. By implementing low impact development (LID) methodology, flood
issues can be overcame, no big infrastructures required and most importantly it is more
environmental friendly. Moreover, it also reduce the reliance and burden to the SMART
Tunnel.
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Learning from the group work project
Our group consistof 5 members whichare Yong Seen Yee, Thun Shao Xun, Khoo
Xin Yee, Lee Pei Gee and Shane Sim Ee Han. Since there are 5 of us, work load are
distributed evenly among us with the agreement and consent from each and every one of
us.
As this assignment comes to the end, there are many things that we learnt
throughout the assignment. First of all, we are able to understand how storm water
management works and the importance of it for a city. Storm water management mainly
is to control the flow rate of storm water runoff and distribute the runoff evenly to prevent
flood. At the same time, it is also to maintain the water quality for drinking purposes and
daily usage.
Meanwhile, we also get to know in detail the operation of the SMART Tunnel and
hence it also shows us how advance in terms of technology that Malaysia had achieved.
From the caseof SMART Tunnel, we get to know about Tunneling Boring Machine (TBM).
It is a heavy, advance machine used to bore underground tunnels without affecting
existing structures. We also get to know that SMART Tunnel is not only a channel for
storm water management but it is also a traffic diversion to reduce the congestion in Kuala
Lumpur city.
On the other hand, we also learnt how to analyze and interpret data in order to
determine every piece of information is usable. For example, there are limitations to some
technologies that is not conventional to be used in Malaysia due to the weather and
geometric factors. Hence, it is a challenge to our critical thinking skills when it comes to
applying those technology from the information found from the Internet.
Last but not least, we learnt the importance of cooperation among members to
accomplish a task. Cooperation and tolerance is needed to assist each other to finish the
task on time. Cooperation is needed when it comes toattending group discussionsessions
and participate in the discussion. Tolerance is much needed to avoid conflicts especially
when exchanging ideas and expressing own opinions.
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References & Bibliography
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2) Abdullah, K. (2004). Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel (SMART) A
Lateral Approach To Flood Mitigation Works. (Website) Retrieved from
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