Thane Municipal Corporation is located near to Mumbai City in M aharashtra State of India. Thane is growing rapidly since last few decades. The total area of Thane city is 128 Sq. Km. According to census 2011,total Population of city is 18.41 Lakhs and floating population is about 3 lakhs. The Solid Waste generation in the TMC area is around 650 MT per day. Out of which Plastic waste g eneration is about 60-70 MT per day. TMC don�t have any system for processing this plastic waste. This paper suggests a sustainable and one of the most emerging technologies of Plastic waste pyrolysis to TMC. Pl astic Waste Pyrolysis is an ideal technology which is eco-friendly as well as generates furnace oil,carbon and hydrocarbon gas as productive output.
A green building is one that uses less water and energy resources, generates less waste, and provides a healthier space for occupants. The document discusses green building types like commercial, institutional, and residential buildings. It describes the Indian Green Building Council which promotes sustainable built environments in India. Key aspects of green buildings covered include efficient water and energy systems, building materials, indoor air quality, and innovation.
The document discusses green buildings and their importance. It provides an introduction to green buildings, noting that they were developed to stop environmental degradation. It then discusses the history and concept of green buildings, highlighting that they aim to be energy efficient and reduce waste and environmental impact. The document also outlines some key projects in Pakistan that utilize green building practices and principles.
Freiburg has implemented an effective waste management system that focuses on reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. The city collects organic household waste and feeds it into digesters to produce biogas and compost. Through these initiatives, Freiburg has significantly reduced the amount of waste sent to landfills.
The document discusses landscape architecture and defines it as the design of outdoor public spaces, structures, and landmarks to achieve environmental, social, aesthetic or practical goals. It involves analyzing both natural and built environments, planning interventions, and managing/stewarding the landscape over time. Some key aspects of landscape architecture mentioned include composing landforms, vegetation, facilities, and considering climate/context to create usable outdoor spaces.
A green building is one that uses less water and energy resources, generates less waste, and provides a healthier space for occupants. The document discusses green building types like commercial, institutional, and residential buildings. It describes the Indian Green Building Council which promotes sustainable built environments in India. Key aspects of green buildings covered include efficient water and energy systems, building materials, indoor air quality, and innovation.
The document discusses green buildings and their importance. It provides an introduction to green buildings, noting that they were developed to stop environmental degradation. It then discusses the history and concept of green buildings, highlighting that they aim to be energy efficient and reduce waste and environmental impact. The document also outlines some key projects in Pakistan that utilize green building practices and principles.
Freiburg has implemented an effective waste management system that focuses on reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. The city collects organic household waste and feeds it into digesters to produce biogas and compost. Through these initiatives, Freiburg has significantly reduced the amount of waste sent to landfills.
The document discusses landscape architecture and defines it as the design of outdoor public spaces, structures, and landmarks to achieve environmental, social, aesthetic or practical goals. It involves analyzing both natural and built environments, planning interventions, and managing/stewarding the landscape over time. Some key aspects of landscape architecture mentioned include composing landforms, vegetation, facilities, and considering climate/context to create usable outdoor spaces.
Urban Design Scales and Spaces for ArchitectureMimi Alguidano
The document discusses the key elements of urban design that shape urban spaces, including buildings, public spaces, streets, transportation systems, and landscaping. It then focuses on sidewalks and streetscapes, describing the characteristics of great streets and the various elements that make up street design, such as lane width, sidewalks, curb extensions, vertical speed controls, and amenities like street trees, landscaping, lighting, and furniture. The goal is to balance the needs of all street users through designs that prioritize pedestrian experience and safety.
Placemaking involves designing public spaces to serve the people and bring communities together through mixed uses, successful streets, open spaces, appropriate urban scale, movement frameworks, and a sense of place. It is about making spaces that people gravitate towards and that capture the soul of a neighborhood by creating local identity and embracing the people, buildings, events, and nature in an area. The goal is to take back the public realm and create character and meaning to make a space a living place for the community.
leed certified buildings examplsPresentation team workgatti Teja
This document provides an overview of the LEED green building rating system and its implementation in India. Some key points:
- LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is an internationally accepted benchmark for green building design, construction, and operations. The Indian Green Building Council administers the LEED rating system in India.
- LEED evaluates buildings based on categories like sustainable site design, water and energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. Projects earn credits within these categories to achieve different levels of LEED certification.
- The CII Godrej Green Business Centre in Hyderabad is a LEED Platinum-certified building that incorporates various green features like a roof garden,
This document discusses sustainable urban development and building greener cities. It covers topics like sustainability, community planning, green buildings, mass transit, and planning with nature. The goal of sustainability is to meet present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. Sustainable community planning considers social, environmental, and economic impacts of policies. Tools like energy efficiency and conservation block grants can fund projects that reduce energy use and fossil fuel emissions.
Comparison of conventional and nonconventional constructionSruthy4
This document discusses sustainable and cost-effective construction techniques, including the use of stabilized compressed earth blocks, reconstituted stone blocks, bamboo reinforced beams, and funicular shell roofing. It notes that building material and labor costs typically account for 65-70% of total costs. Some techniques highlighted include using waste materials in blocks, foundations using under-reamed piles, and exposed brick masonry. The document also outlines past and future work studying non-conventional materials and applications.
This document discusses green building. It defines green building as structures that are environmentally responsible and efficient throughout their lifecycle. Green buildings are designed to reduce impacts on human health and the environment by efficiently using energy, water and other resources. The goals of green building include using renewable resources, reducing impacts on the environment and human health, and being structure, energy, water, material, and indoor environmental quality efficient as well as optimizing operations and maintenance and reducing waste and toxins. Specific green building techniques discussed include using efficient windows and insulation, solar power, low-flow fixtures, recycled materials, waste reduction methods, and green certification standards.
Infosys has 10 buildings covering 2.7 million square feet that have received the LEED Platinum rating for green building design and operation. Infosys has the largest total area among corporations that is LEED Platinum certified for office space. The company has also undertaken initiatives to reduce its environmental impact through decreasing electricity and water usage as well as emissions.
The document discusses the search for sustainable cities over time. It explores ideas from early thinkers like Ebenezer Howard's Garden Cities, Patrick Geddes' concept of viewing the city as a whole, and Frank Lloyd Wright's Broadacre City. More modern approaches included Ian McHarg's design with nature, Chris Canfield's symbiotic communities, and Michael Corbett's ecological village homes. The document also examines permaculture cities, transit-oriented new urbanism, compact and regenerative cities, and cities with circular metabolisms and green infrastructure. It concludes that sustainable cities integrate nature and community, do not exceed environmental limits, and are holistic, diverse, and regenerative systems.
This presentation is a basic introduction to the concepts underlying carbon neutral design. It looks at a LEED Platinum building that is also a carbon neutral building for some ideas as to how to achieve this goal.
The document summarizes a presentation on the relationship between real estate and urban planning. It discusses the program, which includes presentations on Trump in New York City, new tools for land-use planning in the USA, and combining capital investments and land-use controls. It also provides details on The Relationship Between Real Estate and Urban Planning presentation, which notes the strong link between planning and property development and discusses obligations of both fields. The document concludes by outlining the Center of Excellence in Planning and its Advanced Studies in Urbanism and Real Estate Development program.
Sustainable and Eco-friendly Interior Design- A THOROUGH RESEARCHDeepikaAgarwal42
Green or eco-friendly interior design focuses on improving indoor air quality as well as reducing the impact that furniture purchases have on the environment.
The CII-Godrej Green Business Centre in India was the first building to receive LEED Platinum certification outside of the US. It uses various sustainable design and construction features, such as a circular structure to maximize ventilation, local and recycled materials, passive cooling techniques like wind towers, a green roof for stormwater management and reduced energy consumption. The building aims to be a model for green building practices and environmental stewardship in India.
The document provides guidance for creating an application guide for green structures in tropical climates. It discusses the growing trend of green buildings and various perceptions around them. Case studies of four green buildings are compared and key green building credits/categories are outlined. The document proposes assembling a team to draft an abridged guide referring to standards like LEED and incorporating new interventions. The guide would consist of categories, subcategories, components, and product details to help implement sustainable elements.
The document discusses sustainable design principles as outlined by the U.S. Green Building Council's LEED green building rating system. It addresses various credits within LEED including sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, and indoor environmental quality. Case studies are provided for Lincoln County High School and West Virginia State Office Buildings that received LEED certification and highlight specific sustainable features incorporated in their design and construction.
This document provides information about the Kanshi Ram Eco Park located in Lucknow, India. The key details are:
- It is situated on Jail Road north of Kanshi Ram Smark Sthal. Developed during 2007-2012 and dedicated to Kanshi Ram.
- The park aims to promote biodiversity and reduce pollution through urban greenery. It covers 140 acres and has two entrances.
- Facilities include a rock garden, bronze animal statues, a central mound area, multiple water bodies and fountains. Solar power is used.
- The park is divided into the buffer area, main park, and public amenities/parking zones. It aims to be
Community based process to build affordable home for low income people
Low cost housing models as per people’s needs
Objectives:
• identify housing challenges by community itself (Rahman,
• start community based savings
• develop housing through participatory design and planning
• empower slum communities by building network
Sustainable housing aims to be healthy, durable, safe, affordable, and environmentally friendly. It uses efficient and renewable materials, connects to utilities efficiently, and minimizes pollution and energy usage. Sustainable design considers location, indoor quality, materials, energy usage, and innovation. Passive solar features like orientation, daylighting, and ventilation help harness the sun's energy. Using recycled materials, compact designs, and earth sheltering can boost efficiency and lessen environmental impact. While upfront costs may be higher, sustainable housing saves on utilities and maintenance over time.
Pathways to Zero Waste in India (by Ashish Chaturvedi Research Fellow Green T...NITI Aayog
1) The document summarizes a seminar on conceptualizing zero waste in India under the Swachh Bharat initiative.
2) It discusses different pathways for achieving zero waste, including a technology-focused "techno-nirvana" approach and a more inclusive "green transformations" approach valuing decentralized infrastructure and jobs in the informal sector.
3) Key implications for designing and implementing Swachh Bharat discussed are the importance of source segregation, developing decentralized recovery facilities, consistent local government approaches, engaging a broad set of stakeholders, and exploring waste-to-energy options like co-incineration in cement kilns.
PLASTIC WASTE QUANTIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN DAVANAGE...IRJET Journal
The document discusses plastic waste quantification, characterization, and management in Davanagere City, India. It finds that plastic waste makes up 11.3 kg of the 25 kg solid waste sample collected. The most common plastics were HDPE and LDPE at 30.9% and PET at 18.6%. Surveys found a lack of awareness around plastic recycling. The study concludes more policies and education are needed to better manage Davanagere's increasing plastic waste as the population grows. Strict enforcement of recycling programs and investments in new recycling infrastructure could help address this issue.
Urban Design Scales and Spaces for ArchitectureMimi Alguidano
The document discusses the key elements of urban design that shape urban spaces, including buildings, public spaces, streets, transportation systems, and landscaping. It then focuses on sidewalks and streetscapes, describing the characteristics of great streets and the various elements that make up street design, such as lane width, sidewalks, curb extensions, vertical speed controls, and amenities like street trees, landscaping, lighting, and furniture. The goal is to balance the needs of all street users through designs that prioritize pedestrian experience and safety.
Placemaking involves designing public spaces to serve the people and bring communities together through mixed uses, successful streets, open spaces, appropriate urban scale, movement frameworks, and a sense of place. It is about making spaces that people gravitate towards and that capture the soul of a neighborhood by creating local identity and embracing the people, buildings, events, and nature in an area. The goal is to take back the public realm and create character and meaning to make a space a living place for the community.
leed certified buildings examplsPresentation team workgatti Teja
This document provides an overview of the LEED green building rating system and its implementation in India. Some key points:
- LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is an internationally accepted benchmark for green building design, construction, and operations. The Indian Green Building Council administers the LEED rating system in India.
- LEED evaluates buildings based on categories like sustainable site design, water and energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. Projects earn credits within these categories to achieve different levels of LEED certification.
- The CII Godrej Green Business Centre in Hyderabad is a LEED Platinum-certified building that incorporates various green features like a roof garden,
This document discusses sustainable urban development and building greener cities. It covers topics like sustainability, community planning, green buildings, mass transit, and planning with nature. The goal of sustainability is to meet present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. Sustainable community planning considers social, environmental, and economic impacts of policies. Tools like energy efficiency and conservation block grants can fund projects that reduce energy use and fossil fuel emissions.
Comparison of conventional and nonconventional constructionSruthy4
This document discusses sustainable and cost-effective construction techniques, including the use of stabilized compressed earth blocks, reconstituted stone blocks, bamboo reinforced beams, and funicular shell roofing. It notes that building material and labor costs typically account for 65-70% of total costs. Some techniques highlighted include using waste materials in blocks, foundations using under-reamed piles, and exposed brick masonry. The document also outlines past and future work studying non-conventional materials and applications.
This document discusses green building. It defines green building as structures that are environmentally responsible and efficient throughout their lifecycle. Green buildings are designed to reduce impacts on human health and the environment by efficiently using energy, water and other resources. The goals of green building include using renewable resources, reducing impacts on the environment and human health, and being structure, energy, water, material, and indoor environmental quality efficient as well as optimizing operations and maintenance and reducing waste and toxins. Specific green building techniques discussed include using efficient windows and insulation, solar power, low-flow fixtures, recycled materials, waste reduction methods, and green certification standards.
Infosys has 10 buildings covering 2.7 million square feet that have received the LEED Platinum rating for green building design and operation. Infosys has the largest total area among corporations that is LEED Platinum certified for office space. The company has also undertaken initiatives to reduce its environmental impact through decreasing electricity and water usage as well as emissions.
The document discusses the search for sustainable cities over time. It explores ideas from early thinkers like Ebenezer Howard's Garden Cities, Patrick Geddes' concept of viewing the city as a whole, and Frank Lloyd Wright's Broadacre City. More modern approaches included Ian McHarg's design with nature, Chris Canfield's symbiotic communities, and Michael Corbett's ecological village homes. The document also examines permaculture cities, transit-oriented new urbanism, compact and regenerative cities, and cities with circular metabolisms and green infrastructure. It concludes that sustainable cities integrate nature and community, do not exceed environmental limits, and are holistic, diverse, and regenerative systems.
This presentation is a basic introduction to the concepts underlying carbon neutral design. It looks at a LEED Platinum building that is also a carbon neutral building for some ideas as to how to achieve this goal.
The document summarizes a presentation on the relationship between real estate and urban planning. It discusses the program, which includes presentations on Trump in New York City, new tools for land-use planning in the USA, and combining capital investments and land-use controls. It also provides details on The Relationship Between Real Estate and Urban Planning presentation, which notes the strong link between planning and property development and discusses obligations of both fields. The document concludes by outlining the Center of Excellence in Planning and its Advanced Studies in Urbanism and Real Estate Development program.
Sustainable and Eco-friendly Interior Design- A THOROUGH RESEARCHDeepikaAgarwal42
Green or eco-friendly interior design focuses on improving indoor air quality as well as reducing the impact that furniture purchases have on the environment.
The CII-Godrej Green Business Centre in India was the first building to receive LEED Platinum certification outside of the US. It uses various sustainable design and construction features, such as a circular structure to maximize ventilation, local and recycled materials, passive cooling techniques like wind towers, a green roof for stormwater management and reduced energy consumption. The building aims to be a model for green building practices and environmental stewardship in India.
The document provides guidance for creating an application guide for green structures in tropical climates. It discusses the growing trend of green buildings and various perceptions around them. Case studies of four green buildings are compared and key green building credits/categories are outlined. The document proposes assembling a team to draft an abridged guide referring to standards like LEED and incorporating new interventions. The guide would consist of categories, subcategories, components, and product details to help implement sustainable elements.
The document discusses sustainable design principles as outlined by the U.S. Green Building Council's LEED green building rating system. It addresses various credits within LEED including sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, and indoor environmental quality. Case studies are provided for Lincoln County High School and West Virginia State Office Buildings that received LEED certification and highlight specific sustainable features incorporated in their design and construction.
This document provides information about the Kanshi Ram Eco Park located in Lucknow, India. The key details are:
- It is situated on Jail Road north of Kanshi Ram Smark Sthal. Developed during 2007-2012 and dedicated to Kanshi Ram.
- The park aims to promote biodiversity and reduce pollution through urban greenery. It covers 140 acres and has two entrances.
- Facilities include a rock garden, bronze animal statues, a central mound area, multiple water bodies and fountains. Solar power is used.
- The park is divided into the buffer area, main park, and public amenities/parking zones. It aims to be
Community based process to build affordable home for low income people
Low cost housing models as per people’s needs
Objectives:
• identify housing challenges by community itself (Rahman,
• start community based savings
• develop housing through participatory design and planning
• empower slum communities by building network
Sustainable housing aims to be healthy, durable, safe, affordable, and environmentally friendly. It uses efficient and renewable materials, connects to utilities efficiently, and minimizes pollution and energy usage. Sustainable design considers location, indoor quality, materials, energy usage, and innovation. Passive solar features like orientation, daylighting, and ventilation help harness the sun's energy. Using recycled materials, compact designs, and earth sheltering can boost efficiency and lessen environmental impact. While upfront costs may be higher, sustainable housing saves on utilities and maintenance over time.
Pathways to Zero Waste in India (by Ashish Chaturvedi Research Fellow Green T...NITI Aayog
1) The document summarizes a seminar on conceptualizing zero waste in India under the Swachh Bharat initiative.
2) It discusses different pathways for achieving zero waste, including a technology-focused "techno-nirvana" approach and a more inclusive "green transformations" approach valuing decentralized infrastructure and jobs in the informal sector.
3) Key implications for designing and implementing Swachh Bharat discussed are the importance of source segregation, developing decentralized recovery facilities, consistent local government approaches, engaging a broad set of stakeholders, and exploring waste-to-energy options like co-incineration in cement kilns.
PLASTIC WASTE QUANTIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN DAVANAGE...IRJET Journal
The document discusses plastic waste quantification, characterization, and management in Davanagere City, India. It finds that plastic waste makes up 11.3 kg of the 25 kg solid waste sample collected. The most common plastics were HDPE and LDPE at 30.9% and PET at 18.6%. Surveys found a lack of awareness around plastic recycling. The study concludes more policies and education are needed to better manage Davanagere's increasing plastic waste as the population grows. Strict enforcement of recycling programs and investments in new recycling infrastructure could help address this issue.
Identification and Investigation of Solid Waste Dump in Salem DistrictIJERA Editor
Solid waste management is one of the most significant functions out by ULBs. However, the scarcity of suitable landfill sites is one of the constraints increasingly being faced by ULBs in the discharge of their functions. As a result, even several years after the issuance of the MSW Rules 2000, the state of MSW management systems in the country continues to raise serious public health concerns. Regional or inter-municipal solutions provide a viable option to redress this situation. Working together can be a practical and cost-effective way to discharge common tasks, share resources, and take advantage of the economies of scale that such arrangements would provide. This is applicable in the case of both large municipal bodies which experience scarcity of land resources, as well as smaller ones which may find technical and financial resources a challenge. Therefore, in public interest and with the aim of improving standards of public health and sanitation in the states, the Government of India has developed this Guidance Note on regional solid waste management to facilitate the creation of appropriate strategies by the states and ULBs. This note is the result of work done over a period of about 18 months, and aims to support decision making towards the implementation of regional arrangements for safe treatment and disposal of MSW. Regional approaches to MSW management are common in several countries, and have recently gained momentum in a few states in India. Studies undertaken attest to the importance of two factors in the successful implementation of regional initiatives: (a) an explicit policy, supporting the adoption of regional approaches; and (b) a robust institutional framework, underpinning development and implementation. In this respect, it is intended that this Guidance Note may form the basis for states to formulate and notify state- level policy directives to recognize regional initiatives, strategies to encourage their adoption, and tools to facilitate implementation. The Note also includes a few case studies illustrating frameworks and implementation strategies adopted in other jurisdictions and sectors. Frameworks observed include legislation supporting municipalities to priorities regional initiatives to effectively use available resources as well as options for Creation of regional solid waste management authorities or entities empowered by law to undertake waste management activities over a region or state; Creation of solid waste management „regions‟; and Municipalities jointly constituting a company, or common authority, to implement a regional waste management project. The present work aims at identifying, locating and quantifying the industrial and domestic waste dump sites located in and around Salem urban and rural districts of Salem, Tamilnadu state, India. In our project we identify the suitable location and investigation for dumping yard which is not affecting the environment.
Implementing Integrated Solid Waste Management: A Case Study of Domestic Wast...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a case study on implementing an integrated solid waste management system for domestic waste in Ward No. 3 of Gwalior City, India. Currently, the city lacks proper waste segregation, collection is done street-to-street on alternate days, and waste is stored in open collection points before being transported to dumps. A sample of 120 households was surveyed to understand challenges. Recommendations include establishing source segregation, implementing daily door-to-door collection, and involving public participation to improve infrastructure efficiency as per India's national policies and sustainable development goals.
Chemical recycling processes have potential to enhance plastic recycling rates beyond traditional mechanical recycling. This review analyzes various chemical recycling routes for plastic waste and assesses them through life-cycle analysis. It identifies 150+ companies developing chemical recycling technologies and discusses their role in a circular plastic economy. The review finds each existing process is suitable for specific waste streams, so a combination is needed to fully address the plastic waste problem. It recommends research focus on more realistic, contaminated mixed waste streams, while improving collection and sorting infrastructure through regulation. The review aims to inspire further science and innovation to produce higher value recycled plastic products suitable for reuse in a circular economy model.
Presently most electrical/electronic equipment (EEE) is not designed for recycling, let alone for circulation. Plastics in these products account for 20% of material use, and through better design, significant environmental and financial savings could be gained.
Technological solutions and circular design opportunities already exist, but they haven’t been implemented yet.
Some challenges, such as ease of disassembly, could be resolved through better communication and by sharing learnings across the value chain.
Instead of WEEE, we should focus on developing CEEE: Circular Electrical and Electronic Equipment.
The case examples of this report show how different stages of the lifecycle can be designed so that plastics circulation becomes possible and makes business sense.
Segregation Of Different Grades Of Plastic For RecyclingIRJET Journal
This document discusses techniques for segregating different grades of plastic for recycling purposes. It first provides background on the growing issue of plastic waste worldwide and in India. It then describes several techniques used for sorting plastics, including dry sorting, air sorting, infrared and X-ray sorting, electrostatic sorting, wet sorting, melting sorting, and hydrocyclone sorting. The document focuses on a sorting technique that uses the thermal adhesion qualities of plastics, sorting them based on their different softening temperatures on a heated conveyor belt. This technique allows for low-cost sorting of plastics by grade.
Hp sustainable plastic_waste_management-new 28nov Dr RAKESH KAPOOR Rakesh Kapoor
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plastic waste based roads
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good economivcs
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good environment
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good roads
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higher mrshall values
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better contol over rutting
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higher softning point
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rag pickkers
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low end plastic waste
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earning for society
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The document discusses plastic waste management in India. It provides statistics showing that India generates around 26,000 tonnes of plastic waste per day, of which around 10,000 tonnes remains uncollected. The document outlines several environmental issues caused by improper disposal of plastic waste. It also discusses India's current plastic waste management scenario and recent policy amendments aimed at improving plastic waste management. Various technologies for plastic waste management like recycling and waste-to-fuel are also covered.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed a supply chain network model between Trivandrum and Tirunelveli in India to optimize waste management logistics. The model included 4 sites connected by both rail and road transportation. The objectives were to identify logistical factors related to waste flows, identify opportunities to improve efficient collection and transportation, and design an optimal cost reduction equation. Key aspects analyzed included transportation costs by rail versus road, loading/unloading costs, inventory holding costs, and an equation to calculate total expected annual logistics costs. The optimal network configuration and transportation methods were evaluated to minimize costs while meeting needs.
This document discusses plastic waste recycling in Japan and the development of thermal recycling technologies. It notes that plastic waste is a global problem due to plastics being made from limited resources like petroleum. Japan has enacted several laws since 2000 to promote a recycling-oriented society and reduce waste disposal. This includes promoting the "three Rs" of reduce, reuse and recycle. Thermal recycling technologies that use plastic waste as an energy source are also being adopted. The document discusses amendments made to waste disposal laws in Japan to promote reducing, recycling and thermal recovery of plastic waste over landfilling. It provides background on plastic recycling and processing advances that make it less environmentally burdensome and more efficient.
This document provides an overview of Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) in India. It discusses the status of CETPs, their technological aspects, design basis, treatment processes, ownership and management issues. The document presents case studies of CETPs in Delhi, Vapi, Kanpur, Patancheru and Chennai to highlight operational and institutional problems. It argues that the CETP concept has failed to effectively treat mixed industrial effluents. The document recommends moving beyond an end-of-pipe approach and adopting a clean production concept that focuses on waste minimization throughout the manufacturing process.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis for Enhancing Solid Waste Management TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document analyzes and compares solid waste management techniques used in five major cities in India that are experiencing rapid urbanization and industrialization. It discusses the waste generation rates, current management methods like dumping and composting, and enhanced techniques being implemented. These include improved waste segregation, transportation to recycling plants, bioreactor landfills, bio-methanation, vermicomposting, and incineration. The analysis aims to identify best practices for sustainable solid waste management given the increasing waste volumes from population and economic growth.
IRJET- Substituting Natural Fiber by Plastic WasteIRJET Journal
This document discusses substituting natural fibers like rice straw with plastic waste in composite materials to enhance sustainability. Plastic waste is a major environmental issue in developing countries like India due to high population growth. The objective is to improve the mechanical properties of plastics by reinforcing with treated natural fibers. Rice straw will be treated through chemical and carbonization methods before being reinforced in plastic composites. The composites will be tested to analyze the effect of fiber reinforcement on flexural and tensile strength compared to non-reinforced recycled plastic.
avigating the Plastic Waste Management Market: A Path to Sustainability
In an era of unprecedented technological advancements and global connectivity, the plastic waste crisis has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time. As plastic pollution continues to wreak havoc on ecosystems and human health, the plastic waste management market has risen to the occasion, offering innovative solutions and opportunities for a more sustainable future. In this blog, we delve into the dynamic realm of the Plastic Waste Management Market, exploring its significance, trends, challenges, and the road ahead.
IRJET- Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan for Kottayam CityIRJET Journal
This document presents a municipal solid waste management plan for Kottayam City, India. It begins with an introduction to the current solid waste situation and challenges in Kottayam City. It then describes the existing dump yard and its issues. The document goes on to provide population projections for Kottayam City and projections of waste generation over 25 years. It then details the design of a windrow composting facility to handle biodegradable waste. Finally, it presents the design of an incinerator to handle other wastes like plastic, paper, and rubber. The goal is to design an integrated solid waste management system for the sustainable management of waste in Kottayam City.
IRJET- A Comprehensive Study of Solid Waste Management in Mangalore City-Case...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on solid waste management in Mangalore City, India. It finds that Mangalore generates approximately 226 tons of solid waste per day, with per capita waste generation of 0.4524 kg per day and household per capita generation of 0.2095 kg per day. Though generation levels are not alarming, waste management practices need improvement. Currently there is some segregation, door-to-door collection, and processing via windrow composting and vermicomposting. However, most waste is ultimately landfilled. The study calls for better segregation, collection, and use of decentralized waste-to-energy technologies to reduce burden on landfills and improve sustainability of Mangalore's solid waste
waste management of waste papers (Keywords: Recycling of waste papers, paper ...vasupatel100
India has become a world leader in waste paper production due to China restricting waste paper imports in 2018, leading Western countries to export over 200% more waste paper to India. India relies heavily on imported waste paper as a raw material for its paper industry since it lacks sufficient forests to produce pulp. The influx of waste paper imports has helped fuel India's large newspaper industry and meet the needs of its growing packaging and publishing sectors.
1) The document outlines Japan's strategy for establishing a circular economy through its 4th Fundamental Plan for a Sound Material-Cycle Society.
2) The plan focuses on promoting the 3R concepts of reduce, reuse, and recycle throughout the entire lifecycle of resources.
3) Key pillars of the strategy include resource circulation throughout lifecycles, proper waste management and environmental restoration, regional circular systems, and international cooperation on resource sharing.
Similar to SUSTAINABLE PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT- A CASE STUDY OF THANE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION (20)
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DESIGN OF SIMPLE SPUR GEAR TRAIN AND HELICAL GEAR TRAI...ijiert bestjournal
The document describes the design of a simple spur gear train and helical gear train with an idler gear using the AGMA (American Gear Manufacturers Association) standard method. Key steps of the design process include selecting input parameters, creating a preliminary drawing, selecting materials, and performing theoretical calculations to determine dimensions and check for bending and contact stresses based on AGMA equations. A comparative study is carried out to select the optimal gear train design that meets the strength requirements for the given input parameters and load conditions.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL LEAF SPRING AND COMPOSITE LEAFijiert bestjournal
A leaf spring is a simple form of spring,commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. It is also one of the oldest forms of spring. Sometimes referred to as a semielliptical l eaf spring (SELS) it takes the form of a slender ar c-shaped length of spring steel of rectangular cross section. The centre of the arc p rovides location for the axle,while tie holes are provided at either end for attaching to the vehicle body. In the present work,a seven-leaf steel spring use d in passenger cars is replaced with a composite mu lti leaf spring made of glass/epoxy composites. The dimensions sand the num ber of leaves for both steel leaf spring and compos ite leaf springs are considered to be the same. The primary objective is to compare their load carrying capacity,stiffness and weight savings of composite leaf spring. Finally,fatigue life of steel and com posite leaf spring is also predicted using life dat a
Brimmed diffuser is collection�acceleration device which shrouds a wind turbine.For a given turbine di ameter,the power augmentation can be achieved by brimmed diffuser,p opularly known as wind lens. The present numerical investigation deals with the effect of low pressure region created by wind l ens and hence to analyze the strong vortices formed by a brim attached to the shroud diffuser at exit. Also in this analysis,a c omparative numerical prediction of mass flow rates through the wind turbine has been carried out with various types of wind lens wh ich in turn helps to optimize the torque augmentati on. It has been numerically proved that there is significant increase in the wa ke formation & vortex strength when brimming effect is added to a diffuser
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONNECTING ROD OF MG-ALLOY ijiert bestjournal
The automobile engine connecting rod is a high volume production,critical component. It co nnects reciprocating piston to rotating crankshaft,transmitting the thrust of the piston to the crankshaft. Every vehicle that uses an internal combustion engine requires at least one connecting rod depending upon the number of cylinders in the engine. As the purp ose of the connecting rod is to transfer the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft. Connecting ro ds for automotive applications are typically manufactured by forging from either w rought steel or powdered metal. the material used f or this process is Mg-Alloy and also finite element analysis of connecting rod
REVIEW ON CRITICAL SPEED IMPROVEMENT IN SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE VALVE TRAINijiert bestjournal
1) The document discusses improving the critical speed of the valve train in a single cylinder engine from 3600 rpm to 5000 rpm. It aims to optimize the valve spring parameters to increase the speed limit without failure of contact between components.
2) An analytical and simulation-based approach is proposed. The valve spring stiffness, pushrod buckling, contact stresses, and natural frequency response will be analyzed. ADAMS multi-body dynamics software will be used to simulate the optimized design.
3) Preliminary results found that with the optimized valve spring configuration, the engine speed could be increased beyond 5000 rpm without failure, unlike with the existing design. Experimental validation of the optimized design will evaluate performance.
ENERGY CONVERSION PHENOMENON IN IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER LIFTING BY USING PEND...ijiert bestjournal
This paper consist of working of reciprocating pump which is driven by a compound pendulum. It provide s the energy required to lift the water from a tank placed approximately several meter below the ground level. Basic application of the mechanism will be for watering the garden which will be operated by means of operation opening and closing of entrance gate. Paper consists of basic concept,design of pump and compound pendulum mecha nism and fabricationed model. The concept can also be implemented in the rural areas,having the problem of electric supply. We aim at making a prototype for providing some me an for pumping of water by the pump which requires less human efforts,conside ring cost effectiveness,easy to operate and portab le mechanism.
The IC engine has seen numerous revolutionary and e volutionary modifications in technology and design over the past few decades. The sole motto behind the modifications wa s to increase the overall efficiency of the IC Engi ne including volumetric and thermal efficiency. Recently few benchmarking techn ologies like the CRDI,MPFI,HCCI,etc. in the Otto cycle and Diesel cycle engines have created an enormous revolution in the automobile industry. In spite of these technologica l and design advances,the efficiencies are not being more than a particular l imit. However,the concept of split cycle engines has dra stically increased the overall performance in all respect. The split cycle concept basically separates the fou r strokes of the conventional cycle. The Scuderi engine one of the best-in-class engine desi gns based on the split cycle concept. The Scuderi engine works on the split cycle and gives higher efficiency than the previous split cycle engines resulting overall high perform ance. It also eliminates the problems faced by previous engines based on the spl it cycle in terms of breathing (volumetric efficien cy) and thermal efficiency. This paper throws light on the greater volumetric,thermal and overall efficiency key points related t o the Scuderi Engines.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN JOURNAL BEARING OPERAT...ijiert bestjournal
The excessive rise of temperature in the journal be aring operating at boundary/mixed lubrication regim es. Journal bearing test set- up is used to measure the temperature along the cir cumference of the bearing specimen for different lo ading conditions. Here in this journal bearing of l/d ratio 1,diameter of jo urnal is 60mm and the bearing length is 60mm,clear ance is .06mm has been designed and tested to access the temperature rise of the bearing. The result shows that as the load o n the bearing is increasing temperature also increasing. Temperature analysis o f journal bearing is also done by the Ansys workben ch software
STUDY OF SOLAR THERMAL CAVITY RECEIVER FOR PARABOLIC CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR ijiert bestjournal
Energy is one of the building blocks of the country . The growth of the country has been fueled by chea p,abundant energy resources. Solar energy is a form of renewable ener gy which is available abundantly and collected unre servedly. The parabolic concentrator reflects the direct incident solar rad iation onto a receiver mounted above the dish at it s focal point. The conversion of concentrated solar radiation to heat takes place in receiver. The heat transfer characteristics of the receiver changes during the rotation of the receiver which affects thermal performance. The working temperature may also influence the ther mal performance and overall efficiency of the system. Thermal as well as optica l losses affect the performance of a solar paraboli c dish-cavity receiver system. The thermal losses of a solar cavity receiver include c onvective and radiative losses to the air in the ca vity and conductive heat loss through the insulation used behind the helical tube surface. Convective and radiative heat losses form the major constituents of the thermal losses. The convection heat loss from cavit y receiver in parabolic dish solar thermal power sy stem can significantly reduce the efficiency and consequently the cost effectiveness of the system. It is important to assess this heat loss and subsequently improve the thermal performance of the receiver.
DESIGN, OPTIMIZATION AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CRANKSHAFTijiert bestjournal
Crankshaft is a crucial component in an engine asse mbly. Crankshaft is consisting of two web sections and one crankpin,which converts the reciprocating displacement of the pist on to a rotary motion with a four link mechanism. G enerally crankshafts are manufactured using cast iron and forged steel mater ial. In this work to design and finite element anal ysis of crankshaft of 4 cylinder petrol engine of Maruti swift Vxi. of 1200 cubic capacity. The finite element analysis in ABA QUS software by using six materials based on their composition viz. Cast iron,EN30B,SAE4340,Structural steel,C70 Alloy steel and Aluminium based composite material reinforced with silicon carbide & fly ash. The parameter like von misses stress,deformation;maximum and minimum principal stress & strain were obtained from analysis software. The results of Finite element show that t he Aluminium based composite material is best mater ial among all. Compare the result like weight and Stiffness parameter. It is resulted of 65.539 % of weight,with reduction i n deformation.
ELECTRO CHEMICAL MACHINING AND ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING PROCESSES MICRO...ijiert bestjournal
Nowadays,necessity of small components is a common trend. These requirements encourage the researcher s to develop very minutest size components to fulfill the demand. The manufact uring of these type of components is a difficult ob ligation and for that various machining methods are develop to manufacture such c omponents. In this article the Electro Chemical mac hining and Electrical Discharge Machining is reviewed. We tried to summar ize the work of various researchers. The study show s that this type of machining processes gives good alternative.
HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT BY USING NANOFLUID JET IMPINGEMENTijiert bestjournal
This document presents an experimental study on heat transfer enhancement using nanofluid jet impingement. Key findings include:
1) The use of nanofluids (Al2O3-water) can increase heat transfer coefficients by up to 44% compared to using water alone.
2) Heat transfer coefficients are highest near the stagnation point and decrease further from the center.
3) Varying the nozzle-to-plate distance (Z/D ratio) between 2-8 results in maximum heat transfer, with little effect beyond Z/D of 12.
4) Increasing the flow rate leads to higher heat transfer coefficients, up to a 5% increase from 2 lpm to 4 lpm.
MODIFICATION AND OPTIMIZATION IN STEEL SANDWICH PANELS USING ANSYS WORKBENCH ijiert bestjournal
The demand for bigger,faster and lighter moving ve hicles,such as ships,trains,trucks and buses has increased the importance of efficient str uctural arrangements. In principle two approaches exist to develop efficient structures:e ither application of new materials or the use of new structural design. A proven and well-establi shed solution is the use of composite materials and sandwich structures. In this way high strength to weight ratio and minimum weight can be obtained. The sandwich structures have potential to offer a w ide range of attractive design solutions. In addition to the obtained weight reduction,these so lutions can often bring space savings,fire resistance,noise control and improved heating and cooling performance. Laser-welded metallic sandwich panels offer a number of outstand ing properties allowing the designer to develop light and efficient structural configuratio ns for a large variety of applications. These panels have been under active investigations during the last 15 years in the world.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM HONEYCOMB SANDWICH PANEL BUMPER BEAM: A REVIEW ijiert bestjournal
Bumper is a energy absorbing protective element whi ch absorb the energy in front collision and protect valuable parts like radiator etc. Bumper is act like protect ive shield generally made of steel material. As eco nomic point of view and to reduce consumption of fuel manufacturin g of light weight vehicle is requirement of current situation. Application of composite material in automobile sec tor is now day common thing. Aluminum honeycomb san dwich panel is basically material from aerospace industri es and known for its high strength to weight ratio. Sandwich structure basically having its properties due to ge ometry. To determine various properties of sandwich structure conducting experiments is expensive,so generally F EA is used .However complex geometry is hurdle so t here are various theories are available for simplification o f model. These theories convert 3D model in to homo genous model .As far as concerning India manufacturing rate of s andwich structure is very less,so generally cost i s more. Greatest giant manufacturer is china we can observe their bu llet train and metro transport facility constructio n. Recently in march 2014 largest selling Indian cars are failed in NCap test in 100% frontal crash test. So requirement of more energy absorbing material with economy cons ideration is important.
Robotic welding requires specialized fixtures to ac curately hold the work piece during the welding operation. Despite the large variety of welding fix tures available today the focus has shifted in maki ng the welding arms more versatile,not the fixture. T he new fixture design reduces cycle time and operat or labor while increasing functionality;and allows co mplex welding operations to be completed on simple two axis welding arms
ADVANCED TRANSIENT THERMAL AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF DISC BRAKE BY USING ANS...ijiert bestjournal
In these paper structural fields of the solid disc brake during short and emergency braking with four different materials is studied. The distribution of the tempe rature depends on the various factors such as frict ion,surface roughness and speed. The effect of the angular velo city and the contact pressure induces the temperatu re rise of disc brake. The finite element simulation for three -dimensional model was preferred due to the heat fl ux ratio constantly distributed in circumferential direction . Here value of temperature,friction contact power,nodal displacement and deformation for different pressure condition using analysis software with four materi als namely cast iron,cast steel,aluminium and carbon fibre reinforced plastic are taken. Presently the D isc brakes are made up of cast iron and cast steel. With the v alue of simulation result best suitable material fo r the brake drum with higher life span is determined.
REVIEW ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-ASBESTOS COMPOSITE MATERIAL USED IN BR...ijiert bestjournal
Metallic matrix composites are combinations of two or more different metals inter metallic compounds or second phases in which dispersed phases are embe dded within the metallic matrix. They are produced by controlling the morphologies of the constituents to achieve optimum combination of properties. Properties of the composites depend on the properti es of the constituent phases,their relative amount,and dispersed phase geometry including particle siz e,shape and orientation in the matrix. In this pap er,The mechanical properties,behaviour and micro stru ctural evolution of aluminium metal matrix metallic composites fabricated under various process conditi ons were investigated to understand their process- structure�property relations by optimization proces s. Addition of silicon carbide to aluminum has show n an increase in its mechanical properties.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COTTON SEED OIL FOR MULT...ijiert bestjournal
A lubricant is a substance that reduces friction an d wear by providing a protective film between two moving surfaces. Good lubricants possess the proper ties such as low toxicity,high viscosity index,hi gh load carrying capacity,excellent coefficient of fr iction,good anti-wear capability,low emission int o the environment,high ignition temperature. So tribolog y related problems can be minimized by proper selection of lubricant from wear consideration. Tod ay,the depletion of reserves of crude oil,the gro wing prices of crude oil and concern about protecting th e environment against pollution have developed the interest towards environment-friendly lubricants. B ecause of these the purpose of this work is to eval uate the anti-wear characteristics of cottonseed oil and to check the suitability of cottonseed oil as a lu bricant for multi-cylinder engine. Four ball testing machin e is used for anti-wear testing as per ASTM D 4172. The wear preventive characteristic of cottonseed oi l is obtained by measuring wear scar diameter. The present study shows the potential of cotton seed oi l as an alternating lubricant.
Magnetic abrasive finishing is a machining process where the tooling allowance is remove by media wi th both magnetic and abrasive properties,with a magnetic f ield acting as a binder of a grain. Such machining falls into the category of erosion by abrasive suspension and lend itself to the finishing of any type of surface . The possibility of finishing complex surfaces is a spec ial benefit of this machining. Magnetic abrasive fi nishing process is most suitable for obtaining quality fini sh on metallic and non-metallic surfaces. Magnetic abrasive finishing used for complicated product finishing & Roughness and tolerance band achieved that is diffi cult using conventional machine process. The product dimension al requirement easily possible with taking trial wi th MAF parameters.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
SUSTAINABLE PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT- A CASE STUDY OF THANE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION
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SUSTAINABLE PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT- A CASE STUDY OF THANE
MUNICIPAL CORPORATION
Prof. T. Z. Quazi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saraswati College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai, India
Prof. M. D. Jagtap
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saraswati College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai, India
Abstract
Thane Municipal Corporation is located near to Mumbai City in Maharashtra State of India. Thane is growing
rapidly since last few decades. The total area of Thane city is 128 Sq. Km. According to census 2011, total
Population of city is 18.41 Lakhs and floating population is about 3 lakhs. The Solid Waste generation in the
TMC area is around 650 MT per day. Out of which Plastic waste generation is about 60-70 MT per day. TMC
don’t have any system for processing this plastic waste. This paper suggests a sustainable and one of the most
emerging technologies of Plastic waste pyrolysis to TMC. Plastic Waste Pyrolysis is an ideal technology which
is eco-friendly as well as generates furnace oil, carbon and hydrocarbon gas as productive output.
Introduction
Most of the big cities in country produce waste at a rate that outpaces its capacity to collect and dispose it off
in a environmentally safe and sound manner. Its current approaches to waste management are neither
sustainable effective nor. This necessitates a ideal shift in thinking. Traditional end-of-pipe solutions to waste
management problems only deal with symptoms of improper management but unable to find the root causes.
However, Plastics have opened the way for new inventions and have replaced other materials in existing
products. They are durable, light and versatile, as well as resistant to decay, moisture and chemicals. Yet these
are the same properties that present environmental challenges.
This strategy seeks to achieve sustainable plastic waste management practices that aim at:
Methods of reducing the production of plastic waste at initial source;
Arranging social awareness to educate society and future generations which are based on the 3R
approach of reducing, reusing and recycling;
Developing an enabling policy framework for purposes of supporting the 3R concept through
market and economic based instruments;
Enabling resources (markets, finance and technology) for facilitating the implementation of policies
of 3R;
Directing appropriate technologies for increasing effectiveness, service coverage, and
environmentally sound modes of disposal;
Ensuring increased networking and interaction of all bodies involved in 3R activities, including
consumers and end-users for purposes of creating new business opportunities;
Capacity building and commitment through management and transfer of knowledge;
Availing and providing exact and regular access to information by all stakeholders through capacity
building and institutional strengthening;
Green procurement should be implemented as Culture;
To create an approach to integrated plastic waste management.
The Government of India has taken initiative by starting movement of ‘Swachh Bharat’ to see a cleaner future
of India. This program is really appreciable and giving hope to live citizens in an enjoyable and safer
environment.
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Plastic Waste Management in Thane City
The budget reports of last five financial years show that there is no provision for investment in plastic waste
management or any recycling project plant. As compared to other expenses in budget PWM is given no money
for last five years. That’s why Thane Municipal Corporation has a wide scope for implementation of a basic
plastic waste management system to be established in Municipal Corporation itself.
Table 1 Last 5 years’ budget of TMC for PWM
Year
Major Expenses In Budget
Road Cleaning Through
Privatization
Channels Cleaning
(Before Monsoon)
Ghantagadi
Yojana
Total
2011-12 1401.50 258.68 739.67 10742.01
2012-13 1852.78 341.79 786.09 12607.29
2013-14 2056.92 439.91 796.94 13768.13
2014-15 2100.00 400.00 1000.00 14177.34
2015-16 3260.00 650.00 1110.00 17768.56
Source: TMC, Main budget of past four years
2.1 Methodology for data collection
There are a few common methods, which are adopted to analyze the samples at generation point, from the
vehicles transporting the waste and at the disposal point.
• Characterization of Waste:
Percentage of waste plastics in the waste reaching the disposal site was derived from the total quantity
of waste disposed at the facility. Hence, vehicle survey was carried out to determine quantity of plastic
waste generated
• Quantification of Waste:
- Survey at Generation Point: Waste was quantified by visiting and contacting waste generators (e.g.,
Markets, Residential buildings, etc.)
- At Prabhag Samittees and Hajeri Shed Point: Records were maintained of quantity of waste
generation in their respective areas.
- From the Vehicles at the Disposal Facility: Waste was quantified on the basis of vehicles arriving at
transfer station and also at dumping ground.
- At the Disposal Facility: To quantify the waste plastic from Municipal solid waste, arriving at the
dumping ground, waste pickers were interviewed.
- Survey of Plastic Packaging used for consumer goods: The quantification of plastic waste generation
was also worked out on the basis of plastic used in consumer goods considering population of Thane
City.
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Figure 1: Total quantity of plastic waste generated per day
2.2 Plastic Waste and Sources of Generation
The quantity and composition of the solid waste generated by a society provide a mirror that reflects among
others the cultural habits of the population. The amount of solid waste generated is also closely related to the
overall economic level of the population from which it originates. There are a lot of plastic manufacturing
industries in Thane. There are total 38 wards within 9 Prabhag Samitees in TMC. They generate enormous
amount of plastic waste which remained unprocessed and less much is processed by unauthorised sources by
improper methods.
Table 2. Prabhag Samitee wise plastic waste generation
Sr.
No.
Name of
PrabhagSamitee
No. of
Wards
Quantity of Recyclable Waste
(In Kg)
Quantity of Plastic
Waste (In Kg)
1 ChitalsarManpada 4 10248.88 9736.431
2 Vartak Nagar 4 10634.45 10102.73
3 Wagle Estate 4 10741.78 10204.69
4 Railadevi 5 12824.68 12183.44
5 Uthalsar 5 13995.98 13296.18
6 Naupada 5 13215.55 12554.77
7 Kopri 3 7734.025 7347.324
8 Kalwa 3 7511.425 7135.854
9 Mumbra 5 10211.78 9701.186
Total 38 97118.53 92262.6
2.3 Technologies available for effective plastic waste management
Disposal of plastic waste is a serious concern in India. New technologies have been developed to minimize
their adverse effect on the environment. Currently Worldwide accepted technology used for the plastic disposal
is incineration; however, the incinerators designed poorly, releases extremely toxic compounds (chlorinated
dioxins and furans) therefore, raising several environmental issues. In India for safer disposal of plastic waste
various technologies have been experimented.
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Figure 2: Methods for processing Plastic waste
Several end-of-life options exist to deal with plastic waste, including recycling, disposal and incineration with
or without energy recovery. Plastic packaging has the longest established system for the recovery and recycling
of plastic waste, hence its recycling rates are higher than those of other streams. It is followed by agricultural
waste plastic, which although not under direct legislative obligation to increase recovery, is subject to
economic incentives linked to the availability of homogenous materials. Although WEEE and construction
plastic waste sources have relatively low rates of recycling overall, the rate of energy recovery is relatively
high.
The preferred alternatives from the available technologies are -
Recycling (consisting of making Plastic Granules to be moulded into goods thereafter)
In the Construction of Tar roads.
Conversion into Petroleum (Refuse Derived fuel, or RDF)
Disposal in Cement Manufacturing Kilns.
Plasma Pyrolysis Technology (PPT)
Out of all this methods Plastic Plasma Pyrolysis is one of the emerging and promising technologies offering a
eco-friendly solution for Plastic Waste Management Problem
Plastic Plasma Pyrolysis
To study and understand the process I visited Plasma Energy Pvt. Ltd., Navi Mumbai. I also visited a
working plant at Sanaswadi, Pune to learn detailed working process from waste plastic to oil. It’s an ISO
9001:2008 and CE certified company and has vast experience in this field.
3.1 Pyrolysis Technology
Pyro = heat, lysis = breakdown into parts. Pyrolysis is chemical reactions in which large molecules are broken
down into smaller molecules. Simplest example of pyrolysis is cooking in which complex food molecules are
broken down into smaller & easy to digestible molecules.
Waste plastic and tire are long chain molecules or polymer hydrocarbons. Refer fig. no.3 Pyrolysis Technology
is the industrial process of breaking down large molecules of plastic/tire into smaller molecules of oil, gas and
carbon black. Pyrolysis of waste plastic or tire takes place in absence of oxygen, at about 375-450 degree C
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and reaction time is about 45-90 minute.
Long Chain Polymer Short Chain Compounds:
Waste Plastic, Waste Tyre or rubber Hydrocarbon Gas (C1 to C5)
Pyrolysis oil (C5 to C23) Carbon
Figure 3: Conversion of Long polymers into Short Chains
3.2 Raw Materials & Products
Raw Materials:
No need for segregation,
Tolerance: 5% of dust + 5% moisture, PVC + Polycarbonate should be less than 5%
Waste Plastic
Electronic scrap
Mixed plastic (HDPE, LDPE, PE, PP, Nylon, PS, ABS)
Multi Layered Plastic
Waste Tyres
Rubber
Plastic or rubber parts from vehicles
Waste oils etc.
Table 3. Recommended materials to system
Description Example Guideline
PET (Polyethylene Plastic Bottles for Soda and Less than 5% uniformly
terephthalate) Water, Microwave Food Trays, mixed with rest of the raw
Some of Textiles Material.
HDPE (High-density Plastic Bags, Milk Jugs, Recommended
polyethylene), PE Detergent Bottles, Cosmetic
(polyethylene) Bottles, Watering cans,
Corrosion protection for steel
pipelines, Folding chairs
Folding tables, Heat-resistant
fireworks display mortars, Hula
hoops Meter & Valve Boxes,
Natural gas distribution pipe
lumber, Plastic surgery
applications (skeletal and facial
reconstruction)
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PVC (Polyvinyl
chloride)
Shrink Wrap, Pipe, Siding,
Blister Packs, Laminate
Flooring
Less than 5% uniformly
mixed with rest of the raw
Material.
LDPE (Low Density
Polyethylene) ,
LLDPE (Linear Low
Density Polyethylene)
Bags for Dry Cleaning and
Produce, Stretch Wrap, Wire
Coverings
Recommended
PP (Polypropylene)
Bottle Caps, Appliances,
Automotive Parts, Computer
Parts, bags etc.
Recommended
PS (Polystyrene)
Cutlery, Cups, CD Cases,
Packing Peanuts, Food
Containers, Styrofoam
Recommended
Agricultural Waste Any Agricultural Waste Not Recommended
Plastic Road Waste Any Road Waste
Tolerance: 5% of dust +
5% moisture
Tires/Rubber
Vehicle tyres, rubber parts of
vehicle, bushes etc
Steel wires to be removed
Before processing.
Most of the plastic waste generated around the world is suitable for proposed plant, which is easily available
at site at competitive prices. Plastic waste from municipal solid waste shall be cleaned, shredded and the used
as raw material for above mentioned plant for manufacture of fuel.
Plastic pyrolysis or tire pyrolysis is the process of converting waste plastic/tires into industrial fuels like
pyrolysis oil, carbon black and hydrocarbon gas.
3.3 Plastic and Depolymerisation (Pyrolysis) Input & Output
Plastic depolymerisation (pyrolysis) plant and machinery consists of feeding system, reactor, carbon removal
system, cyclone, condensers, receiver, gas handling system, centrifugal oil cleaner.
The plant and machinery shall be fabricated as per the drawings in 3 to 4 months. After fabrication it will be
installed in the shed provided by Thane Municipal Corporation in 45 days. After installation is completed it
will be commissioned in three weeks.
The waste plastic material shall be procured from the municipal solid waste and will be used to produce oil.
The oil will be sold to oil dealers.
Table 4. Input and Output of Pyrolysis
Input Material Input
Quantity (kg)
Output Quantity
Waste mixed plastic
scrap
2000
1000 to 1200 litres Pyrolysis Oil
200 to 300 Kg. Hydrocarbon Gas
200 to 600 Kg. of carbon Black
Nylon Scrap Tyres 2000
700 to 900 litres of Pyrolysis Oil
200 to 300 Kg. of Hydrocarbon Gas
600 to 700 Kg. of carbon Black
150 to 200 kg. Mild steel wire scrap
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3.4 Working Procedure
Through the feeder about 25 kg of Plastic waste in supplied with proportionate mixture of catalyst PCAT (an
epoxy catalyst) and water. For 100 kg of waste plastic about 1 ltr. Catalyst is supplied to accelerate reaction.
Total capacity of plant is 3 tons per day.
Figure 4: Heating System, Raw material feeder and Depolymerisation reactor
The heating system is initially supplied with fuel to heat system at about 400 to 450 C. The plastic waste
supplied through is pyrolysis and gasified further to melting process. This Process takes place in
depolymerisation reactor.
Figure 5: Cyclone Separator Figure 6: Condenser Tank
After that with the help of a Cyclone the hydrocarbon gases are separated from dirt and heavy carbon
particles. Separated carbon particles are removed and collected separately. Remaining cleaned gas is passed
through a set of condenser to condense it into Furnace Oil. The furnace oil is received from condenser to
condenser tank and then stored separately (Refer Fig. 7)
Still few hydrocarbon gases don’t condenses and remains as it is. They are having energy as compared to
C.N.G. and L.P.G. Those gases are collected in a balloon and are used to heat system. Hence practically there
is very little quantity of gases which are vented to atmosphere. A separate system is also installed to handle
excessive pressures developed in system which allows to maintain required process pressure during operation.
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Figure 7: Condenser and Receiver assembly Figure 8: Pressure Controlling System
Results and Discussions
It’s obvious that every sachet of plastic is not available for recycling at the plant. Many times plastic remained
mixed with other waste and became unable to reach processing even though it is recyclable. It may also
happen than oil, soil or other materials contaminate plastic and it became difficult to process without proper
washing.
4.1 Financial Viability
So assuming that even half of the segregated plastic waste available for processing, we can design a system
which can process a huge amount of plastic waste daily and do have potential to generate an ample amount of
revenue. Refer table 1. We need to install same plant of 5 MTD capacity at every Prabhag Samitee i.e. total 9
plants.
Requirement for Municipal Corporation for successful execution:
Land: 7000 sq.ft. every Prabhag Samitee
Initial investment for plant equipment: Rs. 1,42,70,000/- every Prabhag Samitee
Power (50 HP x 0.75 x 24 hrs x 25 days x Rs. 8): Rs. 1,80,000/- per month for every Prabhag
Samitee
Fuel /pyrolysis oil (400 ltrs x 25 days x Rs. 40 per liter): 4,00,000/- per month for every Prabhag
Samitee
Other expenses: Rs. 3,00,000/- per month for every Prabhag Samitee
Waste plastic: 5000 kg per day for every Prabhag Samitee
Catalyst (Rs. 100/- per liter): 1250 liters per month for every Prabhag samitee
Availability or can be provided by Municipal Corporation
Land: On rent of free
Waste plastic: Free
Total expense to be done at initial level for TMC
Initial investment for plant equipment: Rs. 12,84,30,000/-
Power (50 HP x 0.75 x 24 hrs x 25 days x Rs. 8): Rs. 16,20,000/- per month
Fuel /pyrolysis oil (400 ltrs x 25 days x Rs. 40 per liter): Rs. 36,00,000/- per month
Catalyst: Rs. 11,25,000/- per month
Other expenses: Rs. 27,00,000/- per month
Summing up all, Total expense need to be done is Rs. 13,74,75,000/-
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Rs. 1375.75 lacs seems to be a huge amount. But there should always some budget for such a critical issue.
Following table clearly indicate that this much investment can be done if little attention is given to Plastic
waste management.
Expected benefits:
Annual Turnover
All amounts are in Rupees
Turnover (per year for every
Prabhag Samitee)
Overall Turnover to TMC (per
year)
By selling 3000 LT / day of
Industrial fuel @Rs. 40 per liter
36,000,000/- 3,24,00,000/-
By selling 1000 Kg / day of
charcoal @ Rs. 2/- per kg.
25,000/- 2,25,000/-
Total Turnover (per year) 3,26,25,000/
Total Annual Turnover: Rs. 3,26,25,000/-
Clean environment and healthy atmosphere
Extra revenue for municipality which can be utilized for other sectors as investment.
So above calculation is self-explanatory that this system is not only eco-friendly but very much economical
also. It covers all of its investment and utility cost within a period three years considering all depreciation of
equipment, machineries and other interfering costs.
4.2 Pollution Control
i) To air
CO: 1ppm SO2: 2ppm
NO2: 1ppm H2S: NIL
HCl: NIL Cl2: NIL
Heavy metals: NIL Dioxins/Furans: NIL
Hydrocarbons: 2ppm Smoke: NIL
Others:
Nitrogen: 75%
Oxygen: 2 to 3%
Water vapour: 15 to 20 %
CO2: 200ppm
Gas exit quantity Cubic meters per hour: 400 Cubic Meters
Gas exit temperature °C: 50
Chimney height Meters: 15m
Water Vapour Content %:10-15 %
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ii)To Water: NIL
4.3 Suggestion to Thane Municipal Corporation
Above mentioned plant of 3 tons per day is very beneficiary if we install them in every Prabhag Samitees, one
for each. There are total 9 Prabhag Samitees in TMC.
As seen earlier,
Total plastic waste separated and mostly available for recycling: 75-80 MT per day.
If we install at least one plant in every Prabhag Samitees, total waste would be recycled and converted into
pyro-oil: 9x3=27 MT per day.
Still about 60% waste remains unprocessed. Which can be reduced either by increasing plant capacity to 5
MT or 10 MT. Since project has a considerable initial investment as compared to previous ones, it needs to go
slowly and steadily.
This process has potential to convert any type of plastic to useful output. Hence the best option to which any
Municipal Corporation to rely on.
4.4 Guidelines for Segregation and Collection of waste
As for any type of recycling the most important issue is of segregation, no better Waste Management is
possible without it.
• Bins of moderate size should be placed at public places especially for plastic waste. As many
times it happens, people are willing to throw waste in bins but end up littering on roads only because
they don’t find bins.
• Awareness is made at rush places or more waste producing areas through posters, banners or by
any means to reduce use of plastic.
• Household waste compulsorily be separated in two bins viz. dry waste and wet waste. It’s most
important step because it helps almost every further steps of reprocessing of waste and makes it easier
to solve waste management issues.
• Apart from it, the waste should also collected separately and should be sent to processing centres
available in municipality.
• There are still many places where Ghanta Gadis never have routes. So many times residents
throw their garbage anywhere on roads, causing ill health environment. In populated areas most
attention is given for collection of waste as early as possible.
• Rage pickers should be involved in authorized way in collection and transportation system.
4.5 Applications of the Products
Pyrolysis oil is the end product of waste plastic and tyre pyrolysis. Pyrolysis oil is widely used as industrial
fuel to substitute furnace oil or industrial diesel. Typical industrial applications of pyrolysis oil as a fuel.
Currently pyrolysis oil manufactured from above plant is sold at Rs. 40 to 45/Lit. Typical industrial
applications of pyrolysis oil as a fuel.
• Boilers
• Furnaces
• Hot Water Generators
• Hot Air Generators
• Thermic Fluid Heater
• Electric Generators (mixed with 50% diesel)
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• Diesel Pumps (mixed with 50% diesel)
Due to wide range of applications of pyrolysis oil, marketing is easy.
Conclusions
The objective of the project is to investigate pyrolysis of the hydrocarbon polymers, HDPE/LDPE, PP and PS
both theoretically and experimentally. This system can be used in Municipal corporations for effective and
efficient plastic waste management. Factors which affect the pyrolysis process have been identified and
quantified from the investigation. Based on the achievements, the distribution of the product and the process
was optimized. A system which can process about 5 TPD is analyzed and suggested.
From the experiments on the HDPE/LDPE pyrolysis, three types of products can be produced which include,
Non-condensable gases,
Condensed liquid hydrocarbons (oil) and
Charcoal
The distribution of the product varies greatly under different reaction conditions.
5.1 Importance of Segregation at source i.e. house
If the plastic waste is segregated at source, it can be directly channelized to plastic waste management process
avoiding manual segregation and handling, thus saving time and energy. In addition to this larger quantity of
waste which is entering the dumping ground can be recycled in effective manner.
Thus it can be concluded that effective plastic waste management can be achieved by proper channelizing of
plastic waste in recycling process. Hence we can rightly say that Plastic Waste Management is a Million
Rupees Enterprise.
5.2 Importance of 4thR that is Responsibility
Considering the present situation of plastic waste management system in thane city, it is essential that the
plastic waste is segregated at source. And before the plastic waste is generated, it is important that one and all
should follow the mantra of 3 R’s ie. Reduce Reuse and Recycle and to follow this mantra everyone should
remember 4th R that is RESPONSIBILITY. Without understanding that it is our responsibility for managing
the waste we generate, effective plastic waste management is difficult to achieve. Implementation of the
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) or Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in management of plastic
waste can help in effective plastic waste management.
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