Presented by Christian Thierfelder, Peter Setimela and Munyaradzi Mutenje (CIMMYT) at the Africa RISING Eastern Province of Zambia Project Review and End-of-Project Meeting, Lusaka, Zambia, 7–8 September 2017

1. Christian Thierfelder, Peter Setimela and Munyaradzi Mutenje
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)
Africa RISING going to scale in the Eastern Province of Zambia Project
Review and End-of-Project Meeting
Lusaka, Zambia, 7 – 8 September 2017
Sustainable intensification of low-input agriculture systems in the
Eastern Province of Zambia: implementation progress and
achievements

2. Summary of Key activities
Scaling:
• Extension of CA and its components through
mother and baby trials
• Promotion of direct seeding, rotation,
intercropping and herbicide use
• Scaling green manure cover crops (CRS)
• Seed production of green manure cover
crops by CIMMYT
• Breeders seed of QPM hybrids

3. Summary of key activities
Research:
• Double-up legume systems (ZARI)
• Green manure cover crops (CRS)
• Analysis of the performance of
Gliricidia-maize intercropping
(COMACO)
• Manure handling (GRT and CRS)
• Evaluation of QPM maize hybrids
• Socio-economic studies:
o On scaling strategies
o Adoption monitoring
o Gross margin analysis

4. Partnerships
• Zambian Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI)
• Ministry of Agriculture Extension (MoA)
• Total LandCare (TLC)
• Catholic Relief Services (CRS)
• Community Market for Conservation (COMACO)
• Grassroots Trust
• Kamano Seeds
• Klein Karoo
• Advanta

5. Targets based on FTF indicators
Indicators Chipata Sinda Lundazi Total
Target Actual Target Actual Target Actual Target Actual
# Rural Households
benefiting directly
3200 3459 1300 1462 2150 2316 6650 7237
New 960 1012 410 454 645 708 2015 2174
continuing 2240 2447 890 1008 1505 1622 4635 5077
Male 2600 2756 910 1038 1610 1706 5120 5500
Female 600 1003 390 424 540 610 1530 2037

6. Indicators Chipata Sinda Lundazi Total
Target Actual Target Actual Target Actual Target Actual
# of individuals who have
received short-term
agricultural sector
productivity or food
security training
310 295 115 118 300 308 725 721
Male 202 192 85 87 200 203 487 482
Females 108 103 30 31 100 105 238 239
Targets based on FTF indicators

7. Indicators Chipata Sinda Lundazi Total
Target Actual Target Actual Target Actual Target Actual
# of farmers who have applied new
technologies or management
practices as a result of USG Assistance
6500 6764 3500 3744 6300 6453 16300 16961
New 2500 2614 1500 1633 2200 1807 6200 6054
Continuing 4000 4150 2000 2111 4100 4646 10100 10907
Male 5000 5375 2600 2806 4800 4582 12400 12763
female 1500 1389 900 938 1500 1871 3900 4198
Targets based on FTF indicators

8. # of new technologies or management practices in one of the following phases of development as a
result of USG assistance:
Target Actual
Phase 1: under research 8 8
Phase 2: under field testing 40 40
Phase 3: made available for transfer 8 8
Total 56 56
Targets based on FTF indicators

9. Established work
Trial name Type Target Actual Achievement
CA mother trials On-farm 24 24 100%
Baby trials On-farm 720 719 100%
Double up legume On-farm 5 5 100%
GMCC trials On-farm 36 31 86%
Manure trials On-farm 9 8 89%
Gliricidia/maize On-farm 108 102 94%
QPM trials On-station 12 8 67%
GMCC evaluation On-station 1 1 100%
Gliricidia On-station 1 1 100%
Expanded step On-station 1 1 100%
Ratooning trial On-station 1 1 100%
Long-term On-station 1 1 100%

10. Some key results
Getrude Banda – best Zambian CA
farmer in 2016, Kawalala camp

11. Rainfall season – very good
07/11/1621/11/1605/12/1619/12/1602/01/1716/01/1730/01/1713/02/1727/02/1713/03/1727/03/1710/04/1724/04/1708/05/1722/05/1705/06/1719/06/1703/07/17
Dailyrainfalls(mm)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Hoya
Kapara
Chanje
Kawalala
Mtaya

12. Summary CA, all mother trials, 2016/2017
b
ab ab
a
a
a a
a
b
a
a a
b
b
a
b
a
a
a
a
a
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Ridge/Furrow,maize
CA-DS,maize
CA-DS,Mz/Cpintercrop
CA-DS,Mz-Cprotation
Ridge/Furrow,maize
CA-DS,maize
CA-DS,Mz/Cpintercrop
CA-DS,Mz-Cprotation
Ridge/Furrow,maize
CA-DS,maize
CA-DS,Mz/Cpintercrop
CA-DS,Mz-Cprotation
Ridge/Furrow,maize
CA-Ripper,maize
CA,Ripper,Mz-Sbrotation
Ridge/Furrow,maize
CA-Ripper,maize
CA,Ripper,Mz-Sbrotation
Ridge/Furrow,maize
CA-Directseeder,maize
CA,Directseeder,Mz-Sb…
Chanje Mtaya Vuu Kawalala Hoya Kapara
Maizegrainyieldkgha-1

13. Long term maize grain yield in target communities
Harvest year
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Maizegrainyield(kgha
-1
)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Conventional ridge tillage, sole maize
CA, maize-cowpea rotation
No-tillage, sole maize
Harvest year
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Maizegrainyield(kgha
-1
)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Conventional ridge tillage, sole maize
CA, maize/cowpea intercropping
CA, maize-cowpea rotation
No-tillage, sole maize

14. Net benefits (US$), mother trials, 2016/2017
322
350
428
598
346
199
348
373
602
637
368
468
458
454
595
274
666
683
212
-49
218
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Chanje Mtaya Vuu Kapara Kawalala Hoya
Manual CA systems Animal Traction Systems
NETBENEFITS(US$)
Conventional tillage, maize No-tillage, maize CA-maize/cowpea intercropping CA-maize-legume rotation

15. Doubled-up legume trial under CA
• Sustainable intensification in reach of farmers
• Combining CSA options increases overall resilience
• Our strategy: plant Groundnuts and Pigeon pea at optimal spacing under no-tillage
and rotate with maize

16. Doubled up-legume trial under CA
a
c
b b
a
c
a a
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Full GN Full Pp Full GN,
half Pp
Full GN,
full Pp
Full GN Full Pp Full GN,
half Pp
Full GN,
full Pp
Grainyield(kgha-1)
Conservation agricultureConventional ridge tillage

17. Main findings
• Doubled –up legume systems under CA
gave greater yields than under conventional
agriculture
• No significant rotation effect on consecutive
maize
• Sole groundnuts had highest yields in the
short term
• Long-term? - we don’t know
• Gross margin analysis of both systems
required

18. GMCC intercropping trials
• GMCC provide groundcover, weed control,
fertility, food, feed and fodder
• The question: how to intensify and
diversify maize-based low input agriculture
systems?
• Men more interested in cash
return from grain
• Women more interested in weed
control and nutrition

19. GMCC intercropping trials
A
AB
C
BC
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Maize sole Maize/Ppea
intercropping
Maize/Ppea/Cpea
intercropping
Maize/Lablab
Maizegrainyield(kgha-1)

20. GMCC intercropping trials
BC
B
C
A
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Grainyield(kgha-1)
a
b
b
a
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Biomassyield(kgha-1)

21. GMCC on-station trial
bcd
ab ab
d
cd
bc
a
bcd
C
BC
AB
BC BC BC
A
BC
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Combinedmaizeandlegume
grainyield(kgha-1)

22. Maize-Gliricidia intercropping
• Low cost option for maize farmers
who are not able to buy mineral
fertilizer
• Regional study on 102 farmer’s
fields on 2 different soil types
• Gliricidia stand of different age (3
and 5 years)

23. Maize-Gliricidia intercropping
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
b
b
b
b
b
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Loam 3 years Sand 3 years Loam 5 years Sand 5 years Mean
Maizegrainyield(kgha-1)
CA, maize-gliricidia, no fert CA, maize, +fert NoCA, maize, no fert

24. Main findings
• Gliricidia-maize is a viable option
• Farmers can safe the cost of 70 USD/ha on
fertilizer by applying Gliricidia leaves
• Rainfall distribution and soil type favored the
performance of the system – not so much the
age
• Gross margin analysis is need to discover the
real benefit of the system

25. Quality protein maize (QPM)
Genotype
Mild stress
yield (kg/ha)
Random stress
yield (kg/ha
CZH132044Q 5.0 2.9
CZH132018Q 5.3 3.0
CZH142255Q 5.0 2.4
CZH142256Q 5.1 2.4
CZH132003Q 5.4 2.7
CZH132015Q 4.9 2.4
CZH132025Q 4.8 2.4
CZH142271Q 5.0 2.5
ZS261 4.7 2.3
Pan 413 4.9 2.4
SC637 5.4 2.7
Farmers' variety 4.9 2.4
Mean 5.0 2.5
P (0.01) 0.01 0.10

26. Maize variety
description for Zambia

27. Study on scaling strategies
• Scaling strategies studied
• Only preliminary results yet
• Combining of all scaling
approaches seems to work
best

28. Adoption patters of SI technologies
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
29
10
31
12 11
25
7 4
26
34 31
18
35
26
9
24
6
3
26
9
2
18
3
2
24
29
27
11
22
17
3
15
3
6
2
4
0
5
4
3
4
12
2
6
1
13
5
12
%ofFarmers
Communities
Gliricidia
GMCC
CA
5%
14%
21%

29. Products?
• Two QPM hybrids were chosen by Kamano Seeds in Zambia for release in
September
• Doubled-up legume system under CA and Gliricidia-maize intercropping are ready
for further scaling
• GMCC intercropping is already going to scale with CRS

30. Products?
Publications:
• Mupangwa et al. 2017. Productivity and profitability of manual
and mechanized conservation agriculture (CA) systems in Eastern
Zambia. Renewable Agr. and Food Syst. Under final review.
• Setimela et al., 2017. Evaluation of grain yield and related
agronomic traits performance of quality protein maize hybrids in
southern Africa. Accepted Euphytica.
• Success story: on doubled-up legume under CA
https://africa-rising.net/2017/05/18/double-up-legume-technologies-in-
conservation-agriculture-show-potential-for-scale-up-in-zambia/
https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/zambia-poised-for-bumper-harvest/

31. List challenges and constraints faced
• Very few challenges:
• the program was running smoothly
• constraints in manpower/resources
• Fall armyworm affected some maize but not significantly
• Indian market for Pigeon pea collapsed

32. Ideas to address them in future
• Projects to address FAW are underway
• Key elements: foresight and early warning, IPM,
diversification/agronomy, tolerant varieties
• Successful project require good planning, sufficient human
and financial resources
• Engagement with the private sector on pigeon pea – cooking
classes dramatically increased acceptance

33. Key Lessons learned
• Doubled-up legume systems perform
better under CA
• Gliricidia-maize intercropping saves
farmers resources
• Combinations of different CSA
practices are most efficient
• Research trials have given interesting
results that now need to be published
– consolidated evidence took time

34. Loose ends……..!
• The work on scaling needs to continue!
• Green manures – CA
• Mechanization (animal traction – 2-wheel tractors)
• QPM, DTM, Orange maize
• Private sector engagement just started to blossom
• Commercialization and new ways of extension
• Understanding farmers rationale and decision making
• Work on soil fertility is a long term process and requires long-term
commitment

35. Africa Research in Sustainable Intensification for the Next Generation
africa-rising.net
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